seyed reza javadian

The critical conditions caused by the spread of the coronavirus and the critical changes that threaten children's health prompted social workers to start effective and innovative interventions to support children. This research aimed to investigate child-centered interventions of social work in the face of the changes of Covid-19 on children.

This research is a systematic review. Content extraction was used from domestic and foreign articles related to the interventions of social workers to support children during the Corona era, in the years 2020-2024. A total of 23 articles were selected for a more detailed review, and after reviewing those articles, the main topics were extracted and the final interpretation was done.

The findings show that social workers' child-centered interventions to support children during the Coronavirus are followed in four areas: health and hygiene, family and social service centers, policymakers, community-centered actions, and finally interventions in online and virtual space. The findings also show that crisis intervention, as one of the main methods in these areas, has been integrated and has served as a guide for social workers.

Considering the adverse effects of the COVID-19 disease on children's health in various dimensions, it is very important to implement interventions evaluated by social workers in health-treatment centers, at the community and family level, accompanied by policy-making to support these professionals.

Discharge planning, as a process for the safe transfer of patients, has always been challenged by the interventions of medical social workers. Identifying these challenges prevents disruptions in effective planning. This research aims to explore the challenges faced by medical social workers in discharge planning.

This is a qualitative study conducted in Iran in 2023. Data were collected through semi-structured face-to-face and telephone interviews with 16 social workers working in hospitals and were manually analyzed using thematic analysis.

The findings of this study revealed that hospital social workers encounter structural and professional challenges during discharge planning. As a result, themes such as professional isolation, erosive environment, back-breaking costs, inefficient structures, and professional pressures were identified, with the main theme being unattended discharge.

The results indicate that social workers in hospitals are faced with poor cooperation and participation, a lack of facilities and equipment, and socio-economic barriers at the community level. They encounter professional challenges in adhering to professional principles and values and in maintaining the quality of social work services in discharge planning. Given the importance of post-discharge interventions, organizational, structural, and professional reforms at both the micro and macro levels are recommended.

Understanding and addressing citizens' demands is crucial for effective policymaking and strengthening the relationship between the government and the public. This, in turn, can increase public satisfaction and trust in the government's role, position, and performance, ultimately contributing to the dynamism and development of society. Conversely, ignoring citizens' demands can lead to disruptions in the citizenship process, destructive actions by citizens, and unnecessary social costs, ultimately perpetuating underdevelopment. Therefore, the stability and order of any society depend on respecting citizens' rights, providing platforms for their realization, and fostering mutually responsive actions by satisfied citizens. Citizens' reactions can manifest in both conventional, law-abiding actions, and unconventional actions aimed at challenging the status quo. The non-fulfillment of citizens' demands and unmet needs can lead to a wide range of constructive and destructive actions, which this study sought to identify and understand. By examining the relationship between citizens' demands, government responsiveness, and societal outcomes, this research aimed to contribute to the development of more effective policymaking and the strengthening of the government-citizen relationship. Ultimately, this knowledge can support the creation of a more stable, equitable, and prosperous society.

This qualitative study aimed to describe and analyze the demands of young citizens and identify the strategies they employed when facing unmet demands. The research utilized a content analysis approach. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 30 young people aged 18-35 residing in the city of Yazd. The interviews were conducted in person during the year 2023. Throughout the interview process, the researchers made concerted efforts to build trust and gain the participants' satisfaction by emphasizing ethical commitment, confidentiality, and the principle of secrecy. Participants were given the option to discontinue the interview at any point if they wished to do so. After the interviews were completed, the data were transcribed and analyzed using the MAXQDA software. This approach allowed for a thorough examination and categorization of the themes and patterns that emerged from the participants' responses. By employing this qualitative methodology, the researchers were able to gain in-depth insights into the perspectives and experiences of young citizens, capturing the nuances and complexities of their demands and the strategies they utilized when faced with unmet needs. The findings of this study can contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between young people and the government and inform the development of more responsive policies and initiatives.

The data analysis revealed several key themes regarding the demands of young citizens, including negation of demands, realization of subjectivity, social empowerment, and identification of capital-building measures. Additionally, the strategies employed by young people in the face of unmet demands were categorized as boundary activism, civil disobedience, structural empowerment, pragmatic engineering, and identification of exclusionary deprivation. The demands raised in this research align with Marshall's tripartite framework of civil, political, and social rights. Citizens’ initial reaction to unmet demands was often characterized by silence, stemming from frustration and a sense of established failure frequently expressed with the phrase "nothing". These findings resonated with Habermas's theory of legitimacy crisis, which posits that citizens in contemporary societies face crises, such as the legitimacy crisis of social structures due to tensions, conflicts, and social inequalities. The data suggested that citizens were demanding the cultivation of a collective spirit, which depended on trust in institutions that could promote coherence, trust, and social hope through scientific and efficient means. In conclusion, this study provided valuable insights into the complex and multifaceted nature of young citizens' demands and the strategies they employed when faced with unmet needs. The findings underscored the importance of fostering responsive and legitimate governance structures that could address the evolving expectations and aspirations of young people, ultimately contributing to a more stable, equitable, and prosperous society.Drawing on Giddens' theory of the duality of structure and agency, realization of citizenship as a component of modern societies and maintenance of social balance were contingent upon 3 key conditions: an effective government, a market-based economy, and a civil society capable of subjectivity. However, according to the citizens in this study, none of Giddens' three conditions had been adequately met and civil society had gradually been marginalized by a dominant minority. Another common demand expressed by the participants was a focus on developing human capital as a component of sustainable development. The importance of this demand lay in the need to create the necessary conditions for its realization. Regrettably, governments sometimes fail to fulfill their role of addressing the needs of young people, leaving their demands unmet. In such situations, a wide range of constructive and destructive actions may emerge. Some young citizens, upon recognizing inefficiency of the existing structures and institutions, come to a sense of helplessness in resolving crises and addressing issues. This can lead to a dualistic state of detachment from structures, while continuing their ordinary lives without political or civic involvement. This phenomenon can be likened to the concept of isolation or chosen isolation proposed by Robert Merton (1968) or in Karsitzers' view, the prevalence of fatalism. These findings underscored the critical importance of responsive and accountable governance that could effectively address the evolving needs and aspirations of young citizens. Fostering an environment that nurtures human capital development and empowers civil society to play an active role in shaping social outcomes is essential for maintaining social balance and promoting sustainable development.Citizens sometimes express their resistance in everyday, informal, and unorganized ways to confront power structures and systems. According to the data, citizens might engage in civil disobedience, political criticism, and provocation in society. In some cases, they showedtheir resistance through riots, violent protests, and defiance in political matters. Without visible violence, citizens might also resist by neglecting their civic duties, such as not paying taxes and fees, violating city laws, or bypassing organizations hypocritically. Additionally, citizens might express their anger by destroying public facilities or engaging in vandalism. Aligning with Derrida's theory of subversion, citizens might also seek to change gender norms or subvert dominant religious and cultural discourses. For instance, they had decoded hidden messages from the prevailing religious discourse and acknowledged changes in the status of the hijab, clothing, and performance of religious rituals, despite the emphasis of structures on observing Islamic norms. Owing to the Islamic nature of the government, they attributed the non-fulfillment of promises to Islam and chose to revise their values in the face of unmet demands. Furthermore, citizens might reinterpret themselves and employ two-faced tactics to confront the structures they faced. Another strategy was the "trap of deprivation", where citizens, under the existing pressures, developed a destructive perception of structures and resorted to harmful coping mechanisms, such as drug and alcohol consumption, dropping out of school, taking on multiple jobs, selling family assets, suicide, or selling body parts. These actions, while providing temporary relief, often exacerbated their deprivation in the long run as the theory of multiple pressures suggests. These findings highlighted the complex and multifaceted ways, in which citizens exercised resistance and coped with the challenges they encountered within the sociopolitical landscape. Understanding these strategies is crucial for developing responsive and inclusive policies that can address the evolving needs and concerns of the citizenry.The citizens' statements pointed to a complex societal landscape marked by poverty, marginalization, unequal access to resources, dominance of ideology over public space, marginalization of certain groups, and inefficiency and misconduct of institutions. These challenges had forced citizens to adopt a range of positive and negative strategies, each with the potential to both help and hinder societal progress. In some cases, citizens' remedial actions attempted to address gaps and alleviate deprivations, thereby serving the broader interests of the society. However, in other instances, their passivity and inaction could weaken social cohesion. Similarly, their efforts to reinforce societal structures might lead to increased tension and violence, while their self-destructive behaviors and destructive coping mechanisms could exacerbate their own deprivations, trapping them deeper within the cycle of crises and entrenched deprivation. Identifying the full spectrum of citizen demands and strategies is crucial for developing effective policymaking. By understanding the nuanced ways, in which citizens navigate their challenges, policymakers can work to create a foundation for positive change and strengthen societal resilience, preventing the proliferation of undesirable strategies that can further destabilize the social fabric. The key lies in crafting responsive policies and interventions that address the root causes of the citizens' concerns, empower marginalized communities, and foster an environment that cultivates positive, constructive, and sustainable forms of civic engagement. This holistic approach can help break the cycle of crisis and deprivation, ultimately leading to a more equitable and resilient society.

Hospital social workers as a group of discharge planners perform effective interventions for the safe discharge of patients. The purpose of this research was to investigate the interventions of medical social workers in safe discharge of patients.

This was a qualitative study conducted in 2023 in Iran. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with a sample of 16 social workers working in public hospitals selected by purposeful, accessible and snowball sampling and analyzed using the thematic analysis method.

The findings of this research show that hospital social workers implement specialized interventions within a framework of six planning stages with the aim of safe patient discharge. The three main themes are: professional intelligence, supportive framework and sustainability of interventions; the main theme of the current research is safe discharge.

The findings of this research indicate that the interventions of social workers for the safe discharge of the patients include measures before, during and after the discharge of a patient, based on the principles, values, intelligence, professional skills and the social work process. Social workers in this field need the support of responsible officials in the health system.

The digital divide as a new phenomenon has created certain inequalities in access to the Internet and new technologies, which has caused a kind of new inequality in societies. Based on this, main goal know the differences and similarities between the relationship between the digital divide and social capital among the youth of Yazd and Kerman. The theoretical framework of this research is based on VanDijik's digital divide theory, which examines technological, temporal, intellectual, social and cultural resources.

The method of conducting this research is applied in terms of objective and causal-comparative in terms of technique. The statistical population of this research is the youth of Yazd and Kerman, and the sample is also based on the Cochran formula, 385 youths from Yazd city and 385 youths from Kerman city. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, analysis of variance and structural equation model using SPSS and Amos software.Findings and

Statistical findings, while showing a significant difference in the digital divide in the two cities of Yazd and Kerman, were indicative of the fact that the correlation between the two indicators of the digital divide and social capital in the two cities is significant. That is, there is a significant relationship between the digital divide and social capital, and considering the negative correlation coefficient, it is clear that with the increase in the digital divide, social capital decreases in two cities.

The Social Care System (SCS) for students is a plan that has been developed to prevent and control social harm towards students in schools across Iran. The plan has been implemented in schools and focuses on the role of social workers. It is important to identify any challenges or problems that may arise with the implementation of this plan to ensure that it can be evaluated and reviewed effectively. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to discover and explore any potential challenges associated with the SCS for students. 

This is a qualitative study conducted in Kerman, Iran in 2023, using a phenomenological approach. The study includes interviews with thirty participants who are familiar with the plan, including students, teachers, and school counselors. The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured manner, and the data collected was analyzed using thematic analysis.

The research objective has led to the construction of three key themes, which are discussed below. The first theme is "Policy Weaknesses," which includes several subcategories such as programs lacking continuity, infrastructure, coordination, and qualified staff. The second theme is "Content Weaknesses," which includes issues such as content being unfit for the culture and understanding of the target audience, and the lack of a rethinking approach. The third theme is "Implementation Obstacles," which encompasses challenges related to school ambassadors, students, school domain limitations, and family problems.

In conclusion, revising the content and implementation methods of the student's social care system can make it more effective in controlling and preventing social problems.

In the present research the position of public participation in Yazd Great Garden plan has been evaluated. In the first stage, based on the method of qualitative analysis, through interviews with local people, the position of public participation in the stages of approval and implementation of the plan was pathologically evaluated. The results of the studies show that local people are very dissatisfied with the lack of transparency and information by the municipality during the approval and implementation of the plan. In the second phase of this study, the trend of changes in the urban landscape in the study area (from 2001 to 2020) was evaluated using landscape metrics in FRAGSTATS software. The results of this evaluation showed that, during this period, many constructions have been done in this area. The size of barren patches has increased by 283%. The size of garden-agricultural patches has decreased by 80% and the size patches of construction has increased by 196%. In general, in spite of the goals of the mentioned plan to protect the gardens, the area and connectivity of garden and agricultural patches has been reduced and fragmentation is increased. Summarizing the results shows that if public participation was used in the approval and implementation process and information was provided in a transparent manner, the goals of the project were achieved, and local gardeners acted as the supporter of the municipality in the project.

For a long time, the male-breadwinner model has been ruling the Iranian family. Change in the lifestyle and economic conditions of our society today, have led to an increase in men's working hours and they are forced to work overtime in order to earn a decent living. Under these circumstances, job stress and physical and mental fatigue caused by long working hours affect men, families, especially housewives and children. The purpose of this study was to see the challenges of men's long working hours and the consequences of the father's short time spent with the family on the quality of intergenerational family relationships. 

Methods and Data: 

The study was conducted with a qualitative approach using thematic analysis. Participants were 15 housewife women who had children, and whose husbands had long working hours. The participants were selected and interviewed by purposive and theoretical sampling. 

Categories obtained from this study include: compensation for paternal absence, limited participation in parenting, taking care of the children, and monopolizing the mother role. 

The most important consequence of the research is the individual presence of mothers in the life and upbringing of their children. Due to the low presence and reduction of the father's participation in the family, not only are housewives faced with additional pressure to raise and take care of children, but also the patterns of intergenerational relationships in the family are affected and the role of the father in childrearing is marginalized. The conflict between the paternal and occupational roles of fathers is, on the one hand, a reflection of the continuity of the male-breadwinner model of the Iranian family, and on the other hand, it is the consequence of the increasing economic pressures on the well-being of the Iranian family during recent years. 

Key Message: 

Designing family support policies to improve the conditions and well-being of the family can reduce the pressure of men's long working hours, and improve the quality of intergenerational family relationships. On the other hand, women's active participation in the family's income, probably through redefining the traditional roles of parents in the family, affects the pattern of intergenerational relations in the family.

The lived experience in prison is a situation that places women at greater risk of social exclusion more than any other social experience and imposes particular dimensions of social, cultural, and family deprivation. Thus, the current research tries to assess the effect of sociocultural factors on the social exclusion of women prisoners.

The method used in this study is survey-correlation research. The statistical society of this research is the female prisoners of Yazd and Shiraz cities. Due to the limited number of women prisoners who have been imprisoned more than once, a total of hundred eighteen prisoners were studied in Yazd and Shiraz.

The findings showed that there is a significant relationship between social exclusion of women prisoners and stigma, alienation, and gender discrimination.(P <0.05) The regression results also supported the significant effect between stigma and social exclusion of women prisoners and twenty-seven and seven-tenths of the variance of the rate of social exclusion of women prisoners is explained by the stigma variable.

Women prisoners who do not follow the norms of society are more alienated, face more gender discrimination, suffer more stigma. Therfore meet more exclusion from family, relatives, and friends. They face more obstacles and limitations for their emotional and material needs, presence in society.

Mothers as a family member are more affected by a child with autism than other family members and react differently to this disorder. Therefore, this study was formed to study the coping reactions of mothers of children with autism
Materials &

This research was conducted using a qualitative method of conventional content analysis. Participants included 33 mothers of children with autism with an average age of 7 years in Yazd province (Iran). These individuals were selected by purposive sampling method and then interviewed in a semi-structured interview session. Sampling continued until data and classes were saturated. First, the text of the existing interviews was studied and the content was analyzed word for word and sentence by sentence. By extracting the categories and markers in the text, an attempt was made to achieve the desired answer to the main research question by describing the opinions of the interviewees. Data were analyzed by inductive method. This process involves open coding, creating classes, and abstraction. Each category was named using words representing the content. Similar subclasses were grouped together as a class and classes were grouped together as main classes.

The main categories of research included "two-way adaptation / non-compliance", "self-care" and "child-centered care". The two-way confrontation of conformity / non-conformity included two subcategories entitled "expression of positive emotions and conformity" and "expression of negative emotions and non-conformity". Self-care included the categories of "individual development", "objective care burden", "mental care burden" and "experience transfer". Child-centered care was also classified as "social care", "educational care", "medical care" and "environmental care".

Most mothers' first reaction was to express negative emotions, but some mothers have adapted to positive reactions. Mothers have both taken care of the child and taken care of themselves using a set of targeted actions. They increase their awareness and knowledge in order to take care of themselves and help their children, and try to improve their physical and mental health by participating in social and sport activities.

Fatalism is believing in the impact of superhuman power or external forces like chance/luck in life. This research was conducted for a comparative study of fatalism among disabled and non-disabled people. In this research, a survey method was used. 200 people with physical disabilities, cerebral palsy (CP) and blindness and 200 non-disabled people from Yazd in 2018 were selected. Available quote sampling method was used to select disabled people and systematic cluster sampling was used to select non-disabled people. Data collection tools include the responsibility scale of Ahmadi Akhorme et.al (1392), the ability of Peterson and Seligman (2004), Weissman & Beck`s (1978) dysfunctional attitudes and researcher questioner made by fatalism. Data were analyzed in two independent groups by statistical mean difference, T-test, Pearson correlation, ANOVA and multivariate regression test. The average fatalism is 48.3 in disabled people and 45 in non-disabled people. The result of hypothesis showed that the measure of fatalism is higher in disabled people. In disabled people, there was a significant/meaningful relationship between fatalism and the studied variables such as education (with meaningful level, age, severity of disability, inefficient attitudes, empowerment and responsibility. In non-disabled people, there was a meaningful relationship between fatalism and inefficient attitude variables and empowerment, but there wasn’t any significant relationship between fatalism and other studied variables. The result of regression analysis showed that inefficient attitude variables and ability had the greatest effect on fatalism in disabled and non-disabled people and only people and only 16 percent of Variance explains fatalism.

The family provides the first seed of human development and personality development. The child learns ethical principles and social relationships with others in the family. So it is important to know what relationships are in the parents’ family and how they raise their children. The main purpose of this study was to investigate triangulation forms and their relationship with parenting styles among families in Yazd. 

The statistical population of this study was all families with children in Yazd. The sample consisted of three hundred eighty-four people who were selected by cluster random sampling from three regions of Yazd. The instruments used in this study were the Bamrind parenting styles questionnaire and the triangulation questionnaire. Statistical descriptive methods were used for data analysis and Pearson correlation, independent t-test, and stepwise regression were used to test the research hypotheses. 

The results showed that triangulation in families in Yazd is below average. Triangle shapes also predicted the authoritarian style of parenting. Other results showed that the forms of triangulation were not significantly different in terms of the number of children, type of marriage, marriage history, the field of study, type of job, and type of marriage, but differed by degree. 

The more affection and intimacy between parents and family members, the fewer families use triangulation and the greater their tendency to love and interact. And as parenting styles move toward authoritarianism, the amount of triangulation in families increases. Finally, considering the pivotal role of young parents and couples in how to interact with their children, it is suggested that adequate education and awareness on effective and desirable educational methods and the positive and negative consequences of using parenting styles be given.

Child abuse has destructive consequences for the abused and the abuser which can launch a cycle of inter-generational violence. Our aim was to understand the constructions of child abuse by adult parents.

The research was carried with generic (basic) qualitative research method. Participants included 12 adults who abused their children during the recent year (2020) at Yazd City. The adult participants were selected by snowball-purposeful sampling. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed with grounded theory analysis method.

After analyzing transcribes, 6 main categories were constructed: abuse transmission, suffered self, normative violence, relationship problems, institutional inefficiency and pressured family. Life world of harassment emerged as the core category.

The findings presented the cycle of abuse created through learning and transmitting.

Given the increase in extramarital relationships and subsequent increase in the number of divorces, the present study aimed to study the contextual factors for extramarital relationships in women.
This study was conducted using a qualitative method based on the grounded theory. To this end, all women involved in extramarital relationships residing in Yazd were considered as the research population. A total number of 40 women involved in extramarital relationships were selected through snowball sampling and purposive sampling and were interviewed. The data collected through the interviews were then analyzed using a theoretical coding technique.
A total of 58 concepts (codes) were identified in open coding and 14 subcategories were extracted in axial coding. Besides, the contextual factors for extramarital relationships were divided into four main categories including emotional and behavioral gaps, unbalanced sexual relations, immature personality, and the evoking social environment. Finally, the lack of satisfactory relationships emerged as a core category.
Based on the findings, it can be concluded that extramarital relationships in women can be considered a multifactorial phenomenon that is formed by the absence of satisfactory individual, marital, and social relationships.

Although remarriage can reduce the consequences of divorce, many divorced women do not accept to marry again for some reasons. In this study, it is attempted to investigate important and fundamental factors for not marriage among divorced women. Research method of this study was conventional qualitative content analysis. 25 divorced women who have been covered by Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation were interviewed through 27 semi-structured sessions. For collecting data, the purpose sampling was used to selecting participation. Data has been analyzed by theoretical coding. The results of analyzing data indicate three main categories including issues related to children, women's fears and negative emotions and issues related to conditions of suitors. The conditions leading to divorce create negative emotions and attitudes in women towards men and their future lives. So by providing social work services and holding psychological workshops, these women can rebuild themselves. They can also overcome their fears and worries and finally the appropriate psychological conditions prepared to marry.

Receiving social support can result in a better job performance. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between social support and job performance of social workers in Tehran.

The statistical population included all social workers working in Tehran. For this purpose, 325 social workers in Tehran in 2017 were selected and studied by non probability convenience sampling and Cochran's formula. Phillips Social Support Inventory (PSSI) and Job Performance Questionnaire (JPQ) were used for data collection. In order to analyze the data, the correlation coefficient test, independent t-test, and multivariate regression were used.

The results indicated a positive correlation between all components of social support (family members’ support, friends’ support, and the others’ support) and job performance among social workers (P < 0.01). Regression analysis showed that it is only the others’ support which can predict changes in job performance (P < 0.01). Other results indicated that female and older social workers had a better job performance than male and younger social workers.

Receiving enough social support puts the job performance of social workers in a desriable place and thus provides better quality services.

 Cancer is a global risk for human in all contemporary societies and have multiple faces. The cancer diagnosis has variant effects on the patient and relatives. These include emotional, social, relational, economic, and mental effects. Cancer affects the patient and also, the patient’s partner, children, extended family, friends, and entire network of support. But, patients and relatives response and adjust themselves by the new situation and its challenges. They attempt for managing the condition and come over to challenges. In this process, different actions and interactions occur. Family and social relations are sources of support for patients and can be challenging simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to explore the interpretations of cancer patients about the relations in family and community after diagnosis.

This is an interpretative-qualitative research and was conducted by the Basic Qualitative Research Method (Merriam, 2009). We used this method because we was interested in understanding how patients interpret their experiences and what meaning they attribute to their experiences about cancer. Our research participants was 17 cancer patients who had spent treatment time in hospitals of Ahwaz city. The data gathered through semi-structured and in-depth interviews. Accordingly, purposeful sampling method was used. Data saturation criteria used for deciding sample size, and we continued the process of sampling until we founded the answers became repetitive and no new concept could be created. Before starting the interviews, we collected participant patients consent. The participants became familiar with the research procedure through the explanation of the research purposes and methods. Theoretical coding (Strause & Corbin, 1998) was utilized for data analysis. During the open coding, interview texts were encoded line by line. While in axial coding, they were put together and transformed into categories. We tried to achieve a level of credibility in research findings by continuous comparison of participants’ statements and paying attention to their feedbacks to the analysis.

After each interview, we transcribed the interview. The coding process started after 2nd interviews and continued to end of the data collection. Transcripts coded in initial phase line by line and the meaningful concepts were constructed. Each text was coded by one of the authors and was checked by the other one. In first phase of coding, 50 concepts and 6 categories were emerged. After merging the main categories, Fluctuate accommodation was emerged as the main phenomenon (core category) in the findings. The findings showed that participants experienced ups and downs in regulating their relationships, and their interactions underwent many changes after diagnosis. The specific conditions of the diagnosis, along with the difficulty of regulating their relationships, make their life different. Patients and their family encounter many fluctuations and challenges that encourage them to have strategies to cope with diagnosis. Usually, the onset of a disease is associated with inappropriate physical conditions and unknown symptoms, which is a prelude to a special experience. Therefore, a new form of relationship is formed between the patient and his relatives. In this new situation, family members become closer than ever and try to return the emotional energy to patient. So, they adopt themselves to the new situation in various ways. One of their most important concerns in such situation is how to control the situation, the unknown status of the new situation, and the fear of personal and social changes. The specificity of experiencing cancer on the one hand, and the lack of familiarity of the people on the other hand, increase the need for educating people. As cancer can affect every individual from any family and it is not particularly specific, how to deal with the disease during the post-exposure period is very important. Research findings suggest that some kind of cultural review is needed while facing cancer. Modifying negative behavior and ill-considered misconceptions about the disease are also needed to better respond to the illness and reduce stress and mental harm to patients.

Empowerment is one of the important goals in the social work practice. According to this goals, most social work interventions involve populations that are the least powerful groups or have little social resources. One of these social groups that their empowerment can empower family members are women-headed households. They are not satisfied with their lives and have little trust to relatives and community. They also receive a little support from the society and have many responsibilities in life. As women-headed households live individually and socially under discriminatory and powerless conditions, thus empowering them is the most important practice for social workers. Because of these, many social work organizations consider empowerment plans to help women-headed households. But these plans are not always welcomed by women for achieving social and economic goals. Accordingly, this qualitative study was conducted to investigating the causes and context of non-participation of women-headed households in empowerment plans.

This study is a qualitative study based on grounded theory. The field of study was the women-headed households who received support services by Social Welfare Organization of Yazd. Therefore, 30 women-headed households were selected by purposeful sampling. The women who could be empowered physically and mentally, were interviewed during 40 to 70 minutes, and before conversation, the purposes of investigations were explained for the participants. Data were collected using semi-structured interview and were analyzed by theoretical coding method which includes open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. In this study, the validation criteria of qualitative research include credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability which were used to test the trustworthiness and validity of the data and the processes of collecting them.

The participants of the study were 30 women with the age range from 30 to 45 years old. Sixteen women were working in a job and 21 women had educated lower than the diploma. After the first step of coding, 29 primary codes were collected and categorized into seven main categories including lack of need feelings, illness, reluctance, compulsion to stay at home, obligation to work, the difficulty of getting loan, and cost of distance and fear of failure. Finally, based on data analysis and participants' experiences of empowerment plans, discouragement from condition emerged as a central phenomenon in this study. In other words, women-headed households, because of the pressures of life and learned helplessness, were in a state of discouragement from situation. They had little hope for empowerment plans success provided by Social Welfare Organization. They also felt that this plan would not be able to improve their living conditions. The results of this study indicated that, disregarding the physical, psychological, and family conditions, interests and abilities of female-headed households, as well as quality of work and empowerment programs, can decrease their participation in empowerment plans. As a result, successful implementation of empowerment plans for the women-headed households requires attention to women's situations and abilities and to train them to attend and participate in these plans. Based on the findings of study it is suggested that physical characteristics, psychological characteristics (such as the amount of interest, motivation and talent, risk-taking and fear of failure, hope, self-esteem) and family situation (such as having sub-teen children, family support and leisure time) for women-headed households should be considered in empowerment plans. Also, continuous and appropriate training should be provided for women-headed households according to their needs, physical and psychological characteristics and the types of empowerment plans. It is recommended that women-supporting organizations facilitate the process of receiving banking facilities and financial aids. These institutions should focus more on home-based jobs and businesses to empowering women-headed households. Finally, it is necessary that the advocators of women-headed households target and plan for psychological and social empowerment, while they focus on economic empowerment.

Elderly is an era of life, which affects quality of life; aging changes the thinking ways and reduces the self-confidence.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of hope therapy on the elderly quality of life in Mehriz, Yazd in 2016 - 2017. In this controlled study with pre-test post-test design, the study population consisted of all elderly people who referred to daily care centers of Mehriz. The sample consisted of 24 elderly women in the daily care centers, who were divided into two groups of experimental (n = 12) and awaiting (n = 12).Hope therapy was provided in eight sessions for the experimental group. The instrument used in this research was Quality of Life Scale for the Elderly. The MANOVA results showed a significant difference between the experimental and awaiting groups. In the experimental group, physical function, depression, anxiety, mental performance, and life satisfaction improved, but education did not affect the sex dimension. Hope therapy, was effective on improving the elderly quality of life. The studied training can be used as an effective treatment to improve the elderly quality of life.

Anger, depression, sadness, despair, malice, strife, fear, anxiety, guilty feelings and incompatibility in mothers with disabled children may be more severe than normal mothers due to experiencing difficulty conditions and expectations beyond their ability. Therefore, managing emotions, reducing negative emotions and increasing the resilience can improve the mental status of mothers. According to this, the aim of this study was to the Effectiveness of emotional regulation training on the negative affect and resilience of mothers with disabled children in the city of Ashkezar. This study was a semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test and with a control group. The statistical population included 267 mothers with disabled children in the Social Welfare Organization of Ashkezar. In order to training the emotional regulation, two groups of 15 people were randomly selected as the experimental group and the control group by purposeful sampling. The data was collected by Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and Connor & Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). The experimental group received eight sessions (2 times 90 minutes in a week) of emotion regulation training and then both groups have completed the post-test. Data analysis was done by the most important descriptive statistics and Analysis of Covariance. The findings of this study showed that there is a significant difference between the mean scores of subjects in the experimental and control groups in the post-test. In other words, emotional regulation training reduces the mean of negative affect scores and increases the average scores of resilience in mothers with disabled children (P < 0.001). Emotional regulation training as an effective teaching method, can reduce negative affect in mothers with disabled children and increase resilience in them. Therefore, it can considered as a desirable and effective model for improving compatibility, happiness and well-being.

One of the studies in the field of the social worker is job performance; and because organizational climate can be affected job performance, this study was conducted. Therefore, the relationship between organizational climate and job performance of social workers has been studied. Three hundred twenty-five social workers were selected through convenience sampling method. The data were collected through Paterson's job performance questionnaire and Sasman & Deep organizational climate inventory. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation, T-test, ANOVA and multivariate regression. The results showed that social workers' job performance was more than average. In addition, the results of Pearson correlation showed that there is a positive relationship between job performance and all of the dimensions of organizational climate included clarity and agreement on organizational goals, clarity, and agreement on the role, satisfaction of reward, satisfaction and agreement on procedures and ultimately, and effectiveness of communications.(P <0.01)
Results also indicate that the effectiveness of communications can predict up to thirteen percent of job performance. The job performance of female, married and older social workers were better than male, single, and younger social workers. Improving the organizational climate and the effectiveness of communications will lead to improving the social worker's job performance in the organization. As a result, the quality of social work services will increase

Marriage is an important vital event which from social point of view is known as a firm relationship between a man and a woman. Sometimes marriage does not last so much and results in divorce. Usually after separation, divorced woman do not like to marry again which this subject has many problems and results. So, this research was done to study these problems and results.
This was a qualitative research in the kind of grounded theory. The study population was the society of divorced women in ages of 20 to 45 years old covered by Yazd City, Iran, Imam Khomeini Emdad Committee, of which, 25 persons were selected using aimed sampling method. The method of collecting data was semi-structured interviews which was recorded, rewritten, and analyzed the content with the agreement of them.
27 contents and 10 topics (basic topics) were extracted. The topics included “low income and financial problems”, “continuous occupation”, “loneliness and seclusion”, “relationship limitations”, “inconvenience of others in the society and working environment”, “offering friendship and temporary marriage”, “family reproach and object of the behaviors”, “family pressure for remarriage”, “lack of father's kindness”, and “non-investigation of children's training”. The topic of “life pressure” became a fundamental topic.
Not getting remarriage and the lonely lives of divorced women create many problems and results. These problems like links reinforce each other and place the women in double pressure. So, remaking the psychic, social, and economic subjects for divorced woman after separation and forcing them to remarriage is suggested to reduce the result and outcomes.

Abstract This study investigated the effects of spiritual intelligence training on the resilience of women in female-headed households in Yazd. The population consists of female heads of households who were supported by the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation in 2016. Thirty women were randomly selected and then randomly divided into two equal groups, experimental and control. The data was collected using Connor & Davidson’s Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). The experimental group received eight weekly sessions of spiritual intelligence training based on the package by Bowl (2004) and then both groups completed the post-test. Data analysis was done through an ANCOVA. The results indicated a significant increase in all components of resilience, namely personal strength, control and secure connections, at mean scores of subjects in the experimental groups on the post-test.

Prosocial behaviors expand participation in society; therefore, these behaviors provide objective conditions for increasing social friendship and reducing the social exclusion. Thus, promoting these behaviors leads to increasing social capital in the community. The purpose of this study was to see the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy to improve prosocial behavior of high school female students in city of Yazd.
The semi experimental design with pre-test/post-test with control group was used. Then 26 subjects were randomly assigned to two equal-sized experimental and control groups. The data was collected through Prosocial Tendencies Measure Revised 2002. The experimental group participated in eight sessions of cognitive behavioral group therapy for improving prosocial behavior. Data was analyzed by analysis of covariance.
The results showed that there was significant difference between mean scores of experimental and control groups at post-test. It is concluded that cognitive behavioral group therapy can increase the prosocial behaviors among high school female students.
The cognitive behavioral group therapy, raises the prosocial behaviors significantly, therefore it can be considered to desirable model for improving these behaviors.

The purpose of this study was to see the relationship between family social capital and prosocial behaviors in students, because family members play an important role in the re-production and re-distribution of social capital and in strengthening the prosocial behaviors and the sense of altruism in children. The statistical population was all students at Yazd University in 2014-2015. The sample (372 students) was selected through random convenience sampling. Data was collected through Prosocial Tendencies Measure Revised and social capital questionnaire which was developed by the researcher. Data was analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient, T test and regression. The results showed that students' prosocial behaviors was more than average (M=78.4). The Pearson correlation coefficients of social capital dimensions (intimacy, monitoring, social participation, social norm, effectiveness, environmental trust, institutional trust) and students' prosocial behaviors, are statistically significant. Results also indicate that social norm, environmental trust, social participation, institutional trust and monitoring can explain up to 17 percent of the dependent variable.