seyyedeh fatemeh mousavi

The present research was conducted with the aim of studying intensive parenting, parenting goals and parental perfectionism in two groups Iranian mothers and fathers.

A total of 706 parents (532 women and 174 men) were selected to participate in the research by volunteer. The measurements were included Parenting Goals Scale (PGS), intensive parenting questionnaire (IPS) and parental perfectionism scale (MPPQ).

The results of t-test showed that mothers were significantly different from fathers in intensive parenting in general and specifically in essentialism and challenging (p< .05) and fathers had a significant difference in child-centered with mothers (p< .01). The results also showed that fathers were significantly different from mothers in child development (p< .05) and parental image (p< .05) of parental goals and perfectionism in both self-oriented and social-oriented dimensions (p< .05).

The results of this study highlight the special role of fathers and mothers in the outcomes of parenting, focusing on reinforced parenting goals with the aim of shaping the child's social identity, paying attention to the special responsibility of fathers in raising children, considering the components of parenting in Iranian culture.

The current study investigates the challenges of emotion regulation and its consequences on the interpersonal relationships of children with learning disabilities in Tehran. The research approach was qualitative and the research method was content analysis. The participants were all female elementary students with learning disabilities and their teachers living in Tehran in the academic year of 2023-24, that 15 students between 9-11 years old and their teachers with Mage of 42.6 years through purposeful sampling were invited to participate in the study. The results showed seven categories and 16 subcategories including confrontational and corrosive communication style, devaluing communication style, pseudo-relationship without depth, dual being control and controllability, emotional immaturity, inappropriate emotional responses, and strategies based on inhibition and suppression. In general, emotion regulation challenges in students with learning disabilities can lead to a decrease in positive relationships, isolation and tension, reduced self-confidence, and reduced social interactions. Therefore, creating a supportive environment and strengthening their emotion regulation skills can improve their social relations and help them cope with these challenges better.

Parenting responsibilities for mothers as the main caregivers is a stressful experience that can lead to parental burnout. Therefore, it seems necessary to investigate the underlying factors that increase the risk of maternal burnout. The present study aimed to determine the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between personality traits of neuroticism and conscientiousness and parental burnout in mothers of Tehran City.

In current descriptive research, the sample size included 286 mothers in Tehran in the period of 2022-2023, who were selected by convenience sampling method. Roskam's Parental Burnout Questionnaire, Gross and John's Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Costa and McCrae's Five-Factor Personality Questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by Pearson’s and path analysis method.

The mean and standard deviation of the age of the examined mothers was 35.78±8.43 years. The results of mediation analysis showed that the direct and indirect relationships between neuroticism and parental burnout through suppression were significant (β=0.194, β=0.069, p<0.01, respectively). Also, the direct and indirect relationships between conscientiousness and parental burnout through reappraisal were significant (β=-0.216, β=-0.078, p<0.05, respectively). Therefore, suppression in the relationship between neuroticism and parental burnout and also reappraisal in the relationship between conscientiousness and parental burnout had a complementary partial mediating role.

The present research emphasizes the important role of emotional regulation strategies that link personality traits to parental burnout and also the importance of paying attention to teaching emotional skills to mothers.

The current research was administered with the aim of intercultural investigating the attitudes to gender roles, parental values ‎, and parental burnout‎ in two groups of Iranian and Afghan parents. The statistical population of this study was two groups of Iranian and Afghan parents living in Tehran City those 398 parents including 199 Afghan parents (97 fathers and 102 mothers) and 199 Iranian parents (93 fathers and 106 mothers) living in Tehran were selected by convenient and voluntary from different regions of the city. The research instruments included the Attitudes to Gender Roles Questionnaire, Goals and Values in Adults Questionnaire, and Parental Burnout Assessment. The results showed that two groups of Iranian and Afghan parents significantly differed in parental burnout, and regarding parental values in power and achieves, agency and self-direct, and benevolence & prosocial. The results showed there was a significant difference between mothers and fathers in attitudes to gender roles and all of the values except agency and self-direct. In the interaction of migration and gender effects, the results showed Iranian fathers had a high score in specific gender roles, Afghan fathers had a high score in traditional gender roles and Iranian mothers had a high score in androgynous gender roles. Also, Afghan fathers care more about power and achieve separateness values than Iranian fathers. Cultural similarities led to the migration of Afghan families despite long-term residence in the destination community, which was companied by the maintenance of Afghan cultural values and traditions, so that the status of parents, traditional gender roles, and the sense of being unique as important values is encouraged in their children.The component of parenting and the quality of parent-child interactions, the values and goals of parents in the children of immigrant families in the context of cultural adaptation and acculturation (influence and impression of the destination culture) is a subject that can be studied.

The phenomenon of parental burnout is a condition that causes mental, physical, and emotional exhaustion in parents. Various studies in recent years have confirmed the negative consequences of burnout on parents, children, families, and even the whole society. The present study was conducted with the aim of systematically reviewing the etiology of parental burnout by searching for articles indexed in Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and PubMed databases between 2017 and 2023 in order to clarify the direction of the research from VOSviewer 1.6.19 bibliometric software was also used. In general, the keywords parental burnout, parental exhaustion, maternal burnout, antecedents of parental burnout, and etiology of parental burnout were searched and based on the data obtained from the VOSviewer software and based on the Inclusion and exclusion criteria and using the Prisma checklist from Among the 110 searched articles, 14 articles were included in the research. The results of the analysis and evaluations showed that perfectionism, lack of emotion regulation, and personality traits (low agreeableness conscientiousness, and high neuroticism) which are fundamental factors related to parents, are effective in creating parental burnout. are. In the case of timely and correct identification of the effective factors causing parental burnout, it will be possible to prevent, modify, and manage it. It is hoped that by paying more attention to the concept of parental burnout and examining the role of antecedent factors and its consequences, the field of further research will be provided.

In Islam, revelation is the cornerstone and source of all religious teachings. Most Muslims believe that the Quran's wording and meaning come from God, but some contemporary thinkers such as Muhammad Mujtahid Shabestari believe that revelation came from the subconscious mind of the Prophet (pbuh) and was subsequently incorporated into the Quran. He presents new definitions of divine revelation, word and saying and believes that the word and meaning of the Quran originated from the Prophet (PBUH). Since the basis of religious teachings and the source of all Islamic knowledge is revelation, considering the teachings of the Quran as definitive proof depends on one's attitude towards revelation. Shabestari considers the Quran as a product of revelation, not revelation itself. This paper examines his views and arguments using the analytical-critical method and critiques them using rational and narrative criteria. It concludes that Shabestari's evidence is unable to support his claims, since the words and meaning of the Quran come from God.

One of the important factors of marital satisfaction is marriage readiness and the role of socialization in development this readiness is important. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of education-based socialization about marriage and marital life by various agents of socialization including father, mother, school, television, cyberspace and peers on marriage readiness. The research is descriptive-correlational and The statistical population included single girls and boys living in Tehran, of whom 384 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The data was collected by using Qalili Renani's Marriage Readiness Questionnaire (2013) and the questionnaire made by the researcher of the education about marriage and marital life by various agents of socialization. Data analysis was done using SPSS 25. Findings showed The average score of education-based socialization of different agents of socialization is different and in order mother with average score of 68.59, father with 59.94, peers with 47.25, cyberspace with 46.62, television with 31.08 and school with 28.65 is placed. The regression analysis also showed that only socialization through mother's education is effective on marriage readiness. according to this, In order to benefit from the special position of the mother in the process of socialization of children, it is suggested to raise awareness and provide the necessary training to mothers. Also, policy making and planning to take advantage of the capacity of other agents of socialization, including father, school, television and cyber space, can play an effective role in marriage readiness.

The issue of inspiration is one of the fundamental issues in Islam, which is faced with two attitudes, earthly and heavenly. The heavenly attitude considers inspiration as a message from God to mankind and considers the Prophet of Islam as the messenger of its communication. But the earthly attitude, which is a product of the modernity period, has different aspects and dimensions. Some modern thinkers such as Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari believe that the inspiration originated from the subconscious mind of the Prophet and came in the form of words in the Quran. Shabestari believes that if the inspiration is the word of God is not understandable by the audience. he cited to the views of linguists and implication of affirmation in the science of principles jurisprudence and its comparison with the Quran and concludes that the Quran is the word of the Prophet. Shabestari considers pre-understanding to be the main element of understanding and considers it to be influenced by time, place and personal interests. With this point of view, understanding is a historical matter. As a result, regardless of whether the Quran is the word of the Prophet or the word of God, he considers it impossible to truly understand the Quran. The purpose of this article is to review and criticize Shabestri's comparative reasons regarding the impossibility of understanding divine inspiration, which he cited the opinions of some linguist philosophers and the principles of jurisprudence in this context. The flaws in his arguments in the discussed field have been clarified and explained in a new method. In the present article, the philosophical definition of language, the possibility of understanding divine inspiration and the implication of affirmation from Shabestari's point of view were analyzed with analytical-critical method and it was proved by rational and narrative criteria that he has presented a wrong understanding of the definitions of linguists and the issue of understanding and the implication of affirmation. And with presuppositions and illogical reasoning method, it has achieved false results. Therefore, the cases cited by Shabestari do not indicate the impossibility of understanding God's inspiration.

The aim of this study was to determine the model of predicting responsibility based on identity styles with the mediating role of selfconcept in students of Tehran universities.

The present study was a correlation type with the method of path analysis with the participation of 411 students studying in Tehran, Shahid Beheshti and Azad Universities in 2022. Sampling was by random cluster sampling method. The responsibility questionnaire, identity styles and selfconcept scales were used to collect data. This is a descriptive research study of correlation type with path analysis method. The current research community consisted of students of Tehran universities in 2022.

There was a positive and significant correlation between informational and normative identity styles as well as selfconcept with responsibility and a negative and significant correlation between confused/avoidant identity style with responsibility (p<0.01). The coefficients related to the indirect effect of informative identity style (β=0.028, t=5.17), normative identity style (β=0.047, t=4.32) and confused-avoidant identity style (β= 0.056, t = 3.27) with the mediation of self-concept on responsibility were significant (p<0.05). The direct path coefficients of all three identity styles were also significant in predicting responsibility (p<0.01).

The study showed that the responsibility was predictable based on identity styles. In addition, the mediating role of self-concept in the relationship between identity styles and responsibility was confirmed.

Students’ sense of responsibility has a substantial impact on their academic and professional progress, as well as the future of their society. Therefore, it is necessary to examine and identify factors influencing their sense of responsibility.

The present study aimed to propose a model of responsibility based on identity styles with the mediating role of self-concept.

In this correlational study, the path analysis method was applied. The study population consisted of all students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, and Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University in 2022. A total of 411 students were selected via random cluster sampling. The data collection tools were Kurdlo's Responsibility Questionnaire (2015), Identity Style Inventory (1989), and Rogers’ Self-Concept Scale (1957). Pearson's correlation coefficient test was carried out using AMOS version 24 and SPSS version 25 for statistical analysis.

The correlation coefficients indicated significant positive correlations between informative and normative identity styles and the sense of responsibility, with the mediating role of self-concept, while the diffuse/avoidant identity style had a significant negative correlation with the sense of responsibility (P<0.01). Moreover, the coefficients were significant for the indirect effects of informative identity style (β=0.028, t=5.17), normative identity style (β=0.047, t=4.32), and diffuse/avoidant identity style (β=-0.056, t=-3.27) on the students’ sense of responsibility, with the mediating role of self-concept (P<0.05). The direct path coefficients for all three identity styles in predicting responsibility were also significant (P<0.01).

The present results showed that self-concept mediated the students’ sense of responsibility based on identity styles. Therefore, authorities should take the necessary measures to improve the students’ sense of responsibility, depending on their identity styles.

It is well acknowledged that the stress of work can influence on the marriage outcomes. Some jobs such as working in hospital and dealing with patients are very stressful. However, despite the emphasis on the role of work stress in different areas and marital satisfaction in previous researches, there is little information about the effect of adaptive processes such as self-regulation in the relationship on nurses' marital satisfaction. The Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation Model implies that a successful adaptive process can possibly help individuals mitigate stressful events and raise satisfaction in marriage. the current study aimed to investigate whether job stress of married nurses can influence their marital satisfaction, and also to examine the mediating role of relationship self-regulation. A total of 252 married nurses from nine governmental and five private hospitals in Tehran were participated. Hospitals were selected by convenient sampling and voluntary to contribute. To collect data, Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS), Relationship Self-Regulation (RSR) and the Job-Related Tension Index (JRTI) were given to volunteer nurses who agreed to complete the questionnaires. The results indicated a significant negative association of job stress with marital satisfaction and a positive relationship of relationship self-regulation with marital satisfaction. Also, it was confirmed that relationship self-regulation has a mediating role in the relationship between job stress and marital satisfaction. The current study showed how the adaptive process may help to increase marital satisfaction in a stressful environment among married nurses.

The prevalence of social injuries in schools has always been one of the important problems of the Education institution, adolescents, and youth in all countries, and police cooperation with schools to reduce social injuries in various ways has been the subject of theoretical and empirical discussions. Therefore, the current study has investigated the models of police-school cooperation in various countries and Iran with a comparative approach looking at the role of policewomen in preventing social injuries in schools.

The research method is a comparative study with a review of archival sources.

An archival review of sources and documents revealed two traditional and integrated approaches and the three police-school participation models, including school-based police officer programs; the police as "teacher" and comprehensive approach were observed in different countries. Also, the models of police-school participation are defined, regardless of the gender of the police or students in the target schools. Comparison of the global models of police-school participation with the existing model in Iran, indicating important differences such as injuries -based, active and based on a pre-planned program between the police organization and schools for police entry and presence in schools in other countries and the demand-oriented, cross-sectional and school-based need for the police entry to the schools, emphasizing the participation of students in the prevention of social injuries in Iran. Also, there is a need to define a preventive role for women police in schools, taking into account the cultural considerations of Iranian society.

Managers of organizations have found that their most important assets are the integrity of integrity, which is an important factor in their success and progress, and that no one will achieve all its desired goals. Given the importance of human resources in the pursuit of organizations 'goals aimed at examining the impact of employees' creative self -efficacy on innovative behavior with the intermediary role of entrepreneurship. The use of sampling made by the Morgan table is 225 people as sample. The assessment of this research has been the standard job self -efficacy questionnaire (Sarji, 2), innovative behaviors (Hang et al.), Entrepreneurship (Hugs & Morgan, 2007). The apparent validity of the questionnaire was confirmed and their reliability was obtained by the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for three variables above 0.7. The final questionnaire was given to the statistical sample members in a simple random way. After collecting the questionnaires, due to the abnormalities, the research data were investigated using Smart Pls 3 software. The results of the analysis showed that the creative self -efficacy of employees did not affect the innovative behavior of Mehr city education staff. Employees' creative self -efficacy affects the entrepreneurship of Mehr city education staff. Entrepreneurship has an impact on the innovative behavior of Mehr city education staff.

This study aims to assess the mediating role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation (CER) strategies in the relationship between brain-behavioral system activity and marital satisfaction.

This is a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population consists of all married men and women referred to two clinics of petrochemical industries in Mahshahr, of whom: 200 (106 female and 94 male) were selected using a convenience sampling method. Data collection tools were the Gray-Wilson Personality Questionnaire, ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Pearson correlation test, multiple regression analysis and path analysis were carried out in SPSS v.17 and LISREL v.8.8. 

All dimensions of CER (negative and positive strategies) and the activity of brain-behavioral system were significantly associated with marital satisfaction. Both negative and positive CER strategies and two Behavioral Activating System and Fight/Flight System as components of the brain-behavioral system had direct association and the Behavioral Inhibition System component had indirect association with marital satisfaction. They had good predictive power to predict marital satisfaction in families. 

 The brain-behavioral system activity, as a biological model of personality, and the use of CER strategies have can predict marital satisfaction.

The aim of this study was to compare marital satisfaction, parental alliance, and parental burnout in fathers and mothers having a child(ren) with and without visual impairment. The method of the study was descriptive and expo facto. The study population consisted of four groups of parents having children without and with visual impairment (parents having one child, two children, and more than two children with VI) living in different cities of Iran. Among them, a sample of 506 people (including 297 mothers and 209 fathers) participated voluntarily in the study through convenient sampling. The measurements included the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (Nichols et al., 1983), the Parental Alliance Scale (Abidin, & Brunner, 1995), and the Parental Burnout Assessment (Roskam et al., 2018). The results showed that parents having more than two children with VI had higher scores on parental burnout and lower scores on marital satisfaction and parental alliance compared to the other three groups (p < .001). The results of the MANOVA test showed that the four groups were significantly different in all dimensions of parental burnout (p < .001), also, the fathers obtained higher scores in marital satisfaction (p < .04). The extent of visual impairment of the child(ren) can disrupt the relationship between children and parents with themselves and with each other by negatively affecting marital and parental outcomes.

The current study was done with the aim of investigating the role of marital virtues in promoting well-being and coping with marital burnout of married men and women living in Tehran. The research method is descriptive and correlation.

For this purpose, 290 married people (152 women and 138 men) were selected through convenient sampling. For data collection, the researcher-made Marital Virtues Scale, the Well-being Scale WHO-5 (2012), and Marital Burnout Scale (Pines, 1996) were administrated. Data were analyzed using correlation and stepwise regression tests. 

The findings showed that there was a significant positive correlation between all marital virtues’ subscales and the well-being and there was a negative significant correlation between all marital virtues’ subscales and marital burnout. Also, the results showed the virtues of fairness, tolerance, love, and empathy can explain 13% of the variance of well-being (F=14.68, p <.001) and the virtues of fairness, foresight and precaution, love, and empathy can explain 33% of the variance of marital burnout (F=47.06, p <.001).

The cultivation of moral virtues over time can predict well-being in couples and could be considered as a strategy to deal with marital burnout.

This study investigates the role of parental involvement as a mediator of the relationship between parental alliance and self-regulation of learning and social competence in female adolescents in a correlational design. The study population included all adolescent girls living in Islamshahr, Tehran province. Among these girls, 158 adolescent girls were selected voluntarily to participate in the study. Measurements included the Parental Alliance Scale, Parental Involvement Rating Scale, the Multidimensional Social Competence Scale, and the Learning Self-Regulation Scale. Data analysis was performed using path analysis. The results showed that direct paths are all positively significant, the indirect path showed that parental alliance is significant through parental involvement on self-regulation of learning and the indirect effect of parental alliance through parental involvement on social competence is not significant. Therefore, creating empathy between parents in adopting parenting practices by increasing their level of involvement in performing or advising children for academic and non-academic activities can have positive academic achievements such as increasing self-regulation in learning and social competence

This study was designed to explore the role of gender, parental raring behavior, friendship quality and shyness in the feeling of loneliness during adolescence through the ecological model of human development and the contextual-developmental perspective. ‎‎211 adolescents’ students (‎133 females, 78 males‎) from five high ‎schools in Tehran (Iran) participated in correlational research design (a non-experimental study) and ‎completed the self-report scales including: Loneliness Scale, Short EMBU, Revised Cheek–Buss ‎Shyness Scale, and Friendship–Unfriendship Attachment Inventory ‎‎(SACRAL)‎. The results showed that parenting behavior, shyness, and friendship quality were correlated with loneliness. Moreover, the findings indicated that the low level of friendship quality and high level of parenting behavior in both rejection and over-controlling had a positive correlation with the high level of loneliness in adolescents. In addition, the result showed that male adolescents feel lonelier than female adolescents. The results obtained from the current study provide a number of implications, which can be beneficial in proposing intervention efforts directed toward promoting ideal development and growth during teenage years.

The current study was administrated to investigate the attitudes to gender roles and parental exhaustion of parting duties in mothers having or not having paid professional activity. The research method was descriptive, and the research design is ex post facto. The study sample was 195 mothers (76 employed and 119 unemployed) who participated voluntarily from five regions of north, south, west, east, and center of Tehran. Measurements included the Parental Burnout Assessment (consist of parental exhaustion, contrast with the past self of the parent, being fed up, and emotional distancing from the parenting role), and the Attitudes towards Gender Roles Questionnaire (including the traditional, the gender-specific, and the androgenic attitude). The results of the independent t-test between two groups showed that there was a significant difference between two groups of employed and unemployed mothers in attitudes towards the gender-specific role and androgenic (gender equality) role (p = 0.02), and there was no significant difference in parental burnout and its dimensions. The results also showed that employed mothers, although having egalitarian attitudes to gender roles and experience more role pressure than unemployed mothers, experience less parental burnout compared to unemployed mothers who have gender-specific role attitudes. It is worth considering the role of overload in employing mothers and how unemployed mothers spend their leisure time with their children according to their gender attitudes.

The birth of a child is an exciting but stressful event for the parents. Meanwhile, the birth of a child with special needs imposes more stress on the parents and requires special physical and mental strength to parenting the child. The current study was conducted to compare the interpersonal mindfulness in parenting, parental competence, and perceived social support in the mothers of children with or without special needs.

This study was a descriptive research with comparative analytical design. The statistical population included two groups of mothers of children with or without special needs living in Qazvin in 2018. Among them, 160 mothers (87 having a child without special needs and 73 having a child with special needs) were selected voluntarily by convenience sampling to participate in the study. The research tools included Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale (Duncan, 2007), Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Johnston and Mash, 1989) and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, and Farley, 1988).

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of mothers of children with or without special needs in terms of interpersonal mindfulness in parenting (p<.01) and parental competence (p<.05); however no significant difference was found in terms of perceived social support (p>.4).

Results showed lower scores of parental competence and higher scores of interpersonal mindfulness in parenting in the mothers of children with special needs compared to the mothers of children without special needs. The implications of the result are discussed in the article.

The purpose of this study was to compare self-determination in marital relationships, commitment to spouse, and marital satisfaction in married men and women without and with conflict referring to counseling centers. So, a sample of married men and women with conflict referred to counseling centers (85 people: 59 women and 25 men) and non-conflict married men and women (97 people: 56 women and 41 men) were participated voluntarily and completed the Basic Psychological Need Scale (BPNS) by Sheldon et al. (2001), Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale by Schumm et al. (1983), Marital Commitment Scale by Adams & Jones (1997). The results of this study showed that the distress group in comparison with the non-conflicting people reported lower scores in autonomy, competence, relatedness, marital commitment, and marital satisfaction (p< .01). The results also showed that men generally achieved higher scores in marital commitment and marital satisfaction than women (p< .01). To test the interactional effect of gender and conflict, the results showed that women in the non-conflict group had higher scores of incompetency and relatedness (p< .05). Unresolved conflicts in marital relationships decrease the couple’s ability to self-determination in the relationship, decrease marital commitment, and marital satisfaction. Enriching couples’ relationships by increasing self-determination in dyadic relationships lead to increased commitment and marital satisfaction.

The current study was adminstrated with the aim of investigating mood characteristics and components of marital interaction in mothers with one or more than one child with visually impairment.

The research method was descriptive and the design ‎was ex post facto. The population of this study was three categories of mothers with one child, more than one child with visually impairment and mothers of children without visully impairment living in cities of Tehran and Karaj in 2017 , that from each category 120 of mothers were with one visually impaired child, 104 mothers with more than one visually impaired child and 120 mothers with children without visually impaiment were selected voluntary. The assessment tools of this study were Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) (2007) including two dimensions (positive and negative mood) and Afrooz’s Marital Interaction Scale (2012).

The results of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed that mothers with more than one child with visual impairment had higher scores in negative mood such as stress, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion and lower scores in positive mood such as vitality, relaxation and happiness in comparison to the other two groups (p <0.001). Mothers with a child with no visual impairment had higher scores in positivity, personal behaviors, relational and social behaviors, problem solving, financial management, religious feeling, parenting manner, spending leisure time, and emotional interaction than the two clinical groups (p<0.001).

Implementing preventive and make knowledge actions with the goal of accepting child's disability, increasing positive emotions towards the child, and training coping skills in face of fatigue due to care, especially those with more than one child with disabilities, can reduce the stress of caring, and spending free time to pay attention the needs of self and the spouse helps maintain a satisfied relationship in parents in order to take advantage of this capacity for dyadic coping with the problems of caring disabled child.

Parental involvement in fulfilling parenting responsibilities has positive outcomes for parents and children. The study aimed to investigate the role of fathers' and mothers' cooperation for doing parental tasks in predicting the parental burnout experience of families living in Tehran. The research method was descriptive and correlated. The research sample consisted of 391 parents (195 mothers and 196 fathers) who participated by volunteers in the study from different regions of Tehran in the fall of 2018. Measurements include the Parental Involvement in Parental Functions and duties Scale adopted by Roskam, Brianda, & Mikolajczak (2018) and Parental Burnout Assessment by Roskam & Mikolajczak (2018). The results of the correlation test and regression analysis showed that fathers' functions in satisfying the financial needs of children were negatively correlated with parental feeling fed up and satisfying basic needs associated negatively with emotional distance from children (p < .05). Increasing parental involvement, especially in fathers, for providing financially, moral, stimulation and emotional needs of children to help maternal functioning is correlated with the reduction of exhaustion and burnout caused by parental tasks. The results also showed that fulfilling the basic needs of children alone by fathers predicts increased parental burnout in fathers. Also, the feeling of involvement of fathers in fulfilling their children's financial needs by mothers was able to predict the reduction of parental burnout in mothers (P=.02). Given the recent cultural and social changes, it seems that fathers' involvement in parental functions can lead to positive psychological consequences for both parents and children.

The adolescent's competence in various personal and social dimensions and psychological capital is the basis for life satisfaction. Addressing social and psychological capital at an early stage of life, known as identity formation, can explain life satisfaction in individuals. This study aimed to evaluate positive youth development and psychological capital in predicting life satisfaction in adolescents. The present study was a correlational-descriptive design. The statistical population included all adolescents living in district 5 in Tehran, consisting of three hundred and twenty-five people selected through randomized cluster sampling. To collect data, Geldhof et al.’s Positive Youth Development (PYD) scale,  Diener et al.’s Life Satisfaction Scale, and to assess psychological capital Snyder Hope Scale, Schwartz and Jerusalem’s  General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, Optimism subtest of the Life Orientation Test, and the Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale were used. Data were analyzed by using SPSS-24 software. The results of regression using the enter method showed that competence, confidence, caring, and connection played significant roles in predicting life satisfaction and explained 46% of the variance of life satisfaction. Psychological capital, including hope, self-efficacy, and resiliency, also significantly predicted life satisfaction and explained 36% of the variance of life satisfaction. In sum, results indicated the importance of psychological capital, emphasizing the components of positive youth development, including competence, confidence, caring, and connection in adolescent life satisfaction.

The aim of current study is the comparison of attachment styles, mindful self-care and relational maintenance strategies in Married People with & without Marital Conflict. The research method is descriptive and causal–comparative. The statistical population included two groups of married men and women who living in Tehran city and the other group was married men and women referring to counseling centers located in Tehran city, the sample size was 181 people (group1: people and group 2: 85 people) who voluntary participated in research. Both groups have individually answered to Mindful Self-care Scale from Cook-Cottone (2015), Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Questionnaire from Fraley, Waller & Bernan (2000), and Relational Maintenance Strategies Measure from Stafford (2011). The results from running MANOVA test showed that in compare to non-distressed married people, the distressed married people had lower scores in mindful self-care and relationship maintenance strategies and higher scores in avoidant and anxious attachment styles. Unresolved conflicts in couple’s relationship can weaken their self-care behaviors, relationship maintenance strategies and lead to acquire avoidant and anxious attachment styles. Therefore, improving the quality of couple’s relationship by means of their training and awareness about relationship maintenance strategies can help them with their self-care behaviors and attachment style improvement.