shahram lack

Nitrogen is a crucial component of plant nutrition, and its deficiency limits productivity of crops more than any other element. Organic fertilizers have an effect on the quantity and quality of carbon and soil capacity in storing and releasing nutrients needed for plant growth during process of decomposition and mineralization.

This study was done to assessment effect of different levels of amino acid and Nitrogen macro nutrient on seed yield and its components of Wheat crop.

Current research was carried out via factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications along 2022-2023 agronomic year. The treatments included Amino acid (nonuse or control, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 L.ha-1) and Nitrogen fertilizer from urea source (100% equal 300 kg.ha-1, 70% equal 210 kg.ha-1 and 40% equal 120 kg.ha-1).

Result of analysis of variance revealed effect of different level of Amino acid, Nitrogen fertilizer and interaction effect of treatments (instead harvest index) on all studied characteristics was significant. Assessment mean comparison result of interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits indicated the maximum amount of number of spike per m-2 (390.5), number of seed per spike (41.30), 1000 seed weight (42.75 g), seed yield (460.70 g.m-2) and biologic yield (1377.44 g.m-2) were noted for 4.5 lit.ha-1 amino acid and 100% Nitrogen (Also it doesn’t had significant differences with 70% Nitrogen) and lowest amount of mentioned traits belonged to nonuse of amino acid and 40% Nitrogen treatment.

The use of foliar application of amino acids along with nitrogen chemical fertilizer can reduce the consumption of nitrogen chemical fertilizer in addition to producing sufficient crops, which significantly contributes to the health of the environment and is an important strategy in the direction of moving towards sustainable agriculture. Therefore, by using 70% of urea fertilizer along with 4.5 liters per hectare of amino acid, it is possible to save the consumption of chemical fertilizers and produce economic yield in studied region.

In order to investigate the effect of nutrition management of different potato cultivars, on the quantitative and qualitative traits and nutrients content in the potato tuber, an experiment was conducted in Safi Abad Agricultural Research Center of Dezful as split plot based on completely randomized block design with three replications during two cropping years 2016-2017. The studied treatments are nutrition at three levels (application of urea, triple superphosphate and potassium sulfate fertilizers (180, 150 and 100 kg.ha-1, respectively), nutrition with humic acid organic fertilizer and phosphorus Barvar-2 (1kg and 100 g.ha-1, respectively) and combined nutrition treatment with chemical fertilizers + humic acid+ phosphorus Barvar-2) in main plots and potato cultivars (Sante, Arinda and Savalan) in sub plots. The results showed that chemical fertilizer treatments had a higher percentage of dry matter than other nutritional treatments and nutritional treatment with chemical fertilizer+ humic acid+Barvar-2 was in the next rank. Also, findings showed that Sante cultivar in the second year with application of chemical fertilizer had higher percentage of dry matter than other treatments by 27.69 percent followed by Savalan cultivar was in the same nutrition treatment in the second year of cultivation 26.47 percent dry matter. Based on the results of mean comparison, the nitrogen content of potato in the second year increased significantly compared to the first year and the highest nitrogen content was observed in the studied treatments in the second year of the study. The highest amount of phosphorus was the humic acid+ Barvar-2 treatment in the second year by 3.31 mg. g-1 in Arinda cultivar. Generally, humic acid treatments were better than other nutritional treatments in terms of phosphorus levels. Also, according to the qualitative traits, the lowest levels of solanine toxin were obtained in the first and second year in Savalan cultivar, by 546.4 and 632. 2μg.g-1 dry matter respectively. In chemical fertilizer nutrition treatments, Arinda cultivar had the lowest amount of solanine toxin in both years of research. Overall, the results of this study showed that Savalan cultivar had better performance than other cultivars and in general, the application of phosphorus Barvar-2 and humic acid improved the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of potatoes in the northern Khuzestan climatic conditions.

In order to investigate the effect of humic acidic and cycocel on yield, yield components, and remobilization of wheat photosynthetic materials under end-of-the-season drought stress conditions, a split factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in field in Ahvaz during two years (2017-19). The main factor of drought stress at the end of the season with two levels of normal irrigation and cessation of irrigation in the post-pollination stage, cycocel with three levels of water as a control, 1.5 g/l, and 3 g/l, and humic acid with three levels of non-foliar application (water as control), 2 liters per hectare, and 4 liters per hectare were factorial sub-factors. Results showed that the interaction of end-of-the-season drought stress and cycocel on grain yield and number of grains per spike was significant. The highest grain yield (4840.5 kg ha-1) was obtained by applying 3 g/l cycocel under normal irrigation conditions, which did not show a statistically significant difference from the application of 3 g/l cycocel under drought stress at the end of the season. Application of humic acid had a positive and significant effect on all test traits. The highest grain yield, number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight were obtained from the application of 3 liters per hectare of humic acid under normal irrigation conditions. Under end-of-the season drought stress, the current photosynthesis and the share of current photosynthesis decreased by 29% and 10%, respectively while remobilization and contribution of remobilization increased by 16% and 34%, respectively. In general, to increase the rate of grain yield under optimal conditions and reduce the drop in stress conditions, growth regulators such as cycocel by a concentration of 3 g/l and organic acid fertilizer by the concentration of 4 liters per hectare are recommended.

In order to investigate the effect of cycocel and micronutrient consumption on yield, physiological traits, and antioxidant content of maize under low irrigation conditions at the end of the season, a split factorial experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in Safiabad Agriculture Research Center in Dezful during two cropping years 2017-18 and 2018-19. The main treatment included water stress with three levels control (without water stress), water stress in female flower formation stage and water stress in grain swelling stage. Also, foliar application of cycocel at three levels of control (no use of cycocel), 442.5 ppm, and 885 ppm and three levels of micronutrient fertilizers, namely control (no fertilizer application), foliar application of 1000 g. ha-1, and foliar application of 1500 g. ha-1 were considered as the sub-factors. Results of the combined ANOVA showed that the interaction of the effects of year, stress, micronutrient, and cycocel on relative water content, proline and grain yield and also the interaction of the effects of stress, micronutrient, and cycocel on hydrogen peroxide, glutathione peroxidase, and soluble proteins were statistically significant (p≤0.01). The results also showed that the highest activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme was obtained under stress conditions at the grain swelling stage, which showed an increase by about 37% compared to the irrigation treatment under optimal conditions. Foliar application of 1500 g. ha-1 micronutrient and 885 ppm cycocel in non-stress conditions increased the average grain yield (11500 kg. ha-1) in the second year by about 85% compared to stressed condition at grain swelling stage and no application of micronutrient and cycocel. In general, to increase grain yield under optimal irrigation conditions and reduce the drop in stress conditions, growth regulators such as cycocel with a concentration of 885 ppm and micronutrient foliar application at 1500 g. ha-1 are recommended.

In order to evaluate the response of quantitative and morphological traits of spring wheat cultivars to planting arrangement and density in late planting, this experiment was conducted in the cropping years of 2014-15 and 2015-2016 as twice split plots in a randomized complete block design in three repetition was performed on agriculture research center in Safiabad Dezful. Treatments include three cultivation method flat strip, two lines on the bed and three lines on the bed in the main plots, three seeds used including: 400, 600 and 800 seeds m-2 in the subplots and four genotypes of spring wheat including: Chamran, Baj, Chamran 2 and ER-92-19 were in the sub-plots. In this study, combined analysis for grain weight and spike length and other characteristics were analyzed in separate years. The results of analysis of variance in the first year showed that the effect of planting method, density and cultivars on grain yield was significant. Also, the effect of genotype in the second year on the number of spikes per square meter, number of spikelets per spike, number of seeds per spike, stem height and awn was significant.  Also, the effect of genotype in the second year on the number of spikes per square meter, number of spikelets per spike, number of seeds per spike, stem height and length of awn was significant. Most yield belong to three line on bed cultivation method (793.56 kg ha-1), 600 seed rate (754.78 kgha-1) and Baj cultivar (948.34 kgha-1). In second year, cultivation method was non-significant and the most yield belonged to 800 seed rate (3435.18 kgha-1) and Baj cultivar (5704.19 kgha-1). In general, it can be concluded that the yield of spring wheat in very late planting can be increased economically by selecting the appropriate cultivars, density and arrangement and this ability in areas such as northern Khuzestan province for three or four times in one Years of interest.

Proper distribution of plant root facilitates the uptake of nutrients and improves crop yields. This study aims to evaluate the root and shoot structure of quinoa cultivars in response to the application of phosphorus and zinc in the Research, Agricultural Education and Natural Resources Center of Khuzestan province in a factorial design with three factors including the use of triple superphosphate fertilizer at four levels (0, 6, 12, 18 mg.kg-1 soil weight), foliar application of zinc sulfate in three amounts (water without zinc sulfate (control), foliar application at 4 and 8 per thousand concentrations) and three quinoa cultivars (Giza 1, Q26, Titicaca) were performed in pot and in three replications. The results showed that root parameters such as root dry weight, root width, root diameter, distance from the first branch to the tip root, and the weight ratio of root to shoot were affected by phosphorus fertilizer levels and quinoa cultivars (P≤0.01) and foliar application of zinc sulfate had a significant effect only on root dry weight, root width, distance from the first branch to the root tip, root density, root weight to shoot weight, and aerial part parameters. Q26 cultivar was identified as the best cultivar in terms of root structure development, which at 18 mg.kg-1 phosphorus levels and 4 per thousand zinc sulfate concentration had a maximum root dry weight (3.23 g.plant-1), root width (18.06 cm) and distance from the first branch to the root tip (53.23). At these levels of element consumption, the highest number of grains per plant (4542) were obtained in cultivar Q26. Based on the experiment results, the optimal level of elements by reducing antagonistic effects and increasing synergistic effects of P and ZnSO4 led to the root structure development, improved element uptake and increased production components of quinoa cultivars.

Application of Azotobacter as a substitute or suitable companion of nitrogen chemical fertilizer with higher efficiency of inputs in safflower plant as a plant adapted to different climates is one of the sustainable agricultural strategies. Therefore, in order to study the effects of Azotobacter chroococcum and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen uptake, grain nitrogen and straw, nitrogen efficiency indices and grain yield of six safflower genotypes under rainfed conditions, a factorial experiment has been conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in during growing season of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 at the Agricultural Research Station Sarableh in Ilam Province. Experimental factors inoculate a combination of seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum with urea chemical fertilizer application at four levels (non-inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum and urea as control, seed inoculation with Azotobacter, inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum + 50 Percent N from urea, and inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum + 100% N from Urea) and six genotypes of safflower. The combined analysis of variance for two years show that the main effects of nitrogen source and genotype and also year× nitrogen source have had significant effect on all of the measured traits and nitrogen efficiency indices. The results from comparison of means show that inoculation treatment with Azotobacter chroococcum + 50% nitrogen fertilizer had higher Nitrogen use efficiencythan 100% nitrogen fertilizer use, with no significant difference in grain yield between the two treatments. Sina genotype with the highest grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency, compared to other genotypes, is more desirable for cultivation in rainfed conditions of the region.

Nutrient management may be achieved by the involvement of organic sources, bio-fertilizers, and micro-nutrients. Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers to achieve high yield and to compensate for lack of nutrients and consequently the increase of production costs and destruction of soil and water resources have made the specialists interested in healthy and stable crop systems in terms of ecology. This research was done to assess effect of different levels of biologic and chemical fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Bread wheat. Current study was conducted according split plot experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications. The main plot included Biofertilizer at two levels (a1: nonuse of biofertilizer, a2: use of biofertilizer) also the chemical fertilizer in six levels (b1: nonuse of fertilizer use, b2: 100% triple superphosphate, b3: 100% liquid phosphorus, b4: 50% triple superphosphate + 50% phosphorus liquid, b5: 75% triple superphosphate + 25% liquid phosphorus, b6: 25% triple superphosphate + 75% liquid phosphorus) were belonged to sub-plot. According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of Biofertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits was significant. Evaluation mean comparison result of interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits revealed the highest amount of seed yield (488.4 gr.m-2), plant height (95.2 cm), spike length (11.4 cm), leaf area index (5.4) and seed protein content (14%) were noted for use of biofertilizer and 75% triple superphosphate + 25% liquid phosphorus and lowest amount of mentioned traits belonged to control treatment. Generally apply 75% triple superphosphate + 25% liquid phosphorus treatment resulted in an increase of about 22.5% compared to the control treatments and can be advised to producers in studied region.

This study was to investigate the phenological, physiological traits, seed yield and oil yield of six safflower genotypes under drought stress and non-stress conditions in two independent experiments. Each of the experiment was a factorial with randomized complete block design with three replications during cropping seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at Sarabela Agricultural Research Station in ILAM province. In one experiment under non stress condition, irrigation was based on the need of the plant, while the in the other experiment, plant growth was as rainfed where rainfalls was enough. The total amount of precipitation during the plant growth period in 2015-16 and 2016-17 were 410.7 and 388.5 mm, respectively, but it occurred with inappropriate ditribution during the growing season. Experimental treatments consisted of six  safflower genotypes plus inoculation of seeds with Azotobacter and use of urea fertilizer application with four levels: 1- no fertilizer application (as control), 2- Azotobacter seed inoculation, 3- Azotobacter seed inoculation + 50% nitrogen from urea source and 4- to 100% nitrogen from urea fertilizer based on soil testing recommendation. The results showed that nitrogen source and genotype were significantly affected all traits both under drought and non-stress conditions. Under drought stress conditions, the highest grain yield belonged to Sina genotype by using 100% nitrogen fertilizer and Azotobacter + 50% nitrogen fertilizer treatments (with mean yield of 1408 and 1336 kg.ha-1 reapectively), which were not significantly different. Under non-stress conditions, the highest grain, with mean yield of 2185 kg.ha-1, was attributed to PI-306974 genotype with 100% nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Thus, this genotype, under non-stress conditions, by using 100% nitrogen fertilizer for maximum yield of safflower and under drought stress, it was Sina genotype by using 50% nitrogen fertilizer with Azotobacter can be recommanded to the experimental region.

To evaluate the effect of different rates of biochar and humic acid applications on physiological characteristics and grain yield of single cross 704 hybrid corn under water deficit stress, a split split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, was conducted during two years (2017-19) at Ahvaz. The main plot devoted to water deficit stress, with three levels irrigation (after depleting 30, 40, and 50% of field capacity as optimum irrigation, moderate stress, and severe stress, respectively) and sub-plot to biochar with 2 levels, non-application of biochar (control) and application of 4 tons per hectare of biochar, and the sub-sub plots to humic acid with 4 levels non-application of humic acid (control), and application of 2, 4, and 6 liters per hectare of humic acid. The results showed that the interaction effect of water shortage by biochar stress and water shortage by humic acid stress on grain yield, 1000-grain weight, number of grains per ear, superoxide dismutase, chlorophyll index and catalase were significant at 1% probability level. Under severe stress conditions grain yield (36.54%), number of grain per ear (36%) and leaf area index (30.36%) decreased and activity of superoxide dismutase (37.7%) increased. Acidic acid had a significant effect on all traits under study. The highest grain yield (8995.18 kg.ha-1) was related to irrigation treatment after 40% depletion of field capacity and application of 4 tons per hectare of biochar. Based the results obtained application of 4 liters per hectare of humic acid under moderate moisture stress conditions, could be recommended in arid and semi-arid conditions to save water consumption and reduce the effects of water deficit stress.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal grains that is cultivated in more than 180 million hectares, and its production is over 1000 million tons. The occurrence of water stress causes metabolic disorders in plant cells, such as the increase in the production of active forms of oxygen such as radical superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and radical hydroxyl as one of the major factors in metabolic abnormalities in the cell. Plants against oxidative stress induced, efficient defense system that can destroy or neutralize free radicals. This defense system includes superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. Correct management practices and the application of advanced techniques to maintain moisture storage and increase water holding capacity are effective measures to increase the efficiency of irrigation and thus improve the utilization of water resources. One of the new methods for increasing irrigation efficiency is the use of superabsorbents. Superabsorbent polymers can absorb large amounts of water or aqueous solutions and swell. These water storage tanks, when placed in the soil, absorb irrigation water and rainfall and prevent it from quenching. After the environment is dry, the water inside the polymer is gradually evacuated, and thus the soil for a period of Long and no need to re-irrigate, it's moisturizing, it also increases the impact of plant and nutrients, and, on average, reduces phosphorus losses by 84 percent, reducing nitrogen to 83 percent. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of iron, zinc, and superabsorbent application of water deficit stress on quantitative yield and corn antioxidant enzymes activity in Shushtar climate.

This research was carried out in two years between 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 in a farm located in Shushtar with a longitude 48 degrees and 49 minutes east and a latitude 32 degrees and 14 minutes north and a height of 110 meters from the sea level. The experiment was carried out as split split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was irrigation regime with three levels (irrigation after 30, 40 and 50% field capacity depletion, respectively). Sub-factor was composed of twolevels of polyurethane foam (super-adsorbent, 0 and 200 kg ha-1) and sub-subplots including spraying of nutrients with four levels [control (water), iron spraying, zinc spraying and spraying Iron + zinc].

Combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of water deficit and superabsorbent stress on grain yield, 1000 grain weight, number of grain per ear, catalase enzyme and supraoxydisodium were significant. In dehydration conditions, grain yield, number of seeds per ear and ascorbate peroxidase decreased, but the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes increased. On the other hand interaction of dehydration and superabsorbent stress was significant on grain yield. The highest grain yield (8530.6 kg ha-1) was attributed to irrigation after 40% capacity utilization and application of 200 kg/ha superabsorbent. Spray application of iron and zinc resulted in increased grain yield, number of seeds per ear, catalase and superoxide dismutase.

Overall, the results showed that foliar application of micronutrients and superabsorbent important role in the growth and development of corn plants as well as the fact that the highest values of grain yield and activities of antioxidant enzymes of fertilizer zinc and iron from micro-nutrients are, It can be concluded that using such fertilizers can provide the best conditions for obtaining maximum yield and biochemical traits in corn. On the other hand, iron and zinc micronutrient spraying caused a decrease of 45% damage caused by water deficit stress on grain yield. The superabsorbent effect is also more pronounced in lower moisture content. The application of superabsorbent hydrogels in the soil increased plant yield and saved water consumption, therefore the use of this substance in less water can be effective in increasing the yield and reducing the adverse effects of stress in conditions of water shortage. Therefore, according to the results obtained in irrigation conditions after discharge of 40% of the crop capacity, the application of polyester absorbent and micronutrient application of iron and zinc improved seed yield and biochemical traits of corn.

The present research was conducted to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes on growth physiological characteristics of corn hybrids according to split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in spring and summer during 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 cropping years. The main factor included four different irrigation regimes and the sub factor included single cross 704, single cross 701 (Karun) and single cross 616 (Mobin) cultivars. The results of statistical analysis of data showed that in spring and summer cultivation, the effect of different irrigation regimes and hybrid on total dry matter and leaf area index, crop growth rate and net uptake rate, relative growth rate and leaf area durability were significant. The results of comparing the means showed that I2 treatment (irrigation of a furrow during the stages of 4 to 12 leaves and 12 leaves until the emergence of cob silk and conventional irrigation from the emergence of cob silk to maturity) had the lowest total dry matter, leaf area index, crop growth rate, net uptake rate, relative growth rate and leaf area durability and allocated the highest decrease in measured traits compared to treatment I1 or control (conventional irrigation). Therefore, low irrigation application is not recommended in the early and middle stages of growth (four leaves until the emergence of cob silk). The superiority of single cross 704 over other hybrids in agraphiological traits can be related to higher yield potential, early maturity and greater adaptation to environmental conditions. The results of comparing spring and summer cultivation showed significant difference in the measured traits (except for net uptake rate). Applying low irrigation in treatment I3 (irrigation one among furrows in 12-leaf stage until emergence of cob silk) had the least decrease in growth indices (compared to other low irrigation treatments) compared to conventional irrigation. Therefore, full irrigation in the stage of emergence of cob silk until seed maturity and low irrigation in the middle stages of growth (12 leaves until the emergence of silk leaves) is recommended as the most appropriate option to deal with limited water resources.

The macro and micronutrients play an important role in the crop nutrition and thus they are important for achieving higher yields, better growth and development of plants. This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplemental nutrition (chemical and organic fertilizer) on quality parameters and grain yield of wheat cultivars under irrigation condition with drain water of farms. This experiment was carried out as a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included irrigation at two levels of drain water and pure water irrigation in the main plot, fertilizer compounds at six levels, growth promotion and high potassium in sub-plot and sub-sub plot including wheat cultivars (Mehregan, Shoosh, and Chamran2). The results indicated that the traits of grain yield, harvest index, number of tillers, number of spikelet per spike, number of grain per spike were affected by fertilizer treatment and grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index were affected by irrigation. The number of grains per spike in irrigation with pure water had a higher average. The highest thousand grain weight and the number of tillers were obtained in Chamran2 cultivar. The highest grain protein content was achieved in Mehregan cultivar. The results of correlation analysis revealed that the number of tillers had a significant direct correlation with the variables of number of spikelet per spike, number of grains per spike, and grain yield. In examining the interaction of treatments, the highest grain yield was obtained in the application of humic acid seed inoculation and growth promotion of Shoosh wheat cultivar under drain water irrigation. the highest amounts of grain yield were obtained approximately 6925 kg per hectare by applying humic and growth-promoting fertilizers in irrigation conditions with drain water of fields in Shoosh wheat cultivar.

This study was performed for the evaluation of the effect of Azotobacter and nitrogen levels on morphological traits, plant nitrogen uptake rate, seed oil and yield and nitrogen use efficiency of six safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes under rainfed conditions, as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 growing seasons. Experimental factors were seed inoculation with Azotobacter and urea chemical fertilizer application (Non-inoculated with Azotobacter and urea as control, seed inoculation with Azotobacter, inoculation with Azotobacter + 50% N and inoculation with Azotobacter + 100% N) and six genotypes of safflower (312-S6-692, PI-401478, PI-253895, PI-306974, padide and sina). The combined analysis of variance for two years showed that the main effects of fertilizer and genotype had significant effect on all of the traits. The interaction of nitrogen × genotype was significant on root volume, leaf are index, number of lateral branches, grain nitrogen, straw nitrogen and total nitrogen uptake. Result showed that inoculation with aztobacter + 50% use of nitrogen had higher nitrogen use efficiency than aztobacter + 100% use of nitrogen. However, there was no significant difference in the grain yield between those fertilizer treatments. Sina with the highest values of grain yield (1203 kg.ha-1) and nitrogen use efficiency (17.49 kg.kg) was considered as superior variety. Therefore, with the aim of reducing environmental pollution by excessive use of N chemical fertilizer, application of Azotobacter is suitable for safflower production under daryland conditions.

In order to study the effect of drought stress, different levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on the growth of corn this research were done at the agricultural research center of biokola (Neka) during two years 2015 and 2016. The experiment was conducted as split factorial in a completely randomized block design with three replications on S.C704. The main factor was 4 levels of drought stress (irrigation after 75, 100, 125 and 150 millimeter evaporation from class A evaporation pan) and the sub-factor three levels of nitrogen (80, 160 and 240 kg.ha-1) and three levels of potassium (75, 150 and 225 kg.ha-1) were considered.The mean comparison results showed that with increasing nitrogen and potassium consumption, the harvest index decreased by 30.52%. Also, the lowest nitrogen removal index under the interaction of irrigation × nitrogen irrigation intervals with irrigation intervals of 150 mm evaporation from class an evaporation 240 kg N/ha decreased by 30.91%.The highest relative leaf water content and leaf chlorophyll content were obtained for irrigation intervals of 75 mm with kg.N.ha-1, 94.12% and 61.59%, respectively.Also, the highest grain and nitrogen yield were obtained for the second year in 75 mm irrigation interval and 240 kg.N.ha-1 with average 12807 kg/ha and 2.72%, respectively. So after increasing in drought stress, nitrogen and potassium, the traits as harvest index and nitrogen removal index decreased.

Suitable and useful usage of different kind of fertilizers is the main way for reformation and potential of soil fertility and increasing of crops yield. Microelements are the critical elements for plants; also play the important role in crop productivity where it is used in low rate. Optimum plant nutrition and maximum yield is achieved when nutrient elements are available for plant during the growing season. This research was carried out to evaluate response of seed yield, materials redistribution and current photosynthesis of wheat under apply different level of microelements (Zinc and Manganese). Current study was conducted according factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2018 year. The first factor included spray different level of Zinc (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 kg.ha-1) and second factor consisted spray Manganese at three level (0, 2 and 4 gr.1000L-1). Evaluation of analysis of variance indicated effect of different level of zinc on all measured traits was significant, also effect different level of Manganese (instead contribution and efficiency of redistribution) and interaction effect of treatments (instead efficiency of current photosynthesis) on all measured traits had similar result. Mean comparison result of different level of zinc revealed the maximum amount of seed yield (5258 kg.ha-1), rate of redistribution (150.2 gr.m-2), contribution of redistribution (28.5%), efficiency of redistribution (12.6 gr.gr-1), rate of current photosynthesis (375 gr.m-2), efficiency of current photosynthesis (48.5%) was noted for 10 kg.ha-1 zinc fertilizer. Also compare different level of manganese and interaction effect of treatments showed similar result. Finally according result of current study the highest of amount of crop production and agrophysiological traits belonged to spray 10 kg.ha-1 zinc and 4 gr.1000L-1 manganese micronutrient and under studied region it can be advised to farmers.

Addition of fertilizers to supplement the natural soil fertility is essential for modern crop production, and precise management of nutrient elements is essential for a sustainable agriculture production.
Current study was conducted to assessment effect of different level of micronutrient crop production and seed protein content of wheat.
This research was carried out via factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2018 year. The first factor included spray different level of Zinc (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 kg.ha-1) and second factor consisted spray Manganese at three level (0, 2 and 4 gr.1000L-1).
Result of analysis of variance revealed effect of zinc and manganese on all measured traits (instead protein percentage) was significant also interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits (instead plant height, spike length and protein percentage) was significant. Mean comparison result of different level of zinc indicated the highest amount of plant height (89 cm), spike length (11cm), number of spike per square meter (403), number of seed per spike (42), 1000-seed weight (40gr), seed yield (5595 kg.ha-1), biologic yield (10364 kg.ha-1), harvest index (54%) and protein percentage (13%) was noted for 10 kg.ha-1 zinc fertilizer. Also compare different level of manganese and interaction effect of treatments showed similar result.
According result of current research the maximum amount of seed yield, its components, harvest index and protein percentage was belonged to consume spray 10 kg.ha-1 zinc and 4 gr.1000L-1 manganese fertilizer and it can be advised to producers.

Now-a-days, in addition to the quantity of production its quality, stability and sustainability are taken into account. This research was conducted in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Ramhormoz region in 2016-2017. The main treatments consisted of phosphorus fertilizers and bio-fertilizers with four levels (without using phosphorus fertilizer as control, bio-fertilizer, phosphorus bio-fertilizer + 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer and 200 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer) and foliar application of micro-nutrients (zinc, iron and manganese) with three levels (without application of micro-nutrients as control, spraying of micro-nutrients with 0.002 and 0.004 concentrations) assigned to sub plots. The analysis of variance of data showed that the combined effect of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizer and foliar application of micronutrient on seed yield, its components, protein yield and its percentage, plant height and spike length were significant. Mean comparisons indicated that phosphorus bio-fertilizer + 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer produced highest number of spike per m2, seeds per spike, 1000-seed weight, harvest index, protein percentage, protein yield, plant height and spike length. The highest seed yield belonged to phosphorus bio-fertilizer + 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer and foliar application of micro-nutrients with 0.004 concentration and the lowest to the control treatment. Generally, to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, cost of production and the prevention of soil contamination use of phosphorus bio-fertilizer +150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer and spraying micronutrients with 0.004 concentration can be recommended to the farmers of the region.

Application of bio-fertilizers in Sustainable Agriculture perform important role at increasing of crop pro-duction and improving soil fertility. In order to investigate combine application of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers and micronutrients on morpho-physiologic characteristics of barley, present research was conducted via split plot experiment according randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Ramhormoz during 2016-17. The main treatments consisted of phosphorus fertilizers and bio-fertilizers in four levels (Non use phosphorus fertilizer or control, bio-fertilizer “Barvar2”, bio-fertilizer “Barvar2” with 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer and 200 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer) and spray micro-nutrient (included micronutrients of zinc, iron and manganese) at three levels (no spray micro-nutrient or control, spray micro-nutrient at 0.002 and 0.004 concentration) belonged to sub plots. Results of analysis of variance indicated effect of combine application of biological and chemical phosphorus fertilizers and micronutrients on measured traits was significant. Mean comparison result of phosphorus fertilizers showed that bio-fertilizer “Barvar2” with 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer had maximum peduncle length (9.46 cm), awn length (11.95 cm), leaf area index (4.5), chlorophyll index (40.26) and days to rippening (185 day) also spray micro-nutrient at 0.004 concentration achieved maximum rate of mentioned traits. According mean comparison results of interactions of treatments the highest seed yield (400.1 g.m-2) and main spike weight (2.89 gr) belonged to bio-fertilizer “Barvar2” with 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer and spray micro-nutrient at 0.004 concentration. Generally to achieved optimum yield use bio-fertilizer “Barvar2” with 150 kg.ha-1 superphosphate fertilizer and foliar application micro-nutrient at 0.004 concentrations for Ramhormoz weather conditions can be advised.

Humic acid is a natural polymeric composition which is produced as a result of decaying organic matters in soil, peat and lignin to increase crop product. Assessment the effect of different irrigation regime and humic acid on red bean production and correlation coefficient between measured traits. Current research was done via split plots experiment based on completely randomized blocks design with three replications. Main factor consisted irrigation halt at three levels (I1: Complete irrigation or control, I2: halt irrigation at flowering stage, I3: halt irrigation at pod stage) and humic acid foliar application dosages at three levels (H1: Control, H2: using 1.5 L.ha-1, H3: 3 L.ha-1 humic acid) belonged to subplots. The effect of irrigation halt and humic acid on biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, number of pods per plant and seeds per pod and 100 seed weight were significant. Mean comparison result of interactions effect of treatments revealed the highest seed yield (3758.4 kg.ha-1) was in complete irrigation with 3 L.ha-1 humic acid consumption and the lowest one (2170.1 kg.ha-1) belonged to irrigation halt at flowering stage. So, this reduction in the irrigation at flowering stage was about 6% by consumption of 3 L.ha-1, and was improved to 38%. flowering stage is the most critical stage of growth of red beans in response to irrigation regimes and foliar application of humic acid could be used as a new method to decrease damage caused by halt irrigation, so halt irrigation in pod stage with use 3 L.ha-1 humic acid is recommended to achieve maximum yield.

In most regions with mediterraneanclimate such as Iran, wheat farming is faced to drought and heat stresses at grain filling period and consequently a sharp decrease in grain yield. The evaluation of heat stress on wheat cultivars yield in Jarahi Mahshar region, was conducted through a split plot design with randomized complete block basis with three planting dates as the main factors (First: 2014.11.6, Second: 2014.12.6 and Third: 2015.1.5) and three cultivars of wheat (Chamran, Falat, Virinak) as sub-plots with three replications in cropping season 2014-15. Results showed that planting date and the cultivars had a significant impact on grain yield, yield components, spike height, biological yield, harvest index, the scale of redistribution, share of redistribution, efficiency of redistribution, length of spike, amount and efficiency of current photosynthetic. Interaction effect between planting date and the cultivars significantly impact on the numbers of spike per square meters, the number of grains per spike, grain weight (1000 numbers), grain yield, scale of redistribution, efficiency of redistribution, amount of current photosynthesis, biological yield, harvest index, spike length, share of redistribution and current photosynthesis efficiency. Chamran had the highest yield with average of 5548 kg.ha-1 in first planting date and Falat had the lowest yield with an average of 2100 kg.ha-1 in third planting date.

In order to identify the effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on seed yield and seed growth indices of some bread and durum wheat genotypes, a field experiment was conducted in 2013-2014 in Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resource Research Center. The experiment was designed as a split plot with three replications. Nitrogen application rates (50, 100 and 150 kg N.ha-1) were assigned in the main plots and the sub plots consisted of six wheat genotypes (Bread; Verinak, Star, Chamran and Durum; Karkheh, D-84-5, D-83-8). Results indicated that seed yield, seed protein percentage, seed effective filling rate, remobilization of dry matter and the current photosynthesis, 1000 seed weight and seed effective filling period between genotypes were significant. Maximum and minimum seed filling rate was related to Karkheh genotype in 150 kg N.ha-1, and Verinak in treatment of using 50 kg N.ha-1. The effect of nitrogen levels on seed effective filling period was not significant. The maximum duration of seed filling was devoted to Verinak genotype and the minimum one was for Karkheh genotype. Chamran genotype, by using 150 kg N.ha-1, had maximum seed yield while Verinak genotype, using 50 kg N.ha-1 had minimum seed yield. Maximum 1000 seed weight was devoted to Karkheh genotype in treatment of using 150 kg N.ha-1, also the minimum 1000 seed weight was that of Star genotype in treatment of using 100 kg N.ha-1. The maximum seed protein percentage was observed at D-84-5 line, in 150 kg N.ha-1, and minimum amount of protein was in Chamran and Karkheh in 50 kg N.ha-1. A positive and significant correlation observed between seed yield and seed weight, the current photosynthesis rate and remobilization rate. In general, according to Khuzestan climate conditions, planting Chamran genotypes by using 150 kg N.ha-1, can led to an appropriateyield and it is highly suggested.

To evaluate effect of photosynthate availability under terminal heat stress on yield and yield components of wheat, this research was conducted in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the Research Farm of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz in 2015 cropping season. Treatments were defoliation in four levels: removal of two upper leaves, flag leaf removal, complete removal of spikelet at one side of spike and control (non-manipulated) which assigned to main plots and three planting date including (Nov. 21st , Dec. 5st and Dec. 21st ) to subplots. Results showed that defoliation had significant effect on number of grains/spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index at one percent probability level. Planting date also affected number of spike/m2, number of grains/spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index significantly at one percent probability level. The interaction effect of defoliation and planting date on the number of grains/spike, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index was also significant. The highest grain yield (5691 kg.ha-1) belonged to the control treatment (no defoliation) at first planting date (Nov. 21st). This was due to the not coinciding filling periods to terminal heat stress of growing season where maximum assimilates were produced. The lowest grain yield (2123 kg.ha-1) belonged to delayed sowing and removal of spikelet at one side of spike. Maturity of plants during 3rd planting date (Dec. 21st) was coincided to heat stress and thus reduced assimilate production.

Water deficit and graduall reduction of available water resources are the limiting factors of crop production. To investigate the effect of water deficit stress on yield and components of some red bean genotypes a split plot experiment in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch. The treatments consisted of full irrigation (control), cutting irrigation off during flowering stage, cutting irrigation off of pod filling stage and three genotypes of red bean (derakhshan, goli, and D81083). The results showed that the effect of cutting off irrigation during the growth stages on biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod was significant. The results also showed that the highest seed yield belonged to the full irrigation (control) treatment, where D81083 and goli produced higher yields than derakhshan. Highest grain yield was belonged to goli at full irrigation (control) treatment. Among the genotypes under study, D81083 had the lowest amount of reduction equal to 60 percent during cutting off irrigation at flowering stage. Number of seeds per pod decreased when irrigation was cutted off during the flowering stage. Derakhshan produced higher yield than the other genotypes and its seed per pod decreased by 38 percent. The results also revealed that red bean genotypes were very sensitive to deficite water stress. As a whole D81083 and goli genotypes were higher yielders than Derakhshan under limited water conditions.

In order to study the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria in combination with phosphorus fertilizer on yield of corn hybrids, the experiment was carried out in the north of Khuzestan province during the summer of 2013-2014 by a split plot design in the form of randomized complete block with four replications. Combining biological and chemical fertilizers as main factors at four levels (100% chemical fertilizer, 75%, 50% and 25% chemical fertilizer combined with 100% bio-fertilizer) were used in the main plots and corn hybrids pellets with three levels (S.C 704, S.C Mobin, S.C Karoon) were used in sub plots. In this study the combination of chemical fertilizer with biofertilizer had a significant effect on biological yield at 5% level while the other traits were not significant. Also, the hybrid type had a significant effect on yield components; however, the harvest index was not significant. It seems that combination of chemical fertilizer with biofertilizer was able to increase the performance of single cross hybrids and cross hybrids 704 and Karun while Mobin hybrid showed a lower capability for fertilizer.