shohreh jalayi

Speech prosody is one of the important communication components that describes the paraliguistic features of speech. The tests are suitable tools for quantifying speech and language skills, and of necessary needs for evaluation, screening, describing, diagnosis, and treatment of various aspects. The purpose of present study was to review existing tests in speech prosody recognition, as well as their subtests, implementation and scorings, and ultimately their application in clinical and research fields of children and adults.

 An electronic search for reviewing common speech prosody tests was performed in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Scientific Information Database (SID), Google Scholar, Ovid, and Magiran databases to obtain relevant articles published from 1981 to 2019. The keywords used included “Prosody”, “Assessment”, “Test”, “Tool”, “Evaluation”, “Diagnosis”, “Instrument”, and “Measurement”. The articles obtained using the inclusion criteria were studied following as access to the full text of the article and the English or Persian language. From 15 articles found, 8 tests that were adhered to the inclusion criteria were selected for consideration.Results</strong>: 8 speech prosody tests were evaluated which included 5 perceptual tests, 2 expressive tests, and 1 perceptual expressive test. The oldest test was made in 1981, and the latest in 2012.

 The literature review shows that some tests have been used more often in recent years due to the specialized expertise of the subtests. A review of speech tests suggests that the Profiling Elements of Prosody in Speech-Communication (PEPS-C) test is more prestigious due to the assessment of perceptual and expression areas, standardization for normal and disabled children, translation into several languages, and high psychometric properties.

Speech prosody is one of the important communication components that describes the paraliguistic features of speech. The tests are suitable tools for quantifying speech and language skills, and of necessary needs for evaluation, screening, describing, diagnosis, and treatment of various aspects. The purpose of present study was to review existing tests in speech prosody recognition, as well as their subtests, implementation and scorings, and ultimately their application in clinical and research fields of children and adults. An electronic search for reviewing common speech prosody tests was performed in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Scientific Information Database (SID), Google Scholar, Ovid, and Magiran databases to obtain relevant articles published from 1981 to 2019. The keywords used included “Prosody”, “Assessment”, “Test”, “Tool”, “Evaluation”, “Diagnosis”, “Instrument”, and “Measurement”. The articles obtained using the inclusion criteria were studied following as access to the full text of the article and the English or Persian language. From 15 articles found, 8 tests that were adhered to the inclusion criteria were selected for consideration. 8 speech prosody tests were evaluated which included 5 perceptual tests, 2 expressive tests, and 1 perceptual expressive test. The oldest test was made in 1981, and the latest in 2012. The literature review shows that some tests have been used more often in recent years due to the specialized expertise of the subtests. A review of speech tests suggests that the Profiling Elements of Prosody in Speech-Communication (PEPS-C) test is more prestigious due to the assessment of perceptual and expression areas, standardization for normal and disabled children, translation into several languages, and high psychometric properties.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the reliability of persian version of the “Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT)” in Iranian athletes with lateral ankle sprain.
Matterials & The present study is a methodological and non-experimental study. After forward and backward translation of CAIT, 46 athletes were selected with convenient nonprobably sampling from Physical Education Faculty of Tehran university and Taekwondo Club. Questionnaire was given to participants who experienced at least one lateral ankle sprain based on doctor’s diagnosis. In the second phase (one week later) the questionnaire was distributed among the participants again to test the reliability of the measured between the two tests. After collecting the data, the test-retest reliability of Persian version of the questionnaire was evaluated by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient, standard error of measurement, smallest detectable change and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were calculated to assess the internal consistency of the questionnaire’s items.
Cronbach’s alpha was 0.64, which is close to acceptable level of internal consistency (0.7-0.95). Factor analysis showed that questionnaires’ items can be classified in 4 categories with maximum of 72% variance cover. The test-retest correlation coefficient ICC for the total score of CAIT was 0.95 (P>100.0), indicating excellent reproducibility of the Persian version of the questionnaire. The standard error of measurement (SEM) was 1 and the smallest acceptable change (SDC) was 2.76 with 95% confidence.
The results show that the Persian version of the CAIT can be used in athletes with functional ankle instability as a reliable tool to detect instability and assess changes caused by therapeutic interventions.

Vowel perception occurs through the spectral and temporal information transference. Presence of temporal information in the envelope makes the speech signals perceivable, even when spectral information weakens in the synthesized signals. The present study deals, for the first time, with determining and comparing the acoustic characteristics of clear and vocoded vowels of the speakers of English and Persian languages. Ten native Persian (5 female and 5 male) and one male native English speakers produced their simple vowels of their mother tongue for three times. Tokens were of 180 Persian and 24 English phonetic samples. The vowels were then vocoded using MATLAB software and 270 Persian Vocoded samples and 54 English Vocoded samples were extracted. The waveforms, spectrograms and LPC diagrams of clear and vocoded vowels were analyzed using the Praat software. Results showed that in Persian speakers F0, F1, vowel space and duration of clear vowels were higher for females than males but the intensity was lower. Formant frequencies for F1-F3 were different across two languages. Vowel space was greater in Persian and English vowels duration and intensity were longer and lower respectively. In both languages, F0 and formants of vocoded vowels were not identifiable, and their LPC diagrams had rounded peaks with lower amplitudes. Duration of clear and vocoded vowels was similar, but intensity of the latter decreased in Persian and enhanced in English. Results showed spectral differences between vocoded and clear vowels in both languages.

Bilingual individuals are compelled to control the interference of two languages toperevent the unintended use of the non-target language. It has been shown that in the subcortical level، basal ganglion and the thalamus are involved in controlling the two languages in bilinguals. As the auditory middle latency responses (AMLRs) investigate the thalamocortical routes، this study aimed to compare the AMLRs in early Azeri- Persian bilinguals with Persian monolinguals. This cross sectional descriptiveanalytic and non-intervention study

In this cross-sectional study AMLRs were conducted on 37 early Azari-Persian bilinguals with mean age of 21. 77 and 37 Persian monolingual controls with mean age of 22. 02in two genders. The AMLR test was recorded in two groups،with click stimulus. amplitudes and latencies of the waves compared in twogroups. also،the correlation of the azari language’s application examined with AMLRscomponents in the azari_persian bilinguals.

The average of the Na-Pa amplitude in the Azeri- Persian bilinguals were statistically larger than the Persianmonolinguals just in the right ear (P=0. 04). but this significant different in the Pa-Nb observed in the right (P=0. 01) and left (P=0. 03) ear. There was correlation between usage of Azeri language and Na-Pa (p=0. 01) (r=0. 427) andPa-Nb (p=0. 04) (r=0/348) in the bilinguals.

It appears that auditory middle latency responses in the adults have high stability. in the study the bilinguals that have high level of proficiency in two languages and use the two languagescurrently،have larger amplitude in comparison to monolinguals. so،the bilingualism should be consider in the explanation of the AMLRs results.

Auditory temporal resolution and auditory temporal ordering are two major components of the auditory temporal processing abilities that contribute to speech perception and language development. Auditory temporal resolution and auditory temporal ordering can be evaluated by gap-in-noise (GIN) and pitch-pattern-sequence (PPS) tests, respectively. In this survey, the effect of bilingualism as a potential confounding factor on auditory temporal processing abilities was investigated in early Azari-Persian bilinguals. In this cross-sectional non-interventional study, GIN and PPS tests were performed on 24 (12 men and 12 women) early Azari-Persian bilingual persons and 24 (12 men and 12 women) Persian monolingual subjects in the age range of 18–30 years, with a mean age of 24.57 years in bilingual and 24.68 years in monolingual subjects. Data were analyzed with t-test using SPSS software version 16. There was no statistically significant difference between mean gap threshold and mean percentages of the correct response of the GIN test and average percentage of correct responses in the PPS test between early Azari-Persian bilinguals and Persian monolinguals (P≥0.05). According to the findings of this study, bilingualism did not have notable effect on auditory temporal processing abilities.

Event related potentials can be considered as a valuable tool for understanding cortical functions. P300 can be affected by a number of factors including the site at which electrodes are to be placed. This study was conducted to compare the amplitude and latency of P300 across different electrode sites in normal individuals aged between 18 to 50 years In this cross-sectional non-interventional study, an oddball paradigm was adopted to compare P300 event-related potential through using two tone burst stimuli in 27 normal cases with average age of 23.2 years. Obtained data were statistically analyzed via paired t-test using SPSS software (version 16). Significant differences were shown in mean latency and amplitude of participants’ P300s recorded at different electrode sites (P < 0.05). According to results of this study, active electrode site is effectual in recording P300. Posterior electrode site is recommended for enhanced recording of P300.