siamak samani

In the present investigation, the discernment and aggregation of stress-inducing environmental variables within the geographical locales of Kohmareh and Tasht Bakhtegan have been meticulously examined.

To achieve this objective, data has been acquired through the utilization of structured interviews and comprehensive questionnaires. Consequently, through the application of interviews, the stress-inducing environmental variables were initially recognized in both Kohmareh and Tasht Bakhtegan, followed by an in-depth exploration of these variables via a questionnaire. The instrument employed for this research is grounded in the Likert scaling methodology. In this context, the questionnaire was disseminated among the designated statistical sample. Subsequent to the collection of the questionnaires, the resultant data was systematically inputted into SPSS23 software for analysis.

The findings indicate that the p-value for the stress-inducing environmental variables in the regions of Kohmareh and Tasht Bakhtegan exceeds 5%, thereby suggesting the absence of a statistically significant disparity between the stress-inducing environmental variables in these two regions; however, based on the outcomes derived from the one sample T test, the significance of 18 stress-inducing environmental variables was substantiated.

Overall, the results substantiated the significance of these variables while delineating the stressful environmental determinants within the two geographic locales of Kohmareh and Tasht Bakhtegan.

Numerous studies have examined the interaction methods of parents with the psychological functioning of adolescents and have reported positive outcomes from these relationships. However, no study was found that directly investigated the impact of educational programs on parents’ interaction styles in reducing harmful factors.

The present research was conducted to examine the impact of educational interaction style training for parents on reducing harmful factors in parent-adolescent relationships.

The research method was semi-experimental of the pre-test, and post-test type with a control group. The statistical population included all high school female and male students from districts one and two of Shiraz city in the academic year of 2021-2022. A simple random sampling method selected 60 individuals (30 parents and 30 students) as the sample. The questionnaire on harmful factors in parent-adolescent relationships (Malahi et al., 2023) was used for data collection in the present study.

The findings indicate that there is a significant difference between the groups in terms of variables related to harmful factors in parent-adolescent relationships. This means that the developed protocol has been able to reduce harmful factors in the experimental group compared to the control group, such as the generational gap (0.117); parental perfectionism (0.136); lack of independence for adolescents (0.198); comparison of children (0.237); improper communication with adolescents (0.117); lack of trust in adolescents (0.396); blaming adolescents (0.203); parental unawareness (0.167); unsafe conditions (0.071).

Understanding the effectiveness of interactive style training can guide policymakers in allocating resources and developing targeted programs to support parents and improve family dynamics. Research findings can contribute to the reform and enhancement of interactive-style educational programs, ensuring that they are tailored to the specific needs of parents and adolescents. This evidence-based approach can inform the creation and modification of interventions that aim to strengthen family relationships, potentially leading to more cohesive and supportive home environments for parents and adolescents.

 The present study was conducted with the main objective of explaining the content validity of the ACT-based intervention package for mothers of children with intellectual disabilities, which was designed by the researcher.

Methods and Materials: 

This research is exploratory in terms of its objective and is classified as qualitative in nature. The study population consisted of all books, articles, and dissertations in Persian and English regarding ACT-based therapeutic programs for mothers of children with intellectual disabilities, considering the research’s dependent variables over the last 20 years. Additionally, the population included all experts in the psychology department of Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, who are specialists in the field of intellectual disabilities. The sample from the study population, which included books, articles, and dissertations, was selected using purposeful sampling, and the sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Additionally, from the psychology department of Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, eight psychology professors (experts in the field of special education) were selected. A researcher-made content validity evaluation questionnaire was used to collect experts’ opinions regarding the content validity of the ACT-based intervention program.

 The findings showed that the ACT-based intervention package had an acceptable level of content validity, with the CVR (Content Validity Ratio) of all sessions in the intervention program ranging between 0.75 and 1, indicating appropriate content validity for this program.

 It is recommended that therapists and counselors in the field of therapy use this approach at both educational and therapeutic levels to improve self-compassion, hope, and acceptance in mothers of children with intellectual disabilities.

The aim of this research was the effectiveness of the drama therapy package based on mentalization on the emotion regulation of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all students aged 9 to 11 years old with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Zanjan city in 2023. The sample size includes 30 subject (15 subject in the experimental group and 15 subject in the control group) from the statistical population were selected by purposeful sampling and were placed in two control and experimental groups. For the experimental group, the drama therapy package based on mentalization was implemented, while the control group remained on the waiting list. The research tools included Connors Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Questionnaire (2007) and Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (2012).

The results showed that the drama therapy package based on mentalization had a significant effect on improving emotion regulation in the post-test and follow-up stages (P<0.01).

The findings of this research provide useful information regarding the drama therapy package based on mentalization, and counselors and psychologists can use this intervention to improve emotion regulation in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

 The aim of this research was to investigate marital burnout and to determine the effectiveness of a communication skills training protocol.

 The experimental method employed was a single-subject design with multiple baselines, involving couples seeking counseling at the Raz City Clinic in Shiraz and the Clinic of the General Directorate of Exceptional Education in Fars Province, during the autumn of 2021. Among these couples, three pairs exhibiting the highest levels of marital burnout were selected using a purposive sampling method. The therapeutic program of the communication skills training protocol was conducted by the researcher over 10 sessions, followed by a follow-up in two stages, one month apart. The participants responded to the Marital Burnout Scale at the baseline, post-treatment, and follow-up stages. Data were analyzed using visual analysis methods, the recovery percentage formula, and the reliable change index.

 Findings indicated that the communication skills training protocol enhanced marital quality and reduced marital burnout, with these effects being maintained during the follow-up phase.

 The treatment protocol proved to be effective, and couple therapists can utilize these communication skills in their work with couples to reduce marital burnout and enhance marital quality, particularly during the early years of marriage, where it can have a significant impact.

One of the important cognitive functions is memory. Memory is the process by which information is encoded, stored, and recalled later. Some personality traits, such as perfectionism, due to their positive or negative effects on mood, can act as a mediating or modulating variable on cognitive processes such as types of memory, and even cause cognitive biases in these processes. However, there are few researches on the effect of mood induction regarding the characteristics of maladaptive perfectionism.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of positive and negative mood induction on working, autobiographical, and semantic memory in individuals with maladaptive perfectionism.

This research was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population in this research was all the students of Payam Noor University in the center of Tehran in the academic year 2022-2023. The statistical sample consisted of 30 students who were selected using purposive sampling and randomly assigned to three groups: positive mood (10 people), negative mood (10 people), and neutral mood (10 people). Subjects completed Kirchner’s working memory (N-BACK), verbal fluency (GhasemianShirvan et al, 2018), and historical memory retrieval (Williams & Broadbent,1986) tests before and after mood induction. The data were analyzed by covariance analysis using SPSS-26 software.

The results of data analysis showed that positive mood induction can improve working memory scores in people with maladaptive perfectionism. Also, the induction of negative mood can reduce the scores of working memory and semantic memory in people with maladaptive perfectionism (p<0.05).

Based on the results of the present study, positive and negative mood conditions in interaction with the personality trait of maladaptive perfectionism affect a person's memory.

Population control policies and population quality have been of interest for a long time, because population is the source of power and the pillar of development and improvement of any society, according to many studies that have been conducted on factors affecting the increase and decrease of Iran's population, but few studies Regarding the causes of population decline, the root causes have been determined. Accordingly, considering the importance of the population and its favorable growth in Iran, the present study investigates the low motivation of young couples to have children in Shiraz by developing a conceptual model using The qualitative approach of payment. The current research is practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population in the present study consists of all childless young couples in the city of Shiraz in 1400 (according to the 1995 census, about 14% of couples are childless). In this research, using the available sampling method, at least 30 couples were interviewed first, and this interview continued until the results were saturated. and selective coding was analyzed and then a theory was discovered about the investigated phenomenon. The approximate age of the interviewees was between 20 and 41 years and 90% had a bachelor's degree or more. Based on the analysis of the qualitative data obtained from the interviews, the selective extraction categories included inhibition of personal growth, semantic attitude, economic support, body self-concept, communication issues and social judgment. The research showed that through a qualitative approach, by developing a conceptual model test, it was possible to investigate the low motivation of young couples to have children in the city of Shiraz. Also, according to the research, researchers can be suggested to improve the attitude in the field of physical self-concept, the field of social judgment, semantic attitude and the field of communication about having children.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of Vantaaz parenting therapy on the internal and external problems of elementary school students with behavioral problems. The research method was semi-experimental with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this research included all the primary school students of Shiraz city along with their parents who had referred to the counseling clinics of Shiraz city in the fall of 2021 for psychological problems. 30 mothers along with their students were selected as available and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. Pioneer parenting training intervention was conducted in 8 weekly sessions for 90 minutes. In order to collect data, Sperelfkin and Gado child symptom list and Connors short form behavior problems questionnaire for parents of Keith Connors were used. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics tests (mean and standard deviation) and univariate covariance analysis were used with SPSS version 24 software. The results showed that vanguard parenting treatment had a significant effect on the internal and external problems of elementary school students with behavioral problems (P<0.001). The eta square showed that the parenting therapy explains 61% of the changes in the internal problems and 65% of the external problems of elementary school students with behavioral problems. According to the results of this research, it is suggested to use pioneer parenting therapy in reducing the internal and external problems of elementary school students with behavioral problems.

The purpose of this research was the effectiveness of mentalization-based drama therapy on the sustained attention of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all students aged 9 to 11 years old with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Zanjan city in 2023. The sample size includes 30 subjects (15 subject in the experimental group and 15 subject in the control group) from the statistical population were selected by purposeful sampling and were placed in two control and experimental groups. For the experimental group, the developed drama-therapy package based on mentalization was implemented, while the control group remained on the waiting list. The research tools included Connors Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Questionnaire (2007) and integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test (1995). The results showed that the drama therapy package based on mentalization had a significant effect on improving sustained attention in the post-test and follow-up stages. The findings of this research provide useful information regarding the drama therapy package based on mentalization, and counselors and psychologists can use this intervention to improve sustained attention in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

This research was conducted to develop a marital attachment needs scale based on a mixed method research.

In the first phase, attachment interviews were conducted with 35 married people (18 male and 17 female). Based on this step, the first version of the Marital Attachment Needs Scale (MANS) was developed with 12 items. To develop the first version of the MANS, these 12 items are designed on a 5-point scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. In the second phase of the research, 140 married people (62 female and 78) male completed the initial form of the Marital Attachment Needs Scale. In addition to the marital attachment needs scale, to examine the convergent and divergent validity psychometric indexes, the marital conflicts scale (MCS) and the short form of the experienced close relationship scale (ECR-S) were used.

Factor analysis showed a G-factor with an eigenvalue of 6.26 and a variance percentage of 52.19. The alpha coefficient and test-retest reliability coefficient for MANS were 0.90 and 0.92, respectively. Also, the results showed efficient convergent and divergent validity for the marital attachment needs scale. To check the G-factor hypothesis, confirmatory factor analysis (ML) was used. The results of the ML confirmatory factor analysis confirm the extracted G-factor in PC exploratory factor analysis for the MANS. 

Overall, the results of this research indicated the adequacy of the psychometric properties of the marital attachment needs scale for clinical and research jobs.

The existence of a mentally retarded child in a family is considered a kind of crisis. Their parents suffer a lot of stress and psychological pressure when they find out about their child's disability. Therefore, families of disabled children may experience psychological stress, social isolation and mental health problems in various ways. There are several evidences that show that parents of mentally retarded children face social, economic and emotional problems that are often limiting, destructive and pervasive in nature. Taking care of a disabled child with special needs is heavy and stressful for all family members, and the most pressure is on the mother of the family, who spends most of the time caring for the child and interacting with her. One of the most important reasons why mothers are more vulnerable than other family members is that mothers spend more time with children and their presence in the home and family environment is much more than that of fathers. Also, the mother's effort to teach new skills and curb their child's inappropriate behavior usually does not achieve the desired result, so accepting and adapting to this reality requires more effort for mothers compared to normal children. The presence of a child with mental disability in any family can be considered an undesirable and challenging event; Since parents expect a healthy child with normal characteristics before the birth of their child, the birth of a mentally retarded child causes parents to feel guilt and blame, failure and deprivation caused by the child's abnormality. The birth of a mentally retarded child causes more pressure within the family system and endangers the cohesion and compatibility within the family system, and as a result, increases the possibility of family dysfunction. The birth of a mentally disabled child affects the mental health of family members and can often lead to negative consequences, including an increase in physical illnesses such as chronic pain and mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. This may cause adverse consequences for all family members and threaten the compromise, physical and mental health of parents, especially mothers. The person who is most under the pressure of the existence of a mentally retarded child and suffers the most damage is the mother of the family; For this reason, compared to mothers of normal children, mothers of mentally retarded children feel more shame, embarrassment and anxiety and experience a lower level of general health and psychological well-being, marital satisfaction, self-esteem and self-control. On the other hand, worrying about parenting methods or lack of knowledge in this field affects the coping skills and mental health of mothers and increases their psychological problems. This problem can lead to the bad functioning of the family system and generally inappropriate parenting. The child's behavioral problem is more stressful for the family and especially the mother than the child's disability itself. The possible reason for this is that mothers are more involved with the child's problems and are under more pressure. The mothers of these children do not treat them properly because of their children's behavioral problems, and this problem also aggravates their disorder. On the other hand, parents lose their health over time in different dimensions and cannot interact constructively with their child. The different reactions of the mother are due to the various failures resulting from the special behaviors of the disabled child. This feeling of failure results in a kind of dual attitude towards the child, which may vary from high acceptance to complete rejection. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of a treatment package based on commitment and acceptance on the level of hope of mothers with mentally retarded children.

In the qualitative part of this research, in terms of fundamental and practical purpose, it was a mixed-exploratory type of research. The population studied in the qualitative part of the research included Persian and English specialized books and articles in the field of treatment based on commitment and acceptance of mothers with mentally retarded children in the last 20 years, which were selected by purposeful sampling. Finally, the treatment intervention based on commitment and acceptance was formulated in 10 sessions and its formal and content validity was confirmed by experts. The study method was in the quantitative part and based on the data collection method, it was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test-follow-up type with a control group. The statistical population included all mothers with mentally retarded children between the ages of 20 and 50 who referred to the education and rehabilitation centers for mentally retarded children in Tehran in the second half of 2022. Among them, 30 people were selected based on the entry criteria and using targeted sampling and randomly assigned to two groups of 15 people (experimental group and control group). The treatment intervention based on commitment and acceptance was implemented for all mothers with mentally retarded children in 10 sessions of 90 minutes, and the control group was placed on the waiting list. Research tools included self-compassion scale, life expectancy questionnaire and acceptance and action questionnaire. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of covariance in SPSS version 23.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in the post-test and follow-up stages; And the treatment intervention based on commitment and acceptance has increased the hope level of mothers with mentally retarded children, and the effect of this treatment intervention has been stable in the follow-up phase (P<0.5).

With these explanations, it is necessary to understand the concept of hope for the future from a practical point of view for mothers with intellectually disabled children. Life expectancy can be an effective tool for the mother to fight and overcome mild mood disorders, anxiety, lack of enthusiasm, and lack of desire, and states caused by feelings of helplessness, belongingness, and indecision. The more these mothers have a vision for the future, the more they hope to overcome problems such as anxiety and stress. Therefore, it can be said that the vision of the future can play an important role in their flexibility and adaptability by influencing the level of hope of mothers against negative effects in stressful situations. Molded cognitions in fear of the future or imagining the past cause mothers to become inflexible and avoid accepting their mental processes; Therefore, considering the role of psychological flexibility in the hope levels of these mothers, the underlying reasons for changing their flexibility are very important. It seems that the decrease in the hope level scores in the mothers of mentally retarded children, which occurs due to despair and lack of goal setting in the future, by placing the deceased mother and not being present in the present, causes a decrease in the acceptance of current events and as a result, a decrease in psychological flexibility in her. Therefore, therapy based on commitment and acceptance can help improve the hope levels of these mothers. This approach is one of the most recent theories to explain flexibility, which has also led to new-generation treatments. Conscious attention to the present and the process of acceptance, in addition to the processes of committed action and behavior change, fosters psychological flexibility. In this approach, psychological flexibility is affected by accepting committed action. Accepting and acting towards specific goals and values ​​requires a stronger motivation that keeps the mother hopeful in life. Lack of motivation caused by aimlessness in life can be the most underlying factor of all cognitive processes, including mental acceptance and flexibility. In fact, the mother's efforts to achieve goals and points in the future can affect her progress. Based on the results of the present study, treatment intervention based on commitment and acceptance can be effective for improving the hope level of mothers with intellectually disabled children; and it is recommended that therapists and counselors use this treatment along with other therapeutic interventions in order to improve the hope level of these mothers.

Adolescence is a stage of the individual's life during which a young person experiences comprehensive changes and transformations in various aspects such as physical, cognitive, moral, behavioral, and more. One of the most influential factors in successfully navigating this period and acquiring desirable traits as a result of these changes is the family. Hence, it is essential to identify cognitive factors that can be detrimental to parent-adolescent relationships in order to provide strategies for improving relationships between adolescents and parents.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the lived experience of traumatic cognitive factors in parent-adolescent relationships.

The present research employed a mixed-methods exploratory approach. Purposeful sampling using expert network technique was utilized for qualitative data collection, involving 20 participants in interviews. The statistical population for the quantitative segment of the study encompassed all high school students in Shiraz. A total of 332 participants were selected through simple random sampling. The research tools included interviews and a researcher-developed questionnaire for both qualitative and quantitative segments. Qualitative data analysis involved open, selective, and theoretical coding, while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. In the quantitative part of the research, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were conducted using Smart PLS 3 software.

The final results of the study, based on the interviews, demonstrated that traumatic cognitive factors in parent-adolescent relationships include: 1) Generational differences; parental perfectionism; parental unawareness; lack of parental understanding; divergent value systems; excessive mutual expectations; and perceptual distance between parents and adolescents. The results of the structural equation modeling indicated that trauma has a significant negative and inverse impact on the parent-adolescent relationship. However, the other factors did not show significant effects.

Based on the findings of this study, it can be said that identifying each of the traumatic factors in parent-adolescent relationships leads to the recognition of the underlying issues between parents and adolescents, thereby facilitating improvement.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive parenting therapy on the internal and external problems of children with behavioral problems.

The research method was semi-experimental with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this research included all primary school children of Shiraz city along with their parents who had referred to the counseling clinics of Shiraz city in the fall of 2019 for psychological problems. 30 mothers along with their children were selected as available and randomly replaced in two experimental and control groups. Positive parenting training intervention was conducted in 8 weekly sessions for 90 minutes. In order to collect data, Sperelfkin and Gado child symptom list and Connors short form behavior problems questionnaire for parents of Keith Connors were used. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics tests (mean and standard deviation) and univariate covariance analysis were used with SPSS version 24 software.

The results showed that positive parenting treatment had a significant effect on the internal and external problems of children with behavioral problems (P<0.001). The mean post-test scores of the experimental group in the internal problems variable (F=31.92 P<0.001) and in the external problems variable (F=381.3 P<0.001) have decreased significantly. Eta square showed that positive parenting treatment explains 41% of changes in internal problems and 36% of external problems of children with behavioral problems.

According to the results of this research, the use of positive parenting therapy in reducing the internal and external problems of children with behavioral problems is suggested.

The present study aimed to explain the prediction of marital boredom based on emotional and social maturity among married people in Shiraz.

In this descriptive and correlational study, 362 married people (270 females and 92 males) who have married for ten years were selected by convenience sampling method. The instruments used in this research included Paynes's Marital Boredom Self-Report Scale, Yashvir and Bhargava's Emotional Maturity Scale (EMS), and Rao's Social Maturity Scale (RSMS). In addition to descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and correlation matrix), inferential statistics (structural equation model) were used to analyze the data of the aforementioned scales collected from the sample population by AMOS software.

Research findings demonstrated that emotional maturity predicts marital boredom significantly (P < 0.01, β = -0.69), but social maturity is not a significant predictor for marital boredom (P < 0.01, β = -0.09). The model was modified by considering the output modification indicators of Amos software. Overall, the results of this analysis showed that the final model was well fitted.

Results of this research showed that the emotional maturity could predict marital boredom significantly, but social maturity is not a significant predictor for marital boredom.

Disorder in attachment relationships can lead to psychological disorders by creating general anxiety and distrust in child. The present research aimed to effectiveness of play therapy with the Theraplay method on anxiety of children with parents.

Research method in this study was experimental of a single-subject with AB designs. The study population consisted of all children aged 5 to 8 years that attended psychological centers in Tehran in 2021. Among them, 3 children (two boys and one girl) were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and by purposive sampling. Trapley intervention was performed for each child in 21 sessions. The research instrument was Marschak Interaction Method (2018) Spence Children Anxiety Scale (1997) and the Theraplay Behavioral Checklist (Made by a researcher). Data were analysed using visual analysis at both within-condition and between-condition levels.

The findings showed that the play therapy with the Theraplay method intervention significantlyreduces the anxiety of child with parents (P<0.05).

According to the findings of the research has been confirmed the effectiveness of play therapy with the Theraplay method intervention on reducing the anxiety of child with parents. Therefore, this method can be considered as one of the useful and applicational treatments for these children.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of counseling based on extramarital relationships on marital instability in couples with extramarital relationships. The research design was semi-experimental, pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population included all couples with extramarital relationships who referred to counseling centers in Shiraz in 2021. 32 couples were selected as a sample by purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to an experimental group (16 couples) and a control group (16 couples). The intervention group underwent 60-minute extramarital relationship therapy in 11 sessions, once a week but no action was taken on the control group. The research tools of marriage instability were Edward, Johnson and Alan Booth (1987). Data analysis was done with descriptive tests (mean and standard deviation) and univariate covariance analysis using SPSS version 23 software. It showed that the treatment of extramarital relationships had an effect on the stability of marriage in unfaithful couples (P < 0.001). According to the results of this research, the treatment of extramarital relationships can be used to reduce the problems of couples and increase the stability of their lives through increasing the individual's insight into himself and the awareness of why marital infidelity occurs and escalates.

Disorders in attachment relationships can lead to psychological disorders by causing widespread anxiety and mistrust in children. This research aims to "explain the effectiveness of interactive play therapy with the theraplay model on the anxiety of children with attachment disorders".

The research method was an experiment with a single-subject AB-type design. The statistical population included all children with attachment disorders aged 5 to 8 who were present in psychological centers in Tehran from 2020 to 2021. Among them, 3 children (two boys and one girl) were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and by available sampling. The three-step intervention was implemented for each child in 21 sessions. The research tools included the Marschak Interaction Method 2018 (MIM), Spence Children Anxiety Scale 1997 (SCAS), and the Theraplay Behavioral Checklist (Researcher-made). Data visual analysis was done at both within-condition and between-condition levels based on three indicators of level, trend, and stability.  

The findings showed that theraplay intervention significantly reduces the anxiety of children with attachment injuries (P<0.05).

According to the research findings, the effectiveness of theraplay intervention has been confirmed on reducing the anxiety of children with attachment disorders. Therefore, this method can be considered one of the most useful and applicable treatments for these children.

One of the crucial aspects of human development stands out as socialization. People who cannot establish and maintain satisfactory relationships with others and, as a result, have difficulty fulfilling the "need to belong," may experience a sense of deprivation, manifesting as "loneliness." The concept of loneliness goes beyond age, gender, well–being, economic status, or race. It is a global issue associated with the lives of all people. Given that women make up half of society's population and their essential role, especially in the mental and physical growth of children, the leaders of tomorrow's community, it is advisable to conduct qualitative research to investigate the consequences of women's loneliness deeply. Therefore, the present study aimed to qualitatively investigate the consequences of women's loneliness living in Shiraz City, Iran.

The research method was qualitative, using the Grounded Theory strategy based on the Strauss and Corbin (1990) approach. The sampling method was purposive. The statistical population consisted of married, divorced, and single women aged 30–55 living in Shiraz in 2018–2019. The studied sample consisted of 98 persons, including 85 married, divorced, and unmarried women aged 30–55 and 13 experts in Counseling and Psychology. The inclusion criteria for participant women were willingness to interview, cooperation in conducting the research, and having a score greater than 50 on the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, 1996). Data collection on research was conducted through in–depth semi–structured face–to–face interviews. The researcher decided to obtain extensive and comprehensive information on the phenomenon of loneliness from diverse people from different places and backgrounds, including educational centers, hospitals, university professors, housewives, public and private jobs, and spiritual/religious places with education backgrounds spanning from diploma to doctorate. The interviews were held over 6 months. Each interview lasted between 10 and 35 minutes, with an average of 22 minutes. Data analysis included open coding from which the concepts and subcategories were derived, axial coding from which the causal relationships between the main categories were obtained, and selective coding from which the core category of the function of women's loneliness was obtained. Data collection was done until reaching theoretical data saturation. To check the reliability of the research, the agreement coefficient was checked with one of the experts on the interviews, and the agreement coefficient was 96%.

The results were compiled in 21 concepts, 10 subcategories, and 4 main categories. In the main category of physical harm, the subcategories were getting sick, sleep and eating disorders, and the concepts were crying and shedding, physical problems, insomnia, and anorexia. In the main category of psychological trauma, the subcategories were unfavorable mental states, dissatisfaction, mild depression, and decreased motivation, and the concepts were lack of happiness and satisfaction, carelessness, monotony in life, lack of motivation and hope, loss of self–confidence, disability in doing things, low energy levels, isolation, depression, and mental disorders. In the main category of family vulnerability, the subcategories were inappropriate marriage, feeling more loneliness, and infidelity, and the concepts were infidelity and sexual affairs. In the main category of individual growth, the subcategories were behavioral growth and cognitive development, and the concepts were having a goal, more effort, helping oneself, knowing oneself, and giving oneself value. Thus, the consequences of women's loneliness can be related to the main categories of physical harm, psychological trauma, family vulnerability, and personal development.

According to the findings, loneliness leads to many problems, including physical injury, psychological trauma, and family problems. Identifying these consequences plays an essential role in preventing these irreparable problems. Thus, awareness of women's loneliness function and its consequences is the basis for planning to educate and promote individual and family health.

This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of timely intervention and timely intervention along with family education on improving the academic ability and cognitive performance of late learners.

The research method was an experiment with a pre-test and a post-test with a control group. 36 late learners were considered as samples using available sampling method. They were replaced randomly in three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). The experimental groups were trained in 20 sessions of 90 minutes during one month. The data obtained from reading, math and writing prerequisite skills tests, Wechsler test for children, Leiter test and Goodinaf dummy were analyzed using covariance analysis method.

The results showed that timely intervention and timely intervention along with family education had an effect on the components of academic ability (reading, writing and math prerequisite skills). Also, the results showed that timely intervention and timely intervention along with family education had an effect on cognitive performance in Wechsler's test and Leiter's test, but did not affect Godinaf's dummy test. The results of Tukey's test also showed that timely intervention and timely intervention along with family education were significantly different from the control group in the components of academic ability. In addition, timely intervention along with family education has been more effective in reading prerequisite skills. However, timely intervention and timely intervention along with family education did not have different effectiveness in math and writing prerequisite skills. Also, the results of Tukey's test also showed that timely intervention and timely intervention along with family education in the Wechsler test were significantly different from the control group, but only timely intervention along with family education was significant in the Leiter test. In addition, timely intervention along with family education has been more effective in the Wechsler test. Timely intervention and timely intervention along with family education showed different effectiveness in the Wechsler test.

The findings of this research confirmed the effectiveness of timely intervention and timely intervention along with family education on improving the academic ability and cognitive performance of late learners.

The type of parenting style can play as a vital role in both internalized and externalized problems. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of proactive parenting and positive parenting therapies on externalized and internalized problems of children.

The method of this study has been quasi-experimental, pretest and posttest design alongside a control group. The statistical population of the study included most parents with their elementary school students in Shiraz who had referred to counseling clinics due to psychological problems during the autumn 2020. The statistical sample were 45 mothers with their children who were divided into three groups of 15 people through a convenience sampling method. Two of these groups were experimental and one was assigned as a control group. In order to collect data, Child symptom inventory-4 (CSI-4) checklists by Sprafkin and Gadou as well as Conners behavior problems questionnaire related to parents were applied.

The results of the analysis of covariance indicated that the effect of proactive parenting therapy on internalized problems [P = 0.001, F (26-1) = 68.15] and externalized problems [P = 0.001, F = (26-1) =44.04] of children was meaningful and significant.

Proactive parenting style is mostly relied on reactions. This provides the chance for the active presence of parents instead of being merely the observers of the events.

The results indicated that these therapies can enable parents to apply approaches to deal with children internalized and externalized problems.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Early intervention and Early intervention with family education on improving the academic ability of Slow-Learner.

The research method was experimental with pretest-posttest and follow-up with a control group. 30 late learners were considered as sample by purposive sampling method. They were randomly assigned to three groups (two experimental groups and one control group). The experimental groups were trained for 20 sessions of 90 minutes in one month. Data obtained from prerequisite reading, math and writing skills tests were analyzed using analysis of covariance.

The results showed that Early intervention and Early intervention along with family education had an effect on the components of academic ability (prerequisite skills of reading, writing and mathematics) and according to the Eta square, it can be said that 51% of the changes were due to the effect of interventions. The results of Tukey test also showed that Early intervention and Early intervention along with family education in the components of academic ability were significantly different from the control group. In addition, Early intervention with prerequisite reading skills along with family education has been more effective. But Early intervention and Early intervention along with family education did not differ in the effectiveness of math and writing skills.

The findings of this study generally confirmed the effectiveness of Early intervention and Early intervention along with family education on improving the academic ability of Slow-Learner.

The extramarital relationships damage the emotional security and trust of the couple, and victims of betrayal experience strong negative emotions in this regard. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of extramarital relationship treatment on marital instability and family functioning in couples.   

The design of the semi-experimental research was pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population included all couples with extramarital relationships who referred to Khomeinishahr city counseling centers in the year 2021. Sixteen couples were selected as a sample through purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into an experimental group (8 couples) and a control group (8 couples). The intervention group underwent 90-minute extramarital relationship treatment in 11 sessions and in a group once a week, but no action was taken in the case of the control group. The Edward, Johnson and Alan Booth's Marital Instability Questionnaire (1987) and Epstein, Baldwin and Bishop's Family Functioning Questionnaire (1950) were applied to them. Data analysis was done with descriptive tests (mean and standard deviation) and covariance analysis using SPSS version 23 software. P value less than 0.05 was considered as significant.

The results of covariance analysis indicated that the treatment based on reducing extramarital relationships had an effect on marital instability (F= 49.24) and family functioning (F= 17.58) in couples (P<0.001). The amount of this effect in the marriage instability variable based on the square of the eta coefficient was 0.57 and in the family function variable it was 0.31.

According to the results of this research, the treatment of extramarital relationships can be used to reduce the problems of couples and increase the stability of their lives.

The aim of this study was to explain the effectiveness of sociodrama intervention to reducing anxiety in children with social anxiety disorder.

Research method in this study was a single-subject of AB experimental designs. The study population consisted of all children with social anxiety disorder 6 to 7 years that attended psychological centers in Tehran in 2021. Among them, 5 children with social anxiety disorder (two boys and three girls) were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and by purposive sampling. Sociodrama intervention was performed for each child in 10 sessions. The research instrument was Spence Children Anxiety Scale (1997) and Social Behavior Checklist (Made by a researcher). Each participant was evaluated 5-6 times before the intervention (stage A) and then underwent were trained separately sociodrama (stage B). Data were analyzed using visual analysis at both within-condition and between-condition levels. 

The results showed that sociodrama intervention reduce anxiety in children with social anxiety disorder in Spence Children Anxiety Scale; and the recovery rate in each of the single behaviors of anxiety and avoidance in problem solving, anxiety and avoidance in self-control, anxiety and avoidance in responsibility, anxiety and avoidance in communicate, anxiety and avoidance in finding friend, anxiety and avoidance in participation and cooperation and anxiety and avoidance in assertiveness respectively was 67.01, 83.30, 82.80, 82.65, 77.37, 86.88 and 82.78 percentage. The total recovery rate among five subjects also 82.42 percent was estimated.

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the sociodrama intervention can reduce the anxiety in children with social anxiety disorder. Therefore, family and educational institutions, psychological and counseling services centers can benefit from sociodrama intervention to reducing anxiety children with social anxiety disorder.

The purpose of this study was to design a conceptualmodel of the antecedents and consequences of marital boredom andto determine the effectiveness of the training protocol derived fromthe model on improving marital boredom and intimacy.

The quasi-experimental research methodwas a single-subject design with multiple baselines and thestatistical population was couples who referred to the consultationcenter of Raz Clinic in Shiraz and the clinic of the GeneralDirectorate of Exceptional Education of Fars Province in Shiraz inthe fall of 1400. Using the purposeful sampling method, 3 coupleswere selected as a sample. The therapeutic program of the trainingprotocol extracted from the conceptual model (1400) wasimplemented by the tutors and counselors during 10 sessions, andafter the end of the treatment, the follow-up was done in two stageswith intervals. It took place for one month. The subjects respondedto the emotional intimacy subscale of Shaffer Valson's (1981)Personal Emotional Evaluation of Intimacy Questionnaire (1981)and Pines Marital Boredom Test (1). The data were analyzed byvisual analysis method, recovery percentage formula and stablechange index.

The results showed that the treatment of the conceptualmodel protocol increased emotional intimacy and marital qualityand reduced marital burnout of couples and this effect remainedstable in the follow-up phase.

The conceptual model protocol treatment has therequired efficiency and couple therapists can use this conceptualmodel in working with couples in order to reduce marital boredomand increase emotional intimacy and improve marital quality,especially in the early years of a couple's marriage, which has asignificant effect. to take

Disorder in attachment relationships by distrust can lead to psychocognitive disorders in child. The aim of this study was to explain the effectiveness of  interactive Theraplay play therapy on child's quality of attachment relationships with the parent. Research method in this study was experimental of a single-subject with AB designs. The study population consisted of children 5 to 8 years old with attachment pathologies that attended psychological centers in Tehran in the academic year 2020-2021 and the number of children was 10. From among them, 3 children (two boys and one girl) were selected based on entry and exit criteria and by purposive sampling. The intervention of theraplay for each child was done according to the instructions of Booth and Jernberg (2010), performed in 2 sessions (45 minutes) per week for 10 weeks (21 sessions) during two and a half months. The research instruments were Marschak Interaction Method (MIM) and Theraplay Behavioral Checklist (made by a researcher). Data were analyzed using visual analysis at both within-condition and between-condition levels based on three indicators of level, trend and stability. The findings showed that intervention of oriented theraplay- focused play therapy had a significant effect on child' quality of attachment relationships with parents (P<0.05). According to the findings of the study, was confirmed the effectiveness of intervention of oriented theraplay- focused play therapy on improving child' quality of attachment relationships with parents. Therefore, this method can be considered as one of helpful and applicational treatments for these children.