siavash jani

Studding the entrepreneurship literature shows that the Economic performance and the extent of entrepreneurial activities depend on the quality and different levels of institutions, and in addition, the mechanism of institutions' influence on entrepreneurial activities in developed and developing countries differs. The purpose of this research is to understand the difference in the type of influence of micro and macro institutions on entrepreneurial activities in developed and developing countries. For this purpose, while using the dynamic panel data, the good governance index and the business environment index used as macro and micro institutional factors, respectively. The results showed that the good governance significantly increase the level of entrepreneurial activities in both developing and developed countries. Contrary to expectations, micro-institutional factors do not increase the level of entrepreneurial activities in the studied developing and developed countries. The degree of economic freedom has a small effect on entrepreneurial activities in developed countries, while it strengthens entrepreneurship in developing countries. Government expenditure has a positive impact  on the level of entrepreneurial activities in developing countries, but it is ineffective in developed countries. Economic growth in both groups of countries has positive impact on the level of entrepreneurial activities. The impact of liquidity on the entrepreneurial activities of developing and developed countries is negative and positive, respectively.

In this research, due to the importance of the infectious disease of influenza, the willingness to pay for the use of the influenza vaccine and the factors affecting it were investigated. The method used to calculate the willingness to pay is the contingent valuation survey based on the use of the  One-One Half Bounded(OOHB) Dichotomous Choice method. In this method, first, by using a pre-test questionnaire, the bid amounts were estimated using Cooper's method (DWEABS). Through the Mitchell and Carson formula, the sample size of 357 people was determined for the whole country. In the following, based on the log-normal distribution and the maximum likelihood method (MLE), the median and mean willingness to pay for the use of influenza vaccine were estimated to be 10800000 and 12300000 IRR, respectively. The results of the research showed that getting the influenza vaccine before, the importance of health issues, income, education, and disease background are the influencing variables on willingness to pay for the influenza vaccine

Iran ,especially the province of golestan has always been exposed to floods, and in addition to causing great damage to the country and the province of golestan , no proper plan has yet been thought to reduce economic costs . This article tries to identify the key sectors of the province and evaluate the indirect damage of the flood through the construction and agriculture sectors on other sectors of the province.For this purpose , the regional input – output table with two demand side and supply side approaches is used to calculate the backward and forward linkages of the province´s sectors.The results indicate that the industry , construction and agriculture sectors are introduced as the key sectors of the province’s economy. According to both demand side and supply side approaches , two sectors of agriculture and industry suffer the most indirect damage due to the direct damage of the agriculture sector. According to the demand side approach , the result indicate that the most decrease in output is caused by direct damage to the construction sector , respectively , related to the industry , wholesale and retail sectors . On the other hand , industry and agriculture sectors experienced the most decrease in employment.the analysis of flood effects with a supply side approach indicates that the flood not only directly affects the construction sector , but also causes a decrease in employment in the industry , agriculture and construction sectors

The development of technology, information, and communication can boost the tourism industry by further identifying and facilitating access to the attractions and facilities of tourist destinations, and since the recognition of tourist destinations is usually accompanied by the identification of adjacent regions and the tourists tend to travel visit adjacent regions. Therefore, the development of information and communication technology can also have the effects of spatial overflow and increase the number of tourists in adjacent regions. Thus, in This study, the impact of information and communication technology on tourist attraction among the provinces was investigated with a spatial econometric approach during the period 2011-2019. The results show that ICT development, the number of specialist physicians, the number of cultural centers, length of roads (freeways and highways), have positive and significant effects on destinations and neighboring provinces' tourist attraction also the results indicated that direct and spatial elasticity of information and communication technology of tourists for the target provinces and neighboring provinces is more than the elasticity of other factors affecting tourism, Which shows that neighboring and nearby provinces has significant contribution on each other's tourism industry growth and development of by developing mutual relations and specific regional planning.Key words: tourism, Information and Communications Technology, spillover effects.

 The purpose of this article is to identify the effect of gender composition of the workforce on productivity in Iranian manufacturing industries. For this purpose, while using the data of four-digit ISIC codes of the comprehensive plan of statistics from manufacturies with more than ten employees of the Statistics Center, the productivity of manufacturing industries is evaluated. Levinson and Petrin approaches are used to evaluate the factors affecting productivity in order to avoid the problem of simultaneity in the production function. According to the test results related to the data type, it was determined that the data are panel type. The results of the research indicate that, firstly, the estimation of productivity by Levinson and Petrin method is valid. Second: Although increasing gender equality among administrative-financial staff increases productivity, but the relationship between productivity and the employment share of skilled and unskilled female employees is negative at low levels of the employment distribution and positive at high levels of this distribution. Third, increasing women’s participation in light industries improves productivity. In addition, in small firms, gender equality among skilled workers and in large firms, gender equality among unskilled workers increases productivity.

The purpose of this article is to understand the effect of the type of labor market contract on the productivity growth of total factor productivity (TFP) in Iran's manufacturing industries. For this purpose, while using panel data, in order to avoid the problem of simultaneity in the production function, productivity was measured by Levinsohn and Petrin semi-parametric methods. Then, using the skill intensity index, industries were divided into skilled and unskilled sections. In evaluating the impact of labor market contract type on productivity growth in skilled and unskilled sectors, the effect of two Schumpeterian growth variables on productivity growth of the leadership industry and the productivity gap between each industry and the leadership industry was also estimated. The results indicate that, first, temporary employment (TE) has a negative effect on productivity growth, but is more harmful in the skilled sectors. Second, the positive impact of the relative productivity gap and the productivity growth of the leader industry is consistent with the Schumpeterian growth literature.

One of the most influential factors in the tourism boom is the security of tourism destinations as well as the security of the adjacent regions of the destinations. Thus in this study, the impact of security on tourism attraction among the Iranian provinces is studied due to the regional spillover effect. Security index derived from the combination of several variables such as data on murder, suspicious deaths, quarrels, conflicts, sedition, hooliganism, and suicides divided by provinces and based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Spatial diagnosis tests are done and positive spatial dependency is confirmed among the regions and then the model is estimated in the form of dynamic spatial panel data by spatial Durbin for the period 2011-2017. The results show that an insecurity increase causes a decrease in the number of tourists in a tourist destination and the adjacent regions (spatial spillover effect). While the insecurity index spatial effect is more than its direct effect which means that insecurity variations in a province decrease the number of tourists in adjacent regions more than the number of tourists of that province. Also due to the results, not only insecurity but also the number of specialists, the number of cultural centers, and the information and communication technology index have the most effect on attracting tourists.index spatial effect is more than its direct effect which means that insecurity variations in a province decrease the number of the tourists of adjacent regions more than the number of the tourists of that province.

Purpose- Income distribution inequity in low-income societies spreads poverty faster therefore it is essential to indicate the relation between economic growth and income distribution in low-income societies like rural societies which gain income through agricultural activities. On the other hand, recent studies show that societies amenity or deprivation is effective on the relation between growth and income distribution. So, the aim of this study is to indicate the relation between rural income distribution and Iran agricultural sector growth dividing to regions with amenity or deprived.Design/methodology/approach - Due to economic literature income distribution and economic growth has interactional effect on each other and the relation between them is different in regions with amenity and deprived. To explain the relation between rural income distribution and agricultural sector growth in this study two equations are introduced, the first equation analyzes the effective factors on agricultural sector growth and the second equation examine the factors determining rural income inequality. These equations are estimated by provincial data divided to regions with amenity and deprived during 2008-2016 and simultaneous equations approach of panel data is used.Finding-The results show that, in low amenity and deprived provinces agricultural sector growth reduces the inequality while agricultural sector growth has no significant effect on inequality in provinces with amenity. Also, inequality increase lead to economic growth in deprived regions, but in regions with amenity the effect of inequality on growth is not significant. Besides, the results of estimation imply that government's expenditure in provinces increase rural income inequality and development expenditure only in deprived and low amenity provinces cause rural income inequality decrease and in other rural is not significant on inequality index.Practical implications- Based on the results of this study and in order to reduce rural income inequality and the growth of agricultural sector, it is necessary to consider the distribution of public facilities and infrastructure in order to enjoy deprived and low amenity rural regions.

Due to the capacity of adjacent regions interactivity in economic field, industry development in a region not only increases the employment of that region but also it may increase the employment of adjacent regions by expanding related industries. So in this study after spatial effect test, the effect of tourism industry development on employment studied in the form of spatial dynamic panel data for the period of (2011-2015) in different provinces. The results of the study in the form of spatial dynamic panel data and due to space Durbin estimator shows that tourism has significant spatial effect on employment, and its development not only increases employment in aimed provinces but also increases the employment of adjacent provinces as well. Also according to the results price index has negative and gdp per capita has positive effect on provinces employment but the effect of real wages on employment is not significant.

According to new literature, improving income distribution leads to economic growth. Considering this issue and the importance of agriculture sector in the economy, in this study, the impact of rural income distribution on agricultural sector’s growth has been analyzed dynamically and nonlinearly in Iran's provinces during the period of 2007-2016. For this, after confirming the existence of a long-run asymmetric equilibrium relationship, auto regression model with non-linear distributional lags was used to analyze the asymmetric effects. The result showed that the positive shocks of rural income inequality have a positive effect on agricultural growth in the long and short run. Also The negative shocks of rural income inequality have a negative effect in the short run and a positive effect on agricultural sector’s growth in the long run. According to the results, the effect of positive shocks is more than the negative shocks, which indicates the positive effect of income inequality on agricultural growth and the results are consistent with the old literature. In addition, the results showed that in the short and long run, the effect of consumer price index and government spending on agricultural growth was negative and positive, respectively. Also, the effect of tax on agricultural growth is positive in the short run and negative in the long run.

Based on the literature of Islamic economics, the bank facility in the form of partnership contracts is effective on investment motivation comparing to exchange contracts because of their return variety and risk distribution between bank and investor. Due to this and the implementation of usury – Free Banking law in Iran, in this study banking facilities’ effect in the form of exchange and partnership contracts on Iran’s privet investment analyzed. Seasonal data for (1999- 2013) and the ARDL approach is used. The results show that the facilities in the form of exchange and partnership contracts has positive and significant effect on privet investment in long run. Although the effect of Partnership contracts’ facilities on privet investment is more than the facilities of exchange contracts but the difference is not significant. In addition, public investment and price index has negative effect on privet investment while GDP has positive effect.

Given the importance of economic growth in every country’s development, the effective factors contributing to the economic growth are considered in different schools of economy. Institutionalist theory has emphasized on removing institutional obstacles so as to accelerate the economic growth. According to the literature, there are two levels of institutions affecting the economic performance. The first level includes macro institutions affecting governments and other key players in the economy, while the second level includes micro institutions which facilitate business environment by reducing the transaction cost. According to the institutionalist theory, micro institutions are influenced by the macro institutions. However, some studies have reported that the relation between micro and macro institutions can be different in developing and developed countries. Accordingly, the present study was intended to examine the impact of various institutional factors on the economic growth and institutional reform priority in the Southwest Asian countries based on the institutionalist theory, and to compare the results to those of OECD countries during the period 2007-2014. Considering the micro and macro institutional features, good governance indices were used to measure the macro-institutional level. Besides, the ease of doing business was used to measure the micro-institutional level. In turn, the growth calculation was based on GDP per capita of 2011 real price. To analyze the relationship between the growth and institutional indeces first a model in the form of institutional theory was defined and estimated via dynamic panel data using GMM approach. After the model estimation, to see the interactional effect of micro and macro institutional effects and to prioritize the institutional reforms in the Southwest Asian countries and OECD, long term relation analysis between micro and macro institutions was done according to Johansson's co-integration method. Trace test was, in turn, used to determine the number of co-integration vectors. After determining the number of long term relation between the factors, factor cuasility direction was specified by error correction models. The results showed that the micro and macro institutional improvement had positive effect on the economic growth of both groups of countries. However, the impact of macro level institutional reform on the OECD economic growth was more than that of the Southwest Asian countries. Moreover, the causality and long term relation analysis using Johansson's cointegration method and error correction models showed that in OECD countries, according to the institutionalist theory, long term and causality relations were from the macro institutions toward micro ones. However, in the Southwest Asian countries the interactional relation between micro and macro institutions was not significant. These findings implied that among OECD countries, the macro institutions provided the requirements for the government and key players to do reforms at micro institutional level, while in the Southwest Asian countries there was no rule or framework to oblige the government and key players to reduce corruption, establish economic stability, and protect people's property rights. This is actually why governments and other key players in the economy preferably change micro institutions without considering the framework and rules governing them. In addition, analyzing the institutional indices for the Southwest Asian countries showed that there was a tendency to have a long term relationship with some of the macroeconomic components, including the ‘Quality of Laws and Regulations’ and the ‘Business Index’ for the period under review. This suggests that institutionalist theory in Southwest Asian countries would also apply if macro-institutions were strengthened. According to the above results, the good economic performance of the Southwest Asian countries like Iran requires attention and emphasis on the principles binding the government and key economic players to their duties. In effect, such principles can be pronounced in the country's basic laws and policies of development programs so as to strengthen the partnership of public and private sectors as the major institutions in these countries.

According to economic theory, it is expected that by increasing import, competition for domestic enterprises increase and to maintain market share, they carry out innovative and R&D activities. So, in this study, the effect of import competition on R&D in Iran’s manufacturing industries was investigated. For this purpose, the Data from Iranian manufacturing was used in the form of four-digit ISIC codes for the period of 1994-2013. The results of model estimation based on dynamic panel data by SYSGMM approach showed import increase reduces R&D activities in the industry. Also, despite the fact that profiitebilty of industries has a negative impact on R&D activities, import increase in high-profit industries lead to R&D activities increase. In addition, the results indicate that R&D activates in industries with human capital and large firm is more, and import increase also encourages R&D activities in these industries.

Achieving a high and stable economic growth rate is one of the ‎important issues in each country. Influence of Inflation on ‎Economic Growth has been examined from various perspectives in ‎economic literature. These views, depending on the conditions of ‎the global economy, have suggested different views on the impact of ‎inflation on economic growth. Therefore, the purpose of this study ‎is to investigate the threshold effect of inflation on the growth of ‎developed and developing countries in the period 1995-2015. To do ‎this review, has been used a panel smooth transition regression ‎model (PSTR). Also, considering a transfer function with a ‎threshold parameter representing a two-regime model is sufficient ‎to specify the nonlinear relationship between the variables under ‎consideration. Based on the results, the threshold for inflation for ‎developed countries is 7.99 and for developing countries is 12.11. ‎On the other hand, the slope parameter (transmission velocity) is ‎also 3.11 and 0.22 in developed and developing countries, ‎respectively. The results indicate that the inflation rate in both ‎regimes (first and second regimes) has a negative effect on ‎economic growth. While in developing countries, the variable ‎inflation rate in the first-order diet has a positive effect and in the ‎second-order diet has a negative effect on economic growth.‎

Considering the benefits of national tourism industry development, many studies identified effective factors on tourism attraction. But most of these studies focus on foreign tourists and believe income and exchange rate are effective in tourist attraction. While due to Michel Porter’s theory (1990), competitive advantage, to develop tourism industry first domestic tourism should be in consider. Porter believes the industries could succeed the global competition that, the firms of the industry promote their performance and ability by creating competition within the country. So, different region’s competition within the country is important in tourism industry development.These items emphasize to consider the effective factors on different provinces' competitiveness about tourist attraction. So the study answers these questions: Which factors are effective on provinces competitiveness in tourist attraction and national tourism industry development? Which are the priorities of national tourism development due to the interactional effect between factors and long run casual relations? Based on theoretical framework, there are two approaches in analyzing effective factors on tourism attraction. First approach is demand – driven ,which is due to the assumption that “ the destination provocates people satisfactory emotions and believes and meet their need”( Hu & Ritchie(1993)).On the other hand the supply – driven approach in tourism industry focuses on services which are prepared and designed for the tourists of the destination.
The above approaches in different studies has been done in various forms. Based on the literature the effective factors on the number of the tourists divides in to four groups, the first group is related to the supply side factors including infrastructures like nation’s accommodation, transportation infrastructure, health and government credits. The Second group is related to educational and medical potentials and cultural and natural attractions. The third group includes tourism region features like population and Geographical distance, the fourth group is related to the tourist’s individual characteristics like income. According to the theoretical framework and previous studies, the analyzing model presented below:(1)
Here t shows the time, i is the province also TU, HO, TWA, BE, HS, CR, NCU, EDU, DS, NI, PU and DI are respectively number of the tourists. The total number of nation’s accommodation ,main roads length including highways and freeways in terms of Kilometer, health index in terms of the number of beds of province’s medical centers, health index in terms of specialist , government’s province’s development credits in terms of billion riyals, the number of cultural centers , the number of university students. Dummy variable is for Northern provinces and Tehran, province’s per capita income (except destination province), population and Geographical distance. To evaluate the above model, panel data approach with the information of 31 provinces of Iran during (2011-2014) is used.
After model estimation and determining the share of each factor, factors long run relation and causality direction of each effective factor on tourism attraction is analyzed by using Johansen-Juselius cointegration test and error correction models (1990) .So each factor's position among the other factors is specified .As there are many factors which are used in the base model to analyze public infrastructures and provinces attractions. So in analyzing long run relations and causality direction among factors the principle component approach is used to extract a factor for the infrastructures and another factor for attractions. The results in the form of panel data and due to normalized factors show that supply side factors (the number of Nation's Accommodations and public infrastructures) comparing to demand side factors (artistic, cultural and natural attractions and target province’s health facilities) play an important role on tourists final decision. Then by analyzing interactions between tourism effective factors and long term relationships due to Johansson’s cointegration approach and error correction models , long term casual relationship is approved from the number of nation’s accommodation and public infrastructures toward tourism attractions and the number of tourists. These results show that among the tourism effective factors, generating public facilities and encouraging privet sector to establish accommodation by provincial authorities has a strategic role in promoting tourism attraction and developing province’s tourism industry. The results of the study emphasizes on tourism infrastructures and the government’s key role. In addition the nation's accommodation construction, which usually built by private sector, cause tourist attraction and has a main role in tourism industry development which increases by government’s policies and encouragements.
Due to the importance of competition among provinces in national tourism development, the study results emphasize the necessity to pay attention to provinces' balanced allocation of public facilities for competition creation among provinces to attract tourist. In other words, if distribution inequality of facilities and public infrastructures among provinces decreases, deprived provinces capacity of tourist attraction will increase and this will reinforce the competition of tourist attraction among provinces.
Deprived provinces enjoyment of public facilities lead to recognition of tourism attractions and these provinces' competition will upgrade which causes tourism attraction reinforcement.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of both import and the firm entrance into industrial markets on Iran’s manufacturing sector performance. To achieve this goal, using dynamic panel data and the Nickell residual approach, the impacts of degree of competition and technology gap on the growth of productivity were estimated. our findings indicate that increasing import would lead to increasing productivity in industries with low technology gap due to competition escape effect, while in high technology  gap industries lead to decreasing productivity  because of  Schumpeterian effect. In addition, the results confirm that the entry of new firms into the market does not stimulate the Schumpeterian and competition escape mechanisims. The results also indicate that the entrance of potentials firms brings about the improving the productivity in monopolistic industries  and worsening  productivity in competitive industries.

To investigate the possibility of establishing taxes on deposit interest in Iran، the deadweight losses due to deposit supply and loan demand is estimated by using annual data for the period of (1973-2012). The results show that by establishing one unit of tax on deposit interest rate during 2010 and as a result one percent interest rate increase، deadweight losses will be 3،137 and the government’s revenue will be 19،076 billion Rials. While the depositor''s tax burden will be 0. 97 and tax burden of loan applicant will be 0. 03 out of one unit of tax on deposit interest. The findings also indicate that the banks play a positive role in leading the deposits toward investment while government expenditure has a negative impact on private sector''s investment (a part of which is from income tax). Furthermore، the efficiency of private investment in effecting on production comparing to public investment is higher. These results indicate the fact that the interest tax will cause distortion in the allocation of resources and social losses will be followed.

The studies show if the wages are assigned by productivity، with wage discrepancy increase، income inequality will be caused by productivity increase. So by estimating total productivity the relation between productivity and income inequality index will be estimated by using econometrics model in Iran during (1974-2009). The results show that not only income inequality has a relation with unemployment and inflation but also has positive relation with total factor productivity (and labor productivity) on the other hand when the share of wage and salary caused by productivity growth increase، the income inequality will increase significantly. According to the positive relation of productivity with wage and salary these results show that productivity increase will cause income inequality by expanding inequality of wage and salary.

The impacts of market structure on productivity, having been studied through a variety of mechanisms, can be analyzed by using the factors related to market structure and productivity. This paper, studies the relationship between market structure and productivity in Iran's manufacturing sector, during 1995 – 2007. The results show that market competitive structure has positive effects on productivity but adverse effects on the growth of productivity. Monopoly structure and its profitability improves productivity growth by encouraging the firms to make investment in R&D. In monopoly industries the net entrance of firms produces positive effects, while in the competitive industries it results in negative effects on productivity growth. During the boom time, the growth of productivity in competitive industries, due to further entrance of firms, decreases, but in monopoly industries it increases which is the result of encouraging the firms to make investments and expand their market size. In addition, for both monopoly and competitive structures, imports enhance productivity growth by encouraging firms to reduce their expenses and increase their profitability. Keywords:

Trade Policies are one of the effective factors on the environment and performance of enterprises’ activities. The effectiveness level of such policies in the performance of enterprises, most particularly in their efficiency is influenced by the market competition. This paper tries to measure determining factors of productivity in Iran’s industries while focusing on the competitive degree within the period of protection policies (1995-2001) and trade liberalization period (2002-2007). The findings indicate that market power has directly led to the growth in productivity of industries. Although tariffs cuts have decreased the direct effect of market power on productivity growth (except for low-protected monopolistic industries), the market power has augmented productivity in Iran’s industries through exerting competitive pressure on monopolistic industries, motivating for innovation, introducing efficient enterprises and employing human capitals. Meanwhile, tariff cuts have encouraged the enterprises working in low-protected monopolistic industries to compete with foreign producers and grow their productivity. Yet, tariff cuts have decreased productivity growth in monopolistic industries that have access to medium level of protection. This indicates that the extent of tariff cuts has been more than the amount needed to encourage the medium-protected industries to compete with foreign producers and to improve productivity.

We expect energy use to decrease with any increase in its relative price through substitution of other goods for energy. In this process we attach importance to the extent and speed of substitution. In this study we estimate a dynamic and two level (nested) CES production function for manufacturing establishments with ten workers and more on the basis of observations for the period 1346-1386 (1967-2007). The results indicate that, capital and energy have a complementary relationship while labor has a substituting relationship with both capital and energy.The speed of labor substitution to energy (54%) is higher than it is with respect to capital (42%).On the other hand, studying the energy demand determints (energy price and production) in the period before and after the real price increase of various forms of energy, indicates increasing importance of price and reduced influence of production on demand for energy after energy prices were liberalized. We can thus conclude that the increase in energy prices is associated with increasing price and substitution elasticity in the long run, hence leading producers to be more flexible in substituting labor for energy, as a result increasing employment

Competitiveness, which is presented in the advantage theorie's evolutionary and change in concept of competition, emphasizes the continuous growth of productivity & income per capita in international compeitition process. Estimation of competitiveness is done due to world economic forum's information, expressed in three sub indexes basic requirements, efficiency and innovation, and using effective variables for the south west Asian countries with panel data. According to this estimation Iran’s rank between the countries involved in this study is seven that in comparing to the rank announced by world economic forum’s (10) shows a better state. The results show that the effect of oil revenue in oil countries on competitiveness is just through basic requirements sub index and the non oil countries have improved their competitiveness through efficiency sub index. Analyzing the relation between the basic requirements, efficiency and innovation’s components shows that although Iran’s basic requirements’ score is in a better state in comparing to other countries involved in this study but Iran has some components of basic requirements that have less effect on efficiency and innovation sub indexes (like primary education and health).

Competitiveness index presented by World Economic Forum in the Framework of three factors, i.e. basic requirements, efficiency, and innovation indicates that as far as the “basic requirements” factor is concerned, Iran enjoys a relatively better status than other countries considered in the study though some of these requirements, namely basic education and health are less influential in efficiency and innovation. Studying the points gained on three factors of basic requirements, efficiency, and innovation was indicative of Iran’s weakness in competitive advantage. Given the influential macroeconomic variables, analyzing the competitive advantage as well as the competitive strengths and weaknesses of Iran and other regional countries indicates that efficiency is crucial factor to increase competitiveness. Therefore the results demonstrate that Iran’s priorities to enhance competitiveness with the aim of meeting the goals of 20-year vision plan would be as follows: efficiency of supporting and competitive policies, reforming laws and procedures of labor market, financial markets development, paying attention to inflation effects of policies, using capacities of existing laws and reforming them in the domain of intellectual property and foreign investment, enhancing supervision and evaluation powers, and finally reforming the present standards.