sirwan babaei

Bedding plants are important elements in landscape construction, and their cultivation is limited by drought stress. Improving the cultivation medium of these flowers with organic materials such as biochar can be a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution to increase their tolerance to drought stress. For this purpose, a greenhouse research was conducted to mitigate the effects of drought on morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of African marigold by application of rice husk biochar. The factorial experiment was conducted with two factors of irrigation treatment at three levels of 100, 50 and 25% of the field capacity (FC) and biochar at three levels of 0, 3.5 and 7% (w/w) in a completely randomized design with 5 replications. The results showed that drought decreased the morphological factors of shoot height, shoot dry weight, number of leaves, number of lateral branches, number of flowers, and length and diameter of flowers, so their lowest value were obtained in 25% FC. Furthermore, the use of biochar improved the morphological traits mentioned under drought conditions. The activity of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes, hydrogen peroxide content, proline, malondialdehyde, soluble carbohydrates, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid increased under drought conditions. The use of biochar reduced these biochemical traits under drought conditions. Furthermore, relative water content of leaf, cell membrane stability index and soluble proteins showed a decreasing trend under drought conditions, and the use of biochar led to the improvement of these traits. In general, 7% biochar was more effective than 3.5% in reducing the adverse effects of drought stress. Therefore, 7% rice husk biochar can be recommended as a suitable soil improver to increase tolerance to drought stress in bedding plants for landscape purposes, although more investigations are needed both under field cultivation and at other applied amounts.

The emergence of herbicide resistance in weeds is one of the factors threatening yield reduction in wheat fields in Iran. A greenhouse study was conducted in 1401 in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Kurdistan in order to investigate the resistance of weeds to common herbicides in wheat fields in some western cities of the country, including Kamyaran, Dehgolan, Saqqez, Sanandaj, Shushtar, Ilam and Kermanshah. At the end of the growing season, seeds were collected in fields where farmers were dissatisfied with the effectiveness of herbicides in controlling weeds and suspected resistance. Results showed that out of 44 examined stands, three populations of Avena ludoviciana showed resistance to Clodinafop propargyl. The results of investigating the effect of six herbicides used in wheat on clodinafop-propargyl resistant masses showed that all of them were significantly more sensitive to the two Sulfosulfuron and mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron + diflufenican, indicating a negative cross-resistance in these populations. One of the reasons for negative cross-resistance in clodinafop-resistant stands is that these stands are far less competent than sensitive stands. Negative cross-resistance in clodinafop-resistant weeds can be considered a weakness in adopting strategies for managing weeds resistant to this herbicide.

Waxy-leaved mustard (Boreava orientalis Jaub. and Spach.) is an invasive species recently reported in Kurdistan province in western Iran with allelopathic properties. To evaluate the effect of the extract of different parts of waxy-leaved mustard on wheat germination, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Iran. The allelopathic potential of waxy-leaved mustard's root, leaf, stem, and flower were evaluated, and secondary metabolite compounds were identified. Effect of Alcohol extracts at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% of roots, leaves, stems, and flowers of waxy-leaved mustard were evaluated on wheat germination Indicators. Increasing extract concentration significantly increased the inhibition of seed germination and caused a decrease in germination rate, reduction of stem length, and reduction of seed vigor index. Alcoholic extracts of waxy-leaved mustard flowers had significantly more effect compared to the alcoholic extracts of roots, even at the lowest concentration (1%). The results of this study show that waxy-leaved mustard has a strong allelopathic potential, which emphasizes the importance of reducing its allelopathic effects and developing effective management strategies for mitigating invasion risk and thereby protecting crops like wheat.

In order to study the competitive ability of wheat against weeds as affected by cultivar and nitrogen fertilizer application method, an experiment was conducted under farm condition in 2015-2016. The experiment design was factorial arranged in RCBD with three replications. The treatments were: A factor included wheat cultivars(Atilla, Sirwan, Chamran2, Shiroodi and Atilla weed polluted as control), B factor included nitrogen fertilizer application method included (broadcasting, strip application and split application). Urea fertilizer was used as Nitrogen source. Results showed that the highest weed dry weight (10.74g) obtained from broadcast application of fertilizer and the lowest weed dry weight (5.53g) obtained from split application of fertilizer. The highest dry weight of weeds belonged to Sirwan cultivar and broadcast application of fertilizer and The lowest dry weight of weeds belonged to Chamran 2 and Shiroodi cultivars and split application of fertilizer. competitive ability of Sirwan and Chamran 2 cultivars against weeds , was less than other cultivars and density and dry weight of weeds was more in different stages of sampling. The highest yield belonged to split application method and the lowest yield belonged to broadcasting method of fertilizer application.

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) belongs to the Rosaceae family. One of the most critical challenges of strawberry production is the plants that cause problems in harvesting and reduced yield. This study was carried out to identify weed flora in strawberry growing regions in Kurdistan province. In this study, determining the genus and species of common weeds in the strawberry fields of two regions was investigated. For this purpose, 13 farms in 6 villages in the Kamyaran region and 11 farms at 11 villages in the Marivan region with the more cultivated area than their surrounding villages were selected. The results of weed flora study in Sanandaj-Kamyaran axis farms showed that the most prevalent weeds in Sanandaj-Kamyaran axis strawberry fields are related to broadleaf weeds including (Convolvulus arvensis L.), (Cirsium arvense), (Acroptilon repens), (Setaria viridis L.), (Allium canadense L.) and (Vicia persica Boiss) with dominance index of 201.5, 200, 193.72, 193.48, 192.24 and 190.64 respectively. The first three weeds were perennial weeds, and the last one was an annual weed. However, among the narrow-leaves annual weeds, (Setaria viridis) had the highest prevalence index (193.48) due to traditional irrigation using rivers and streams, which carry weed seeds in their path. However, in the Marivan region, all species had a high prevalence index, although Portulaca oleracea L. and Cynodon dactylon L. had a higher dominance index than the others

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. response to some pre-planting and post-emergence herbicides application in Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Tehran, in 2015. The experimental design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven treatments and four replications. Treatments were trifluralin, pendimethalin, metribuzin as pre-planting herbicides and imazethapyr, rimsulfuron, bentazon as post-emergence herbicides as well as no herbicide application (control). Fresh weight, dry weight, survival percent and visual evaluation (EWRC) of seedlings (15 and 28 days after spraying) were measured. Results showed that the treatments were significantly different in terms of fresh weight, dry weight and seedling survival percent (P < 0.01). The highest weed fresh weight reduction percent compared to the control belonged to metribuzin application with 92.4%, that there was no significant difference with imazethapyr. Metribuzin with 83.8% had the highest dry weight reduction percent compared to the control. Visual evaluation in both periods of time showed that the post-emergence herbicides had the significant effect on weed seedlings. This study was a primary investigation to select a proper herbicide in chemical management of C. colocynthis, therefore, the results can be used for herbicides screening in supplementary experiments.

Wax y -leaved mustard Boreava orientalis Jaub. and Spach. has recently become farmland invasive weed in the Kurdistan province , Iran. Hence this study was conducted better to understand the seed germination ec ology of B. orientalis. Therefore, in this study, the effect of temperature and osmotic potential, salinity , and burial depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of B. orientalis was investigated in the Weed Research Laboratory of the University of Kurdistan in 2020 . Seed germination of B. orientalis was determined at 10, 20, 30 , and 35 °C. Boreava orientalis seeds were germinated in an aqueous solution with the osmotic potential of 0, 3, 6, 9 , and 12 MPa. The levels of salt stress consisted of control 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM. The burial depths were 0, 3, 6, 9 , and 12 cm. The results revealed that germination started at 5 ºC with 0 osmotic potential , and no germination occurred at 30 and 35 °C with different osmotic potentials. The Lowest germination was at 30 and 35 °C; the highest was at 0 Mm NaCl concentration, and the lowest was at 200 Mm of NaCl. The highest germination was at 0 depth , and the lowest was at 12 cm. T hese results indicate that the germination of this weed species is sensitive and thus greatly reduced under drought and high -temperature conditions. It was also sensitive to both salinity stress and deep burial.

In order to investigate the effect of different chemical and non-chemical weed control approaches in strawberry fields, this study was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in a perennial strawberry field in Sanandaj in 2019. Treatments included some pre (indaziflam and trifluralin) and post-emergence (tribenuron methyl and clodinafop propargyl) emergence herbicides and non-chemical methods including hand weeding, vinegar, mulches (transparent and black poly ethylene, straw and sawdust), flaming and check. The results showed that different treatments had significant effects on most of the studied traits of strawberry and weeds.  Weed biomass had a significant decrease (97%) after indaziflam application compared to weed infested treatment. Tribenuron methyl and sawdust mulch had no differences from hand weeding and reduced weed biomass by 86% compared to weed infested. Also, sawdust and indaziflam resulted in the highest strawberry yield (703.02 and 686.51 g.m-2) compared to the other methods. In general, indaziflam and sawdust not only had not negative effect on strawberry fruit, but also due to the proper weed control effects, they increase the strawberry yield (126 and 131%, respectively, compared to the weed-infested check) and can be used as recommended weed control method in these fields.

In recent years, the phenomenon of dusts caused by global warming and dehydration or drying of water resources, agricultural production as well as an environment has confronted a serious challenge. Dusts is one of the most important atmospheric phenomena and natural disasters, which is also considered as part of climate change and in recent years has gone out of its natural course and occurs in the western and southwestern regions of Iran. The destructive effects of dusts include reduced light reaching the plant, reduced yield of agricultural products, soil fertility reduction, disruption of mechanical systems and communications and the occurrence of respiratory problems.

In order to investigate the effects of dust on the physiological and morphological traits of crops, a pot experiment was conducted in the field research of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, located in Dehgolan. This factorial experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Experimental factors included dust at 2 levels (with and without dust) and crop at 3 levels (cucumber, tomato and bean). After crossing of each dust system through the province, the dust was collected using reported methods. Dust spraying was done on the surface of crops (beans, tomatoes and cucumbers) in the middle of the growing period and early flowering stage. Then, 10 days after application of dust, physiological traits including chlorophyll content, protein concentration, proline content and soluble carbohydrates of leaves as well as morphological traits including leaf and stem weight and plant height were measured.

The results of this study showed that the effect of dust on the content of total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a, proline, protein and water-soluble carbohydrate was significant, while the dust had no significant effect on the content of chlorophyll b and soluble carbohydrate in alcohol. The results also showed that dust had a significant effect on leaf and stem weight and height of cucumber, tomato and bean. Also, different plants had significant differences in leaf weight and height. According to the obtained results, in general, tomato plant had more affected by dust than beans and cucumber and most of the measured traits were reduced, which is probably due to having more hairs on the leaf surface. In fact, dust by reducing the content of chlorophyll, soluble protein and soluble carbohydrate in the leaves and increasing the content of proline leads to a significant reduction in leaf and stem dry weight in cucumbers, tomatoes and beans, as well as a significant reduction in height in cucumbers and beans. It has been suggested that these damages may be due to reduced photosynthesis in crops. Cluster analysis of different traits and treatments also showed that the physiological traits of soluble carbohydrates in water were more correlated with each other and were in the same cluster with plant height.

The decline in crop yields in recent years, which is sometimes reported by farmers, may be due to the presence of dust and also the inhibition of the absorption of micronutrients through foliar application. Therefore, it is recommended that when dust systems pass through the area, if possible, sprinkler irrigation would be used to prevent dust damage.

In order to evaluate the effect of different methods in control of weeds in pumpkin fields, an experiment was conducted based on randomized completely block design with four replications in 2019. Treatments consisted of weed free, complete weeding, mulch (clear and dark plastic), intercropping with quinoa, once weeding and three herbicides: Trifluralin (7.5 liters of commercial material per hectare) before planting and after crop growth, indaziflam (100 ml commercial material per hectare), pendimethalin (6 liters commercial material per hectare). Indaziflam and pendimethalin chemical treatments were applied after emergence on July. Results showed that the dark plastic mulch caused the maximum dry matter (141.4 g/m2) and fresh (289.8 g/m2) weight of pumpkin leaf and the maximum dry matter (78.5 g/m2) and fresh (641.6 g/m2) weight of pumpkin shoot in comparison of other treatments. In addition, dry matter of weeds got decrease up to 90 percent just through by type of dark plastic from mulch treatment and 97 percent by clear one. Furthermore, it caused 49 and 129 percent increasing respectively in fresh and dry matter weight of pumpkin. On condition of chemical control, using Trifluralin herbicide before of planting caused the fruit diameter (13.4 cm), fruit area (46 cm) and seed (35.5 g) dry matter of pumpkin so improved the yield in comparison other chemical treatments. Finally, using different mulching treatment got yield increased up to maximum, proper control of weeds and decreased the environmental pollution through decreasing of chemical materials.

To determine the cardinal temperatures and variation of ground cherry′s germination, an experimentwas conducted based on a completely randomized design with 4replications in the weed laboratory at Kurdistan University in 2018. Treatments were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 42.5 ºC. Also, the effect of seed burial (20 cm) duration on germination variations, another experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with 8 levels of seed burial time (1 and 2 weeks, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 months) with 4replications. Furthermore, to investigate the germination, the cumulative germination and germination speed were measured in both tests. Results showed that 5 and 10 ºC have no effect on ground cherry′s germination but others temperatures significantly (p= 0.05) changed germination speed and cumulative germination. The best temperatures for cumulative germination parameter were 40 and 42.5 ºC and the worst was the 20 ºC. Additionally, both parameters were significantly (p= 0.05) affected by the seed burial duration in all treatments, so that the maximum cumulative germination (a), slope of germination variation (b), and time to 50% of germination (t0) parameters were minimized in all seed burial duration treatments but there was a significant difference between seed burial duration, especially between short periods and longer periods. Finally, it can be said that in infested area with ground cherry′s, using deep tillage and burying seeds deep in the soil and after that using minimum or no tillage, the rate of contamination may be significantly reduced.

Broomrape has no chlorophyll and is absolute parasites for dicotyledonous plants that Its more scattered range in warm and dry and semi-arid areas in temperate and Mediterranean countries, eastern Europe and south America and the middle east, including Iran. parasitic weed especially broomrape due to reduced yields and increased production costs in cucumbers has special importance. The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cucumber to glyphosate and sulfosulfuron herbicides and determining the appropriate rate and frequency of application. So, an experiment was performed in research field of university of Kurdistan.

The experiment in the spring and summer (25 May to the end of September) was carried to potted method the field in the free space in 2018 in a randomized complete block design with four replications in each iteration consists of 25 herbicide treatments, as follows: treatment 1) controls were infected with broomrape and without of application herbicide, treatments 2-5) glyphosate herbicide (SL36%) 20, 40, 60 and 80 g.ai/ha one time application, treatments 6-9) sulfosulfuron herbicide (WG 75%) 25, 50, 75 and 100 g.ai/ha one time application, treatments 10 and 11) glyphosate herbicide 20 and 40 g.ai/ha twice application, treatments 12 and 13) sulfosulfuron herbicide 25 and 50 g.ai/ha twice application, treatments 14-16) glyphosate herbicide 20, 40 and 60 g.ai/ha three times applications, treatments 17-19) sulfosulfuron herbicide 25, 50 and 75 g.ai/ha three times applications, combined treatments 20-22) herbicides sulfosulfuron 25 + glyphosate 20 g.ai/ha twice application, glyphosate 40 + sulfosulfuron 50 g.ai/ha twice application and sulfosulfuron 50 + glyphosate 40 g.ai/ha twice application, combined treatments 23-25) herbicides glyphosate 20 + sulfosulfuron 25 + glyphosate 40 g.ai/ha three times applications, sulfosulfuron 25 + glyphosate 40 + sulfosulfuron 50 g.ai/ha three times applications and glyphosate 40 + sulfosulfuron 50 + glyphosate 40 g.ai/ha three times applications. The first stage of application of the treatments was 15 days after emergence of cucumber seeds and the interval between two replications was 14 days.

The results of this study showed that cucumbers were more susceptible to sulfosulfuron herbicide. Application of sulfosulfuron 75 g.ai/ha with one-time application, sulfosulfuron 25, 50 and 75 g.ai/ha with three times application, sulfosulfuron 50 + glyphosate 40 g.ai/ha with twice application, and combined treatments were used three times in all studied traits in host and broomrape compared to control at 1% level. However, control broomrape effect phytotoxicity on plant host and therefore their application was not recommended. due to the sensitivity of cucumber and the lower toxicity effect, glyphosate treatments of 20 one time application and three times application (g.ai/ha) and glyphosate 40 one time application (g.ai/ha) respectively with 247%, 215% and 151% increase compared to control treatment and in addition to control of broomrape, less Phytotoxicity was observed on the host plant.

The best results considering both broomrape (P. aegyptiaca) control and selectivity in cucumber was obtained by one times application and three times application at 20 (g.ai/ha) and one times application at 40 (g.ai/ha) of glyphosate.

To evaluate the amount of yield changes, some yield components and weeds control under the presence or absence of airborne dust, an experiment was conducted in the research field of the University of Kurdistan, (Dehgolan) in 2017. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in which treatments were arranged as split-plot with four replications. The experimental treatments include the levels of the airborne dust application (the existence of airborne dust and non-existence of airborne dust as the control) and also application of various herbicides included mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron (Atlantis OD), 2,4-D + MCPA, clodinafop propargyl, weedy control, and hand weeding control, which all can be considered as the main factor. The results showed that the highest dry weight of weeds, decreased yield and studied traits (6.3% decrease in height, 2.9% number of grains per spike, 4.72% the thousand seed weight and finally 10.3% decrease in grain yield) was observed due to the existence of airborne of dust .The most negative impact of dust on the 2,4-D herbicide (reduction of 64% herbicide efficiency) was observed, but the efficiency of mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron didn’t decrease under the effect of airborne dust. In conclusion, the highest weed dry weight loss was related to mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron treatment.

In field studies of weeds in the wheat fields of Kurdistan province, Iran, an alien plant from Brassicaceae species were observed for the flora of the province. This plant has been a weed in the wheat fields of Dehgolan, Ghorveh, Bijar and Divandareh (all of Kurdistan, Iran) for less than a past decade and its population has increased extremely in the last three to four years. According to the Turkish flora, this plant is nominated waxy leaved mustard and its scientific name is Boreava orientalis Jaub & Spach. The flora of Iran introduced this species as the synonym of Isatis quadrualata. In this study, weed density and distribution of B. orientalis was investigated in three regions, Dehgolan, Ghorveh and Bijar, and 15 fields from each region and compared with common weeds of the region. Data were collected by observational method and scoring was performed on a scale of 0 to 100. GIS software (ver. 10) was used to construct the distribution map of this weed and sampling data were interpolated using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method. The results of this study showed that the regions infected to waxy leaved mustard were more in Sanandaj to Dehgolan, Sanandaj to Bijar and Dehgolan to Bijar path and weed density in these areas was about 40 plants/m2. The seeds of this weed will fall after maturity and before harvesting wheat and germinate under favorable environmental conditions from late November to late December. The distribution of waxy leaved mustard is clumpy and in some fields covers about 35% of the field surface and wheat yield loss at this high densities was estimated to be 70%. The density of this weed in the irrigated fiels is higher than in the dry fields and causes more damage. Although this weed has been present in the region for about six years, but its spread is intense and worrying. It is recommended that more comprehensive studies be carried out on the different characteristics and appropriate methods of controlling this weed.

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of various adjuvants on reducing Hordeum spontaneum damage in wheat fields at Karaj, Kamyaran and Marvdasht during 2013 and 2014. Treatments comprised sulfosulfuron, sulfosulfuron + ammonium sulfate, sulfosulfuron + volck oil, sulfosulfuron + fenitrothion (a phosphorus insecticide), sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron all in recommended doses and check plots. Results revealed that there were similarities among locations of experiment. Furthermore, sulfosulfuron + ammonium sulfate had the highest efficiency to control H. spontaneum compared to other treatments. In general, although herbicide + adjuvant applications in second nod of the weed had the highest effect on fresh and dry weight, weight and seed diameter (10, 15, 18, and 9 percent respectively) of H. spontaneum, its application in tillering stage was superior because of better control of other weeds and likewise enhanced wheat characteristics. Also, sole application of sulfosulfuron had the lowest effect on H. spontaneum control. According to these results applying sulfosulfuron + ammonium sulfate in the tillering stage of H. spontaneum was recommended in infested areas.

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of some trap crop on Egyptian broomrape damage reduction in tomato. A randomized complete block design with four replications was carried out in Agronomy Faculty, University of Tehran, Karaj, during 2008 & 2009. In the first year, seven trap crops including Egyptian clover, sesame, mungbean common Flax, garlic, cotton, and black-eyed pea were cultivated in pots and harvested at the end of the season. In the next year tomato transplants were cultivated in the same pots and after two months, pots were evaluated. Shoot and root weight of tomato, weight and number of tomato fruit, stem and tuber dry weight of broom rape, number of stems and tubers of broomrape were measured. Results showed that sesame, common flax and Black-eyed pea had the most significant decrease in broomrape dry weight separately 98.6, 75.2, and 74.4 percent and number of broomrape stems respectively 100, 83.5 and 50.9 compared to without trap crop treatment and subsequently caused increasing in tomato yield. These plants have the great potential to broomrape damage reduction and can be used in rotation in infested soils with broomrape seeds.

An outdoor pot-experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of various fertilizers on reduction Phelipanche aegyptiaca damage in tomato at Research Farm of University of Tehran, Karaj, during 2008 and 2009. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Treatments comprised ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate and urea each at rates of 150 and 300 kg/ha and ammonium sulfate at 250 and 500 kg/ha. In this research control pot for the first year was sowing Phelipanche aegyptiaca seed and in the second year, control without Phelipanche aegyptiaca seed also was included. Results in the first year showed that Ammonium sulfate applied at 250 and 500 kg/ha and control without broomrape was the most effective treatments in increasing tomato yield and reducing broomrape damage. Ammonium phosphate and urea both at 150 kg/ha and ammonium sulfate at 250 kg/ha had most tomato dry weight while the minimum was belonged to ammonium nitrate used at 150 and 300 kg/ha. Ammonium phosphate applied at rates of 150 and 300 kg/ha decreased aerial and tuber dry weight of broomrape more than other treatments. According to these results applying ammonium sulfate at 250 kg/ha for broomrape control in tomato is the best treatment