soma rahmani

 Numerous studies have shown that innovation and entrepreneurship play a key role in different aspects including economic development, quality of life, and competitiveness on a global scale. Despite of similar parts that the regions have, their potentials, territorial assets, cultures and ways of thinking are diverse that guides them in choosing their unique development path. In this regard, studies of innovation systems reject the use of the same policies to design and guide the path of innovation-based development and consider it necessary to pay special attention to the different characteristics affecting innovation in each region.Previous studies of regional development have not dealt with the impact of social factors on regional innovation behavior due to its geographical breadth and historical depth, the existence of different ethnic groups with different cultures and at the same time centralized policy-making. Therefore, the study of entrepreneurship from a local perspective that shows the cultures, values, traditions, views and potentials of each region in Iran can provide a useful approach to formulate political and legal requirements to pave the correct way for effective use of the entrepreneurship concept based on culture and especial social structure based on every region. Entrepreneurship in the cultural sector needs more attention and support.   The most important reasons are due to the requirements of production and consumption of cultural goods, prevention of foreign culture spread in country, and the high potential of cultural industries to develop and create employment. Considering the cultural diversity in our country, it is very important to identify opportunities and potential talents in the field of local businesses in each specific region of the country and in such a context, the capacities and capabilities of the local subcultures of Iranian society and the role they can play in the process of local and national development should be discussed. Since Iran has different regions and climates with various cultural, social, geographical, etc. so it is necessary to identify the potentials and conditions of each region for economic and social policy-making. Regarding the urgent need to address the aforementioned challenges, this study conducted. The purpose of this study is to explain the variables of local entrepreneurship according to the potentials of different regions of Iran using a Meta-Synthesis Review. To conduct this research, all researches related to local entrepreneurship between 2006 and 2020 were reviewed. Finally, 91 articles were selected and reviewed. Results ana We did the analyze of dates according to the steps presented by Barroso and Sandlowski in seven steps, 1. Defining the objectives of the research; 2. Systematic study of background; 3. Searching and selecting appropriate researches; 4. Information extraction; 5. Analysis and composition of findings from qualitative studies; 6. Quality control and 7. Findings, . In order to use newer sources, research related to the research topic was considered in the period 2006 to 2020. After reviewing the titles and abstracts of the researches, 263 related researches were selected. After reviewing the research abstract, 152 articles that had the most similarity and relevance to the research topic were selected.In this study, to validate the proposed model from the point of view of the focus group (experts), including two faculty members of Mazandaran University with entrepreneurial expertise and two PhD graduates in policy-making, was used in a systematic design and using the opinion. Experts in this field and making repeated corrections the validity of the research was reviewed and approved. In other words, to ensure the validity of the results with specific criteria of qualitative research, the necessary studies including acceptability and verification were performed. To increase the acceptance, the review method was used by experts and some experts in this field. For verification, in the final stage of the obtained classes, several experts were sent to review and confirm the submission and suggested points.Then, to evaluate the quality, with the help of selected experts, the 50-point scale of the Critical Assessment Skills Program was used and the researches were reviewed. The range of scores was considered as follows: Studies with a total score between 40 and 50 were considered excellent, 31 to 40 were very good, 21 to 30 were moderate, 11 to 20 were poor, and 0 to 10 were very poor. At this stage, 61 articles were deleted for scoring less than 30, and finally 91 articles were reviewed. In the present study, all the factors extracted through library studies were considered as a component (code). The information of each article (journal name, year of publication, authors' names, key variables, research result, proposed solutions and the province of the research) was entered in a table and a code (letter A and one number) was assigned to each research. Because some of the research was conducted in a specific city and village and the task of surveying spatial information was difficult, the province of that particular village or city was used to match the regions. Then, table (2) was prepared for presentation in this research. In the first column, the general classification of key indicators of local entrepreneurship extracted from research, in the second column, the concepts extracted from each research and in the third column, the codes related to related research are examined. Has been obtained and in front of each code, the province related to the research is listed.   The results showed the 12 components of local entrepreneurship, including: artistic entrepreneurship, tourism entrepreneurship, rural entrepreneurship, women entrepreneurship, cultural entrepreneurship, regional entrepreneurship, sustainable entrepreneurship, traditional entrepreneurship, Wisely entrepreneurship, religious entrepreneurship, green entrepreneurship, medical entrepreneurship, and agricultural entrepreneurship were identified as explanatory components. Three components of rural entrepreneurship (26%); Tourism entrepreneurship (18%) and cultural entrepreneurship (12%) had the highest repetition rates among the research topics. According to the classification of regions, it was found that the highest number of articles on local entrepreneurship was related to the provinces of Tehran, Isfahan, Zanjan, Bushehr, and Mazandaran, which are among the most successful regions in the country's innovation systems. It is suggested that legal and systemic requirements and policies should be formulated to take advantage of these opportunities by both the local of the regions, and the whole country according to the local entrepreneurial potentials, and the gaps and shortcomings ahead of these potentials in each region. It is suggested that the status of each component of local entrepreneurship in the macro and sectoral policies of relevant institutions should be examined. One of the most important tools is the smart specialization strategy. Intelligent specialization is one of the newest regional development strategies which states that each region should set specific priorities according to the potential of the region, which is most appropriate in order to stimulate entrepreneurial culture and promote innovation in that region. It is suggested that future research using similar tools or instruments identify the local entrepreneurial priorities of each region.

This paper aims to investigate transition paths and reasons of failure of Iran’s wind turbines industry in transition to sustainability successfully. In this regard, a qualitative approach and case study strategy have been used. For this purpose, based on type of national innovation system, the transition path and sustainability transition status of the wind turbines industry in selected countries were studied. Then the historical evolution of wind turbines industry in Iran has been surveyed from 1988 to 2020, and the current situation of this industry based on sustainable transitions and multilevel level perspective theoretical framework (MLP) and transition paths in each period of development has been identified. In the next step, the reasons of failure in the development stages of the industry are extracted based on the qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with industry experts. Then, based on innovative logic in the literature of innovation policies and the experiences of the studied countries, appropriate policy proposals are presented to pave the way for the transition of Iran’s wind turbines industry. The results of this study show that transition of Iran's wind turbines industry has been identified in the three stages, the path of first stage (1988-2007) was of the transformation path type, the second stage (2007-2016) was of the reconfiguration type. However, in the third stage (2016-2020), Iran's wind turbines industry has not been able to use technological alternatives to transition to sustainability because of some reasons such as directionality failure, demand articulation failure, policy coordination failure and reflexivity failure.

This study aims to analyze the current technological status of the steel industry in Iran. It studies the factors affecting the failure of technological catch-up in the steel value chain and provides appropriate policy solutions for the development of this industry. To attain this aim, the paper chose the qualitative methodological strategy. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 21 experts in Iran’s steel industry and then, a qualitative content analysis method was applied to analyze the interviews. Then, the most important and effective factors were determined by mobilizing a focus group consisting of 5 Iranian steel experts. The findings show that the most important barriers to successful catching up, divided at three levels of national, sectoral, and enterprise analysis. The most important factors, according to the focus group, are weakness in research and development, international constraints, complex and time-consuming bureaucracies in receiving support, the weak constructive interaction between actors and finally, the dominance of some unauthorized institutions in the steel value chain.Finally, the focus group recommended some policy solutions of which the most important ones include 1. To invest in the development of sustainable technologies with appropriate pricing on energy, 2. To supply, coordinate, and manage the resource to eliminate the monopoly of some suppliers and to improve the supply relationship and promotion of supplier-producer, 3. To establish intermediary institutions and the centers to train skilled workers with technological knowledge and injection into various sectors of industry, and 4. To use of Iranians educated abroad in related fields and specialties.

This paper aims to identify the mechanisms of endogenizing windows of opportunity in order to facilitate and accelerate technological catch-up with the sustainable transition approach in the wind turbine industry in Iran. To conduct this research, a qualitative approach and case study strategy have been used. For this purpose, the historical evolution of the wind turbine industry in Iran from 1988 to 2020 and the current situation of this industry based on the functions of the technological innovation system have been reviewed. Then, the challenges of endogenizing the windows of opportunity and catch-up in this industry in Iran have been identified. Findings indicate that the trend of industry development has been upward until 2015, however, despite the efforts made to endogenize the windows of opportunity, its growth rate has slowed down in recent years. This issue has caused the industry to lag behind in the global competition. Currently, one of the most important challenges of this industry is the weakness in the direction of research, weak legitimation mechanisms, as well as the lack of enough domestic and foreign market. Finally, suggestions are provided for the endogenizing of all three windows of opportunity through the functions of the technological innovation system in the wind turbine industry.

One of the consequences of globalization is the emergence of powerful regional economies, some of which have greater regional GDP than most countries. Therefore, the concept of regional competitiveness has become an important concept through which countries have a clear set of policies to support the development of their regions. Therefore, the present study seeks to introduce Roadmap as a suitable method for setting regional planning in order to regional development.

A case study strategy has been used in this paper. The case for analysis is Illinois in the United States which delineating a science and technology roadmap for its regional planning. Based on benchmarking, the paper provides an appropriate research approach to set science and technology planning at the regional level in Iran.

The most important finding of the study is to provide a suitable roadmap for regional science and technology preparation in order to formulate appropriate regional development plans.

Considering the lack of a suitable method for prioritizing science and technology issues at the regional level in Iran, this study seeks to present and propose a suitable method, therefore, by examining the Illinois prioritization experience at first, Regional Roadmap based on science and technology has introduced as a tool for prioritizing regional science and technology. Then in future studies, government departments will be able to formulate effective regional programs in order to help to develop regions in terms of technological, innovational and economic views.

One of the key issues in the global economy is the extent to which global change creates opportunities for developing countries to prosper. The school of neoclassical economics has emphasized on catch-up, yet it has considered the policies and strategies of catching up to be the same for all countries. With the emergence of evolutionary economics, this perspective has changed. It led to the interest of pursuing technological advancement in developing countries and even to surpass developed ones in terms of technological catch-up studies. These studies, in light of global developments, have changed and evolved over history. In this regard, this article examines the trend of technological catch-up studies. In the present study 92 articles were extracted from 21 prestigious journals in the period of 58 years (1962- 2020). Based on the Meta-Synthesis method, two main paths of "Low road" and "High road" were identified in technological catch-up studies in the literature, and the characteristics of each of them were extracted and compared based on existing literature. The findings suggest that the process of technological catch-up studies is moving towards sustainability transitions with an emphasis on opening up windows of endogenous opportunity, through the management of a set of activities for the development of socio-technical regimes, and based on Technological innovation systems analysis to create more proactive responses from follower countries. Finally, suggestions have been made for future studies of technological catch- up.

Technology development has been recognized as a major factor in the long-term national boom. In this regard, it is necessary to stimulate innovation in order to maintain a position in global competition. The necessity of designing and evaluating any innovation policy requires looking for ways to measure and compare the technological capability of different countries. This paper investigates and estimates the technology gap in Iran's steel industry with 13 selected countries to assess the technological capability of the world's top steel producers. The purpose of the present study is to identify the extent of technology gap, its causes, and provide solutions to overcome this technology gap. For this purpose, based on econometric method, two categories of inputs (raw materials, energy consumption and manpower) and outputs (total steel production) in the period 2009-2014 were collected through different databases, and then the data were analyzed through Frontier41 and GAMS soft wares. Results based on estimating the technological frontiers of each group of countries and comparing them with existing technology meta-frontier indicate that Iran has the largest technology gap in the steel industry compared to the selected countries,so based on literature review, some solutions has been provided at the end of the paper.

Gas industry is a highly important technology-driven industry in Iran's economy. Despite numerous domestic and foreign investments in the industry, it is still dependent on foreign countries during decades ago. In other words, little technological learning has been occurred there. The aim of this research is examining the technological learning failure in the gas industry. For this purpose, the interviews were conducted with some gas experts, and after coding the interviews, seven factors were identified as the impact factors on technological learning failure, these factors are "lack of feedback loops on gas industry value chain, lack of border process between gas industry and its environment, lack of access to tacit knowledge, lack of economies of scale because of the declining development programs and demand stability, weak access to the international training courses and resources, high degree of integration complexity and lack of concentration on learning strain of design and engineering". Finally, at the end of the paper, some policy advices are suggested to overcome these failure factors.

Both "entrepreneurial orientation" and "knowledge management" are two notions in modern management having important effect on business performance.
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of entrepreneurial orientation on the performance of small and medium businesses by the mediation process of knowledge creation.
The statistical population of this research contained 392managers of small and medium businesses of Qazvin. A sample of 196 Managers was selected with Cochran formula and 230questionnaireswere distributedrandomlyand201questionnaireswere collected. Three types of standard questionnaires of knowledge creation, entrepreneurial orientation and performance were used. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS and LISREL software.
The results show the mediating role of knowledge creation (socialization, externalization, combination and internalization of knowledge) in the impact of entrepreneurial orientation component "in novation, risk-taking, leadership, new business, strategic modernization" on performance (growth, productivity and profitability) in businesses.
The important conclusion of this study was that entrepreneurial orientation and knowledge creation have fundamental role in business and educational policy.

Giving a competitive advantage is possible by using a suitable business model. The purpose of this research is to design the business model to organizational agility in the SAIPA Company in Iran. A qualitative approach is used in this research, and the research method was Grounded theory. Data collection was performed by 7 in-depth Semi-structured interviews with the SAIPA's experts who are selected by the purposive sampling method. Data analysis was done in 3 steps of open coding, axial coding and selective coding. Eventually, 53 concepts from open coding, 18 categories from axial coding, and 6 factors from selective coding were identified. The results confirm that the Business model is the core category which is created by according to 2 causal factors of "increasing access to technology, the Globalization of markets and business competition"; 2 contextual factors of "structural and cultural preparation"; and 4 environmental dimensions of "Economical, Political, International and Market factors"; and it is lead to 3 outcomes of "organizational agility, Sustainable competitive advantage and wealth" by 6 strategies of "Product, Market, Dynamic capabilities, Value chain and financial factors". The findings could improve researcher's knowledge about agile business model goals، challenges،influential factors and outcomes.