somayeh mohammadi

Colour, as one of the high-frequency concepts, constitutes an important part of the expressive realm of any language. Given that language, thought, and culture are inextricably linked, studying language while considering this inseparable connection can influence the way language is viewed and taught. This research focuses on the educational and cognitive study of the aforementioned languages, with an emphasis on the field of colour. The colour words studied are the equivalents of the eleven colour words proposed by Berlin and Kay (1969). The authors' goal is to examine and compare the conceptual metaphors of "colour" in Persian and Arabic, define the target domains, key maps, and similarities and differences. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data were analysed within the framework of the cognitive semantics approach. Data analysis indicated that: 1- The basic colour terms (BCTs) in Persian correspond to their Arabic equivalents, with the difference that "آبی" in Persian, unlike "ازرق" in Arabic, is not considered one of the colour terms that have a metaphorical-linguistic representation. 2- The assumption that metaphorical compounds are only made with the main colour words is reinforced, because no model has been found for brown, violet, pink, and grey in the two languages, in addition to blue in Persian. 3- Most of the metaphors related to colours in both languages have a cultural nature, and it does not seem very realistic to imagine them as being equivalent.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic therapy and therapy based on acceptance and commitment on mental rumination and emotional exhaustion of divorced female heads of households.

Methods and Materials:

 semi-experimental research method with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design with two experimental groups and a control group and a statistical population including all divorced female heads of the household in Isfahan city in 1402, which was selected by available sampling method of 45 people And they were randomly placed in two experimental groups (acceptance and commitment treatment group of 15 people and extra diagnostic treatment group of 15 people) and control group (15 people). Then, 8 sessions of 90 minutes were given to the experimental group of acceptance and commitment therapy, and 8 sessions of 90 minutes were given to the experimental group of extra diagnostic therapy. In addition, there was no intervention for the control group. Data collection tools included Nolen-Hoeksema and Moro (1991) mental rumination questionnaire, Maslach and Jackson (1981) emotional exhaustion questionnaire. The data was analyzed by the statistical method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the post-test and the follow-up test of the variable of mental rumination and the mean scores of the post-test of emotional exhaustion, and the treatment based on acceptance and commitment was more effective than the extra-diagnostic treatment on reducing Divorced women had mental rumination and worry.

Acceptance and commitment therapy and transdiagnostic therapy by teaching appropriate methods of dealing with emotional issues have increased the adaptive strategies of divorced female heads of households to regulate emotions and have improved the level of mental health and reduced mental rumination and emotional exhaustion, and this has led to the experience there are fewer physiological and emotional disorders.

In the current health system conditions, the strategies adopted by nursing managers in their ethical decision-making can lead to different results for patients, nurses, and health systems. Therefore, the present study aimed to explain ethical decision-making strategies implemented by nursing managers. The present study was conducted using qualitative content analysis in 2022 at Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. A total of 18 nursing managers were selected through purposive sampling and were interviewed using in-depth unstructured individual interviews. Data were analyzed using the method proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. The results revealed one main category (human-centeredness) and three subcategories (customer-centeredness, valuing employees’ dignity, and the conflict between respecting the rights of patients and employees and adhering to organizational policies). Nursing managers attempted to make their ethical decisions based on the principle of humanism by using customer-centeredness strategies, valuing employees’ dignity, and prioritizing the rights of individuals and employees over organizational rules. The results of the present study showed nursing managers make decisions in line with respecting the rights of patients and employees. However, sometimes these decisions conflict with the interests of organizations. In this regard, the existing obstacles that create the conditions for such conflicts should be identified. Increasing organizational commitment in managers can also be effective in decisions that benefit different groups of customers, personnel, and health organizations.

Considering the important role of health organizations and the behavior and performance of nurses in achieving organizational goals, the moral foundations of nurses can significantly influence their behaviors and decisions and shape the organizational culture and atmosphere. Therefore, the present descriptive-analytical study aimed to investigate the relationship between moral foundations and organizational culture among 200 nurses selected using the census method at Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences in 2023. Data were collected through a demographic information form along with questionnaires to measure moral foundations and organizational culture. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 via descriptive statistics (percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and analytical tests (t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation coefficient, and linear regression). Pearson’s correlation coefficient revealed a significant relationship between the mean scores of moral foundations and organizational culture among nurses (r=0.61, P<0.001). The coefficient of determination (R2=0.372) showed approximately 37% of the variance in organizational culture can be predicted by moral foundations. Among the dimensions of moral foundations, loyalty to the group, respect for authority, and purity significantly predicted organizational culture (P<0.001). The mean score of moral foundations among nurses was acceptable at 98.55±15.8, while the mean score of organizational culture was favorable at 105.74±25.7. Based on the findings from the present study it can be concluded that by creating a moral atmosphere and promoting moral values such as loyalty to the group, respect for authority, and purity in nurses, the organizational culture can be enhanced

Credit risk is the most important risk that banks are facing. Two main variables used for modeling this risk and determining the expected loss from lending are "Probability of Default" and "Loss Given Default." Given the importance of the loss-given-default (LGD) in various applications of credit risk management and credit rating, this study presents a method using the structural model approach to estimate this variable for both secured and unsecured debt, focusing on debt structure and collateral liquidity. The proposed approach has been applied to estimate the LGD for some selected firms active in the Iranian capital market.

To estimate the "Expected LGD" and "Downturn LGD" for secured (with both liquid and less liquid collateral) and unsecured debts, a structural model and Monte Carlo simulation approach have been employed. In this structural model, the market value of the firm's total assets follows a Jump-Diffusion process, and each collateral, being among the firm's tangible assets, has a separate but dependent stochastic process relative to the firm's total assets. Additionally, a liquidity penalty is considered for less liquid collateral.Furthermore, in this study, different values are considered for the ratio of tangible assets to total assets in default and non-default conditions (operations). To estimate the LGD  for the debts of eleven selected eligible firms, after determining the parameters of the stochastic process for assets of each firm and collateral using data up to the end of the fiscal year 1396 (2017), the Loss Given Default for these firms' debts at the end of the fiscal year 1397 (2018) was estimated using the structural model and Monte Carlo simulation approach.In the Monte Carlo simulation, 500,000 paths for total assets and collaterals were simulated. For the paths where defaults were observed, the expected Loss Given Default values were  estimated, first at the debt level and then at the firm level. Additionally, to perform a sensitivity analysis, the mentioned variables were estimated under alternative debt structures for the same firms.

For firms with a debt structure consisting of only one secured debt, where the collateral is liquid and the debt is recovered solely from the collateral, the expected Loss Given Default values for secured debt are similar, ranging from 14% to 14.5%. If the type of collateral changes to the less liquid one, for the same firms, this value ranges from 30% to 33%. For the total LGD variable (where debt recovery comes from both collateral and other remaining assets of the firm), the average expected values for these two debt structures are 9% and 12%, respectively. For firms with a debt structure involving two secured debts, the expected LGD values, where recovery is solely from collateral, are similar to those of firms with only one secured debt with the same type of collateral. However, the average expected total LGD for secured debt with liquid collateral is 10%, and for less liquid collateral, it is 15.8%. Additionally, as the proportion of secured debts with liquid collateral relative to total debts decreases, the expected LGD at the firm level tends to increase on average. Moreover, in the downturn, the LGD for secured debt with liquid collateral is less influenced by the debt structure and is primarily affected by the dynamics of assets and collateral and the values of these two variables under critical conditions.

In this study, the LGD for debts was estimated using a structural model and through Monte Carlo simulation for the debts of eleven selected firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Considering two types of collateral with different liquidity and three common debt structures of companies, it was determined that the liquidity of collateral plays a significant role in reducing the expected LGD for secured loans. The role of debt structure, given the priority of secured debt payments, affects the amount of LGD for unsecured debt, as well as the total LGD for secured debts and the total LGD at the firm level.

Considering the importance of prep and drape techniques in the operating room and the role of stress and self-efficacy of students, effective training of these methods using models that put the person in a position can play an effective role. To promote learning and stress and self-efficacy of students. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of the method of playing the role of prep and drape on the perceived stress and self-efficacy of operating room students.

 This semi-experimental study was conducted with two groups and pre-test and post-test in 2021 at Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Overall, 40 undergraduate students of surgical technologists were selected by the convenient method and randomly assigned to two groups. The data were collected by demographic information questionnaire, stress and self-efficacy questionnaire.

The t-test showed that the average perceived stress between the intervention and control groups after the intervention were statistically different (p=0.021) although no difference was observed before (p=0.167) and one month after the intervention (p=0.116). The average self-efficacy in students after the intervention (p=0.018) and one month after the intervention (p=0.009) had a significant difference between two groups while no difference was observed between them at baseline (p=0.089).

Considering the significant role of the role-playing method in reducing stress and increasing the self-efficacy of operating room students in the implementation of important processes such as prep and drape, it should be said that educational managers should use this method and evaluate it in other clinical processes.

Compliance with the capital adequacy requirements provided by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervisions is one of the most vital needs of banking in Iran. In this regard, this article reviews the methods for estimating the loss given default (LGD) as one of the two main variables in determining the credit risk of a debt. This variable is used in various areas of credit risk management, including loan pricing, loss reserve determination, credit rating, and determining capital adequacy. Therefore, in this study, while reviewing the methods of estimating this variable in the various approaches in Basel accords including “fundamental internal rating” and “advanced internal rating,” the common practice that is currently used to implement the advanced internal rating approach to estimate loss given default is described in details. Also, reviewing several important studies in the field, the estimation methods used in these studies, and the results of using different statistical methods in modeling loss given default have been presented.

Passive defense and resilience of societies from the perspective of urban sciences means the ability to prepare for emergencies.

Aim of the research: 

The specific objectives of the present study include - to examine the correlation between the dimensions of resilience and passive defense

The present study is an applied research and in terms of descriptive and analytical nature, field information collection method and the statistical population of the present study is all households in Sirjan. The sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula of 384 people. The validity of the research variables was based on the opinions and experts in urban planning and the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha of 0.75. The method of data analysis using descriptive statistics (mean and frequency distribution) and inferential statistics in SPSS environment is done. Geographical area of ​​research: Sirjan city.

The results of the research obtained from the one-sample t-test showed that there is a direct relationship between the dimensions of urban resilience and passive defense. Also, the results of regression and path analysis showed that the physical dimension had the most impact and the environmental dimension had the least impact on passive defense.

Therefore, it can be said that in areas where there is a high risk of casualties and financial losses; Therefore, they need to act quickly in order to create resiliencee

The nature and consequences of COVID-19 have engendered various challenges for vulnerable groups, particularly the elderly. This study aims to scrutinize the mental health disorders experienced by the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic, along with associated contributing factors.
This systematic review conducted in 2023 adhered to the guidelines of York University. Articles were identified using a combination of keywords, including mental health, the elderly, COVID epidemic, mental problems, psychological effects, psychological distress, and with no time constraints.
A total of 5 articles were published in Iran, while 26 articles were sourced from international journals. Among these, 21 articles employed quantitative methods, 4 were qualitative, and 4 constituted systematic reviews. The results were categorized based on the study's objectives into three groups: symptoms of mental distress in the elderly during the COVID-19 epidemic, factors contributing to increased psychological distress in the elderly and factors associated with decreased psychological distress in the elderly.
Given that the elderly are susceptible to numerous risk factors such as loneliness, physical ailments, and home quarantine, it is imperative to not only assess their physical well-being but also screen for mental health. Prioritizing elements such as home entertainment and virtual communication, alongside emphasizing faith, self-care and maintaining a normal lifestyle, can play a pivotal role in mitigating the adverse effects of COVID-19 on the mental health of the elderly.

The conditions of the COVID-19 disease epidemic have had an undeniable role in the education of students, especially health students, including nurses, and it can potentially affect the clinical competence of these students as a workforce in the future. Therefore, the current study will be conducted to explain the medical students' experiences of the challenges they have experienced in their clinical education during this period.

The present qualitative study was conducted using the contractual content analysis method in 2023 in Saveh Medical Sciences Faculty. 17 students were selected purposefully and, the data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Granheim and Lundman's approach.

Interviews with participants were conducted individually with 17 students during 3 months. The average duration of the interview was 30 minutes. The findings included one category (lost learning) and five subcategories (fear preventing learning, limitations of the educational system, confusion in interactions and communication, limited clinical learning, and discouragement towards educational conditions).

Considering that it is impossible to teach in the hospital environment without encountering infectious diseases, it is necessary to prevent harm to the learning of students of various fields by formulating rules and guidelines. Also, the use of educational methods such as movies and animations, as well as other methods of virtual education, can help to improve the level of students' learning in cases where they can't be present at the patient's bedside.

Clinical environment is a significant component in relation to students' learning. Exposure to the challenges of the clinical learning environment has some consequences for students and can affect their learning. Identifying these consequences will moderate the challenges, and therefore, improve the quality of learning in such environments. The present study aimed to explain the consequences of exposure to clinical learning challenges among operating room students.

This study was conducted based on the qualitative content analysis approach at Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran, in 2022. A total of 14 surgical technology students were selected by a purposeful sampling method. The required data were collected using in-depth, semi-structured face-to-face interviews. The data were analyzed using Graneheim and Lundman's approach.

The results of the study revealed two categories (i.e., learning distress and using harmful clinical shortcuts) and four subcategories (i.e., feeling of helplessness in learning, anxiety, incomplete care, and wrong modeling). Under the conditions and challenges in the learning environment, students felt helpless toward learning, experienced anxiety, and suffered from learning distress. It was also found that in the clinical learning atmosphere, when faced with the existing challenges, the students would be likely to facilitate the care process and attempt to do unprincipled care by imitating the wrong personnel examples.

Faced with the learning challenges of the clinical environment, the operating room students suffered from learning stress and resorted to harmful clinical shortcuts. Examining students' anxiety and their disappointment and helplessness toward the conditions and challenges of clinical education, identifying clinical wrong patterns in the care process, as well as modifying the care process provided by the personnel as wrong role models of students can have an effective impact in reducing the existing consequences.

Operating room students have experienced anxiety for various reasons that affect their educational process such as stitching. Due to the effective role of simulation in improving the education of students, this study was conducted with the aim of the effect of animal skin suturing simulation on the skill level and anxiety level of operating room students.

In this study, 30 people (75%) of the samples were aged 18-25 and 10 people (25%) of them were 26-35. 10 people (25%) were men and 30 people (75%) were women. Also, in terms of marriage, 7 people (17.5%) were married and 33 people (82.5%) were single. The present quasi-experimental study was performed with a two-group plan before and after with 40 operating room students of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences (Shahrekord, Broujen) in 2020. The samples were randomly assigned to two test and control groups using the method based on the purpose of selection. Data were collected before and after the intervention by Spielberger Anxiety Tool and Suturing Skills Questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software and descriptive and analytical statistical tests (Chi-square test, t-test, paired t-test).

The t-test test showed that the mean of obvious anxiety in the intervention group (36.35±10.22) and the control group (41.15±7.92) after the intervention was not significant (P=0.346). Also, the mean hidden anxiety in the intervention group (36.65±10.47) and the control group (38.65±6.13) had no significant difference (P=0.089). The t-test test showed that there was a significant difference in sewing skills after the intervention in the two intervention groups (28.2±58.22) and the control group (23.42±3.12) (P=0.04).

The texture of suture mannequins is very different from human skin in terms of consistency, and it does not convey the same feeling of sutures on natural skin to students. On the other hand, it is easier to enter and exit and move the needle and thread in the sheepskin, and this provides the students with the possibility of stitching more easily. Therefore, it is suggested to buy and prepare sheep skin for training students and teach them stitches on it.

The present study surveys the concept of sadness in those parts of Persian and Arabic languages which have been conceived and expressed through the source domain of container in order to illustrate the way speakers of the above languages think in this domain, as well as the similarities and differences between them. Moreover, the study intends to reveal the order behind the discrete and seemingly irregular expressions of the sad person as a container and describe its cognitive system. The method employed in this research is analytical-semantic. Conducting comparative studies, understanding how common concepts are structured in the conceptual system of speakers of different languages, and identifying culture-based metaphors play an important role in the cognitive understanding of cultures. For instance, through the results of the present study, it can be stated that Arabic speakers consider sadness to be mainly something that blocks their throats (غص، شجا، جرض for example); i.e. the blockage is prominent while Persian speakers consider sadness to be mainly something edible (غم/ غصه خورد meaning He ate sadness/grief). That is to say, the difficulty of swallowing is not prominent in Persian and the problem is that this food has accumulated in the heart (stomach) and puts this organ under pressure (دلم ترکید meaning My heart exploded), or that this food has wounded the heart (خون دل می خورد meaning Eating sadness caused the heart to bleed).

The course of change and transformation of the generations of shipyards shows that the occurrence of an accident or the invention of new technology and advanced machine tools has caused the shipyard to change to the next generation every period. This generation change includes 5 levels so far. The difference between generations of shipyards includes three general parameters of production philosophy, production technology and factory layout. The realization and development of the first generation in the late 1940s, the second generation in the late 1960s, the third generation in the late 1980s, the realization and development of the fourth generation in the early 2000s, and the development of the fifth generation started in 2020. The most important factor in the change of generations of shipbuilding is to achieve the open index (better, cheaoer and sooner). In the research, an overview of important parameters in determining the generation of shipbuilding with advanced machine tools, such as material flow, pre-outfit workshop, block making, factory expansion, mechanization, buffer area, process line, outfitting, and vessel dimensions, have been discussed.

A part of the conceptual structure of sadness is understood and expressed along with pain. The relationship between pain and part of the concept of sadness is quite close in a way that physiological correlation of these two is predictable. Pain is phenomenologically related to sadness in which, understanding and perception of its progress as an abstract experience through the experience of pain which is more physical. In the cognitive concept of “sadness is pain”, sadness should be sought in the framework of the sensory characteristics of pain. Pain expresses the feeling of a person when experiencing sadness, and it shows an unfavorable mental state with an unpleasant physical feeling. Sadness is a warning and a call from the damaged mind (soul) of a person. Pain is a warning issued from the body. Pain is naturally considered a negative experience; consequently, it creates a negative evaluation of sadness. The present study surveys the concept of sadness in that part of Persian and Arabic languages which is expressed by source domain related to pain, so that the way of thinking of the speakers of the mentioned languages in this domain, the understanding, and the similarities and differences between them are revealed. The method of conducting this research is descriptive and analytical, and the method of analysis is cognitive linguistics and conceptual metaphor. Regarding the pain perception of sadness, it can be said that the analysis of the data indicates a wide cognitive similarity between these two languages. It seems that Persian and Arabic people imagine themselves affected by different states of pain when they are sad; this means that they expose their bodies to insect bites, plant thorns, sharp tools, heat and burning, or pain caused by high pressure, etc. which seems that the source domain  related to tools and animals in Arabic show more diversity for the conceptualization of pain and the reason for that can be found in the environmental and geographical characteristics of Arabic people.

In this work, two Schiff bases named 1-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-4-phenylthiosemicarbazide (2-HTSC) and 1-(3-hydroxybenzylidene)-4-phenylthiosemicarbazide (3-HTSC) were synthesized and evaluated their inhibitory properties on corrosion of carbon steel in 15% HCl environment. Inhibitory effect of compounds were investigated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), polarization, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, X-ray diffraction (EDX) spectroscopy and absorption isotherms. Concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mM of the inhibitor were evaluated and the best result was obtained at a concentration of 1.5 mM. The results showed that the 3-HTSC Schiff base has a better inhibitory percentage than the Schiff base 2-HTSC. Adsorption of inhibitors on the steel surface follows all Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the results of thermodynamic parameters indicate physico-chemical adsorption. In the presence of inhibitor, the adsorption rate of chloride ions on the metal substrate decreased by 26% and 74% for inhibitors 2-HTSC and 3-HTSC, respectively, due to the predominance of better interactions of 3-HTSC with the metal substrate in Comparison with 2-HTSC inhibitor.

The present study examines the lexical and syntactic development of dissimilar Persian-speaking twins named Behzad and Behnam over a period of ten months (from the beginning of 21 months to the beginning of 31 months). This study seeks to find out what differences and similarities there are in the syntactic and lexical development of these twins, despite the fact that the two children grow up in the same language environment. The data of this study were collected through rapid observation and recording of data in a notebook, audio and video recording using a video camera and audio recorder, as well as the diary of the mother of the twins in which children's language products were recorded. The investigation of the collected data and their comparative analysis each month shows a significant difference between the lexical and syntactic development of the twins. Although in the early months of the study, Behzad had a much higher language ability compared to his twin brother, Behnam, from the fourth month of the study, a significant increase in Behnam's lexical and syntactic growth rate was observed. Considering that the language development environment of these two children, both in the family and in the kindergarten, has often been the same, the existence of differences in the lexical and syntactic developmental stages of these two children can be attributed to the difference in innate and inherited linguistic talent of these two children. Dizygotic twins do not have exactly the same chromosomal structure. The results of this study show creative mental activities in two children, which is evidenced by the existence of numerous cases of over-extension and overgeneralization.

Several studies have reported that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can lead to multi-organ dysfunction. COVID-19 has been linked to a variety of neurological symptoms, according to the literature. The various paths via which the brain can be infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as well as the symptoms of COVID-19 in neurological diseases, are discussed. COVID-19 symptoms have been observed in neurological illnesses such as epilepsy, ischemic stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, subarachnoid hemorrhage, Guillain–Barré syndrome, and Parkinson's disease in several investigations.

In this work, the effects of ball-milling parameters on the structure of the Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase, the precursor of Ti3C2Tx MXene, is investigated. To clarify this effect, three approaches with different milling parameters were used to synthesize Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase. In all approaches, the initial elements with the proportion of 3Ti:1.3Al:1.9C were milled at different milling times, intervals, and rotating speeds. The resulting powders were sintered in a SPS furnace with the sintering temperature of 1000-1150 °C.  According to our observation, emerging intermediate Ti and Al compounds in the milling process is the key point for forming the final Ti3AlC2 since such compounds would assist the formation of MAX-phase in the SPS process. Moreover, the temperature increment during the milling process is necessary for the formation of such intermediate compounds. This condition can be achieved when the ratio of intervals to milling times in each milling step is low enough (5 min per 30 min) or the rotating speed is high enough (around 600 rpm). The Al layers in Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase obtained in each approach are etched by HF solution to reveal the difference between the resultant Ti3C2Tx MXene nanolayers. Our characterization suggests that ball-milling at 400 rpm for 18 hours with 5-minute intervals produces the highest quality MAX-phase and MXene.

Moral distress is an important challenge among critical care nurses. psychological empowerment can pave the ground for proper moral performance and prevention of moral distress among nurses. This study aimed to predicting moral distress through the dimensions of psychological empowerment in nurses.

This descriptive cross-sectional and analytical study carried out in 2018. For this purpose, 190 nurses were selected by convenience sampling from the critical care units in Southern Khorasan Province, Iran. Data were collected using Corli's Moral Distress Questionnaire and Spreitzer's Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire. Data were analyzed in IBM SPSS ver. 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Finding showed that moral distress intensity was (4.8±0.51) and negatively correlated whit psychological empowerment (P=0.03, r=-0.5). Moral distress frequency was (5.2± 0.56). The psychological empowerment was (4.1± 0.44). The results of the multiple regression indicated that 2 % variation of moral distress intensity explained by psychological empowerment (ADJ.R2:0.238). Among these dimensions, three dimensions meaning, competence and self-determination significantly predict the intensity of moral distress (R2=0.25, P< 0.05). Moral distress correlated with age, working experience, and type of the ward (P<0.05).

Nurses with a greater psychological empowerment showed less intensified symptoms of distress where they were able to perform morally proper action.

Mineralization in the Marshoun 2 occurrence occurs as quartz-sulfide veins hosted by intermediate tuff units, and is divided into four stages. Stage 1 is represented by silicification of host rocks along with minor disseminated pyrite. Stage 2 is characterized by quartz-sulfide (chalcopyrite, pyrite) veins and breccia cements. Stage 3 is characterized by quartz (calcite)-sphalerite-galena ± chalcopyrite ± pyrite veins and breccia cements. Stage 4 is barren post-ore quartz-calcite vein-veinlets. The hydrothermal alteration includes of silicification, intermediate argillic, carbonate, and propylitic alteration. The ore minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite; quartz, sericite, chlorite and calcite are present as gangue minerals. Ore minerals display vein-veinlet, brecciated, comb, crustiform, colloform, cockade, plumose, bladed, skeletal, and vug infill textures. Similar Chondrite–normalized rare elements and REE patterns of mineralized samples indicate that hey may have fomed by same hydrothermal process. Microthermometric data reveal that ore-forming fluids at the Marshoun deposit belong to the moderate-temperature and low-salinity H2O–NaCl system. Fluid boiling and mixing were important processes in the evolution of the ore-forming fluids. Marshoun 2 is an intermediate-sulfidation epithermal deposit.

Clinical learning is an important part of the health field, where the student interacts with the environment and applies the learned concepts in practice. Clinical environments such as operating rooms are challenging for students due to their special complexity and can have a negative impact on their learning process. In order to identify students ‘learning challenges in the operating room environment, the present study was conducted to explain students’ experiences in the field of clinical learning challenges.

The present qualitative study was performed by contract content analysis method in 2022 in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Fourteen surgical technology students were purposefully selected and data were collected using in-depth semi-structured individual and group interviews and analyzed using the Granheim and Landman approaches.

The participants were interviewed over a period of 5 months. 9 face-to-face interviews were conducted with 14 participants. There were 6 individual interviews and 3 group interviews. The average duration of the interview was 30 minutes. The interviews continued until data saturation and when no new themes or categories were obtained from the interviews. The findings included a theme of “unfavorable learning environment” and three categories of “confusion in learning educational content, improper professional behavior of staff and insufficient self-confidence”. The main challenge that students faced in the field of clinical learning was the unfavorable learning environment. Conditions such as confusion in learning educational content, improper professional behavior of staff and insufficient self-confidence experienced by the students in the operating room, cause the students to find the learning atmosphere in the operating room unfavorable.

Improving the behavior and performance of staff and physicians in accordance with the standards of professional and ethical behavior and its regular evaluation from the perspective of students and other colleagues can play an effective role in maintaining professional conditions. Also, using experienced instructors who have the role of facilitating communication and learning of students in the operating room environment will play an effective role in reducing fear and controlling inappropriate behaviors of staff towards students. Educational officials are advised to solve the existing problems in order to improve the educational atmosphere of the operating room.

In this research, it was tried to use a reactor containing plates covered with Graphene nanoparticles and placing it after the anaerobic biological treatment unit of dyeing treatment plant will reduce the pollution load for the next stages of treatment by absorbing aromatic substances resulting from the anaerobic biological destruction stage. The results of the field emission electron microscope (FE-SEM) analysis showed that the Graphene layers on the reactor plates were multi-layered. Then the effect of three parameters of effluent concentration (COD: 70, 100, 150 mg/L), pH (5, 7, 9) and temperature (20, 30 and 40 ˚C) on the amount of removal of aromatic compounds, COD and effluent turbidity were investigated. The results showed that high concentration of COD had faster and better absorption by Graphene than its low concentration. Among the three tested temperatures, a higher absorption rate was observed at the higher temperature. Also, with the increase of pH from 5 to 9, the amount of absorption increased. This system showed relatively good performance in absorbing aromatic substances and reducing COD. Optimum conditions of reactor performance were determined as COD: 150 mg/L, pH = 9 and temperature 40 ˚C.

 Nursing students deal with psychological stress due to exposure to the hospital atmosphere and contact with patients; hence, they are more prone to harms. It is necessary to investigate their academic and mental health problems, including addiction to Internet, and its relationship with their academic procrastination. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the role of Internet addiction in predicting the academic procrastination in nursing students.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018 on 392 nursing students at Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences who were selected by quota sampling method. A demographic information form, Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and Solomon and Rothblum's academic procrastination questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed in SPSS v. 16 software using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage) and analytical tests (t-test, analysis of variance, regression analysis, Pearson correlation test). 

 Pearson correlation test results showed a positive and significant relationship between Internet addiction and academic procrastination (P<0.05). Regression analysis results showed that all dimensions of IAT (adjusted R2= 0.186) significantly predicted academic procrastination. The non-standardized beta value showed that the shares of low time control/management and salience/neglect of social life in predicting academic procrastination were 2.14 and 2.018, respectively. The mean scores of IAT and academic procrastination were reported 20.69±2.81 and 64.4±2.48, respectively.

Considering the roles of poor time management and neglect of social life in predicting the nursing students' academic procrastination, their importance should be emphasized to the parents and students. Screening students for academic problems and procrastination and identifying the related factors as well as increasing students' awareness and skills to manage time and improve social relations should be considered.