tahere ardakani

 Valuing goods, functions, and ecosystem services is necessary. Not considering their long-term value has unfavorable consequences for society.

 In this research, the economic valuation of habitat services use the opportunity cost approach, including market-based techniques. An opportunity cost is the cost of passing up one opportunity for another. Data related to annual development incomes (GDP), such as industry, mining, and settlements, were extracted from statistical reports. Using the habitat quality index, we calculated the GDPR. To estimate the economic value of habitat services, habitat quality maps and spatial statistical analyses were used.

 In South Khorasan province, habitat services were worth 544,465.16 billion rials in 2020. LUT Desert has the highest total value within ecological boundaries or subbasins, while Lut Desert (3.32) ranks third among the four subbasins in terms of economic value. In part, this is due to the vast expanse of the Lut Desert and its nonhomogeneous conditions. The value of habitat ecosystem services per hectare in the province was estimated to be around 36 million rials.

 The research findings indicate valuable areas in the northeast with a favourable climate and higher rainfall than the rest of the province. However, the western half of the central region in South Khorasan province has similar conditions but is more arid. Biodiversity protection planners must consider the impact of mining activities in this area.

Innovation: 

Shifting the economic valuation approach towards spatial analysis methods (space-based), which can provide landscape managers with a more powerful tool for making informed and wise decisions. The quantitative and spatial findings from this research are crucial for evaluating environmental impacts, creating development plans, and estimating damages during decision-making processes.

The ecosystem service of water yield is affected by damaging human activities, and the estimation of its quantity ‎through modeling is the first step to sustainable management of this service. This research applied the InVEST ‎hydrological model to quantify the ecosystem service of water yield and its valuation in the northern arid and semi-arid ‎sub-basins of Kerman province. First, for modelling the water yield were entered the maps such as annual average ‎precipitation, depth of root limiting layers, plant accessible water capacity, land use/land cover (LULC), and the ‎boundaries of the basin and sub-basins, and the approximate amount of actual evapotranspiration (AET) in each pixel. ‎Then maps of estimated water yield in each pixel was obtained. The model calculated 5112.43 million cubic meters of ‎water with a value of more than 418500 billion Rails are produced annually, the highest amount of water yield is in sub-‎basin one (Abargho-Sirjan) with 2103 million cubic meters per year and the lowest amount of water yield in sub-region ‎three (north Kavir-e lut) with the amount of 741.84 MCM. The results showed that the value of supply the ‎water yield service is strongly influenced by the spatial changes of LULC. Dense range lands produce 27630.7 MCM of ‎water per hectare, and each hectare of dense forest can produce 1104.6 MCM of water. Therefore the role of vegetation ‎shows the influence of water infiltration and feeding of aquifers in high areas. The results of this study can be used in ‎spatial planning to reduce the destructive effects of floods and droughts, prevent land degradation and develop vegetation, ‎feed aquifers, and also estimate damages in green accounting.‎

Ecotourism is an important economic activity in natural areas of the world and will provide opportunities for visitors to experience the manifestation of nature and culture and this important happens in visited areas. Managers must be able to make balance between recreation needs and resulted impacts of ecotourism in those areas. This paper provides a set of guidelines to facilitate decisions regarding ecotourism management and development for ecotourism managers.
Material and Methodlogy: This study is aiming at a mention of the importance of strategies implementation and necessity of correct using those by overview of the important management strategies of visited areas for achieving to sustainable development goal from past to now, for example UNWTO, Eurostate, The Nature Conservancy.

Management strategies form a base of an ecotourism management plan (EMP). In this paper, ecotourism management key strategies were introduced in detail that included zoning for visitor uses, planning and design of visits site, sustainable infrastructure design, mechanisms for income generation, management and monitoring visitors and naturalist guides.
Discussion and

Conditions will provide for potential empowerment of areas for ecotourism as a force in order to protect environment and sustainable development by the result of implementing each of these management strategies in a visited area and these will be fruitful for managers of visited areas and as well as other agencies such as, tour operator and hotel developers.

Zabol township, with benefiting by Soukhte city, as home of lifelong civilization, having Hamon lake and Aryan people with rich culture, have important role in providing ecotourism. The goal of this study is to identify suitable zones for recreation by using Multi Criteria Evaluation (MCE) emphasizing on ecological criteria and some social-economic factors. The criteria for site selection included soil, resistance of geological formation, slope, aspect, vegetation, and distance from: wetland, roads, residential area (city and village), surface water, historical centers, and political border line and welfare facilities. Each criteria is standardized with fuzzy logic and constraint map is produced with Boolean logic. The relative importance weights of the evaluation criteria are estimated using pair wise comparison method in the analytic hierarchy process. Then a weighted linear combination (WLC) method was used for combining layers. Land suitability index is evaluated in this area and 4 zones are evaluated for intensive recreation.