فهرست مطالب tahereh akhundzadeh yousefi

Examining the effects of inflation and globalization on changes in the growth rate of financial development components is a topic that has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades. This is especially important in developing societies, which are mainly plagued by high inflation rates. The quantitative indicators of inflation, globalization and financial development alone are not informative and effective. For this reason, one of the scientific methods for studying economic data is their statistical modeling using nonlinear tools such as Markov switching technique. This article, while examining the advantages of Markov switching technique, uses this method in the form of an econometric model to study the nonlinear effects of inflation and globalization (crossover effects) on financial development in Iran during the period 1988 to 2019. The results show that in both boom and recession regimes, the combined effects of inflation and globalization have a negative impact on the financial development index (banking credit).

The negative consequences of financial crises on the real sector of the economy of developing countries have led policymakers to pay special attention to monitoring and evaluating the financial stability of the banking sector. The role of banking sector in developing countries is very important because the financial sector provides financial services to the rest of the economy. Liberalization theory argues that liberalization of international trade and financial flows can promote financial stability and the development of banks. Trade liberalization reduces transaction costs while increasing the volume of trade, and financial liberalization leads to better allocation of financial resources by creating a competitive environment in the financial market and facilitating the mobilization of capital. Therefore, in this study, the effect of financial and trade liberalization on the banking stability of 25 selected developing countries in the period 2000 to 2019, using the GMM dynamic regression model has been investigated. The results show financial and trade liberalization have positive effects on the banking stability of selected developing countries. Simultaneous implementation of financial and trade liberalization has an unexpected negative effect on banking stability. Findings also show that per capita income increases banking stability and inflation decreases banking stability.

Financial reforms, due to make a structural difference in quantity and quality of services provided in financial markets, is able to explain an important part of difference in growth and development between countries, and without any doubt, these changes effect on the labor productivity. In this study, had been paid to examine the nonlinear effect of financial reforms indicators (financial liberalization, financial development and financial integration) on labor productivity in 15 selected developing countries during the period of 2006-2017 with using of Markov Switching econometric technique. The results of examines show that the financial liberalization index (foreign direct investment) in both regimes has a negative effect on labor productivity. Financial development indicators (banking credits and the value of the trading stocks) also have a negative effect on labor productivity in first regime, but in second regime, we see a positive relationship. Finally, the Financial Integration Index (total of foreign portfolio investment and foreign direct investment on GDP) in both regimes has a positive effect labor productivity. Therefore, according to the results, it can be acknowledged a significant part of the labor productivity depends on financial reforms, so it seems necessary to provide more and more grounds for strengthening and expanding the indicators of the financial reform in above societies.

In recent years, the determinants of productivity have gone beyond the mentioned items in growth theories, and the role of political factors in this base has attracted the attention of researchers. In fact, the role and position of political factors in promoting productivity is a reality that cannot be indifferent, and inattention in this regard can cause irreparable damage on productivity component trends. This paper analyzed the effect of political factors indicators (voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption) on productivity components (total factor productivity, labor productivity, and capital productivity) at 15 selected developing countries during 2006 to 2017 with using of panel data econometrics based on dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) approach. The variables of foreign direct investment, research and development, degree of economics openness and banking credits were also included as control variables at models. The results indicate that all indicators of political factors have had a positive effect on productivity components. In relation to control variables, we see positive relationships. Therefore, according to the results, it can be acknowledged that, the significant part of productivity growth depends on political factors. Therefore, it seems necessary that the governments of developing societies, while accurately recognizing political structures should pay special attention to the role of  components at political factors and establish more political stability, so that they can provide opportunities to improve productivity components as much as possible.

In this paper evaluates the effects of entrepreneurship and business environment on productivity components(total factor productivity, labor productivity, and capital productivity) in 15 selected developing countries over the period of 2006 to 2017 with using of dynamic panel with generalized method of moments approach(GMM). The results showed that, entrepreneurship and business environment had a positive effect on productivity components and the effectiveness of total factor productivity was greater than labor productivity and capital productivity. But still, due to the entrepreneurship,s barriers and business environment,s limitation, these two indicators have not reached to ideal levels in developing societies and we are still witnessing significant fluctuations in this area, so these positive effects may not be sustainable in these communities therefore, the lack of improvement and expansion of these indicators can have irreparable consequences for trend of productivity components. Therefore, the need for new reform in these two areas is essential. Accordingly, is suggested to do sustainable and coherent planning for improve and expand of entrepreneurship indicators and business environment until from in this way, can provide the basis for further promotion of productivity components.

This study aims to determine the effect of good governance indicators (voice and accountability, political stability without violent, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption) and financial reforms (financial liberalization and financial development) on the total factor productivity in Iran's industry and mining sector from 1996 through 2018.

In this study, the econometric technique of Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) is used to estimate the effects of variables.

The results of estimates indicate that the effect of all indicators of financial reform on total factor productivity is positive in short term and long term.  In terms of good governance indicators, we see a positive relationship with variables of government effectiveness and regulatory quality, and a negative relationship with corruption control variables. Also, the effect of variables of voice and accountability and the rule of law are negative in short term and are positive in long term. Political stability without violent also has no effect on total factor productivity.

Since financial indicators and good governance have not reached ideal levels in Iran, and we are still witnessing significant fluctuations in this area, the trend of productivity components in industry and mining has not been very significant. Therefore, failure to improve and expand these indicators can have irreparable consequences for the trend of productivity of industry and mining sector and it seems necessary to provide the grounds for further strengthening and expanding the indicators of financial reform and good governance to improve the productivity of the industry and mining sector.