tahereh azimzadeh

The economic status of Shiites during the Islamic Imams, despite having farmlands at hand and the abundant water flow of Tigris and Euphrates for farming in Iraq, and taxes including Khums and Zakat and the like that Muslims used to pay is important for investigation. Also, donors gave endowments with spiritual, divine, and mystical motivations such as fighting with internal souls, taking stages of divinity, giving services to public exclusively for the sake of God that had an impact on the economy. The writer of the paper that used the analytic descriptive methodology has assessed the factors effective on the economy of Shiites in Iraq and has concluded that undoubtedly the establishment of divine government that meets the every goals of human beings is only possible through chaste imams because human based governments have always gone through the personal interests of a specific individual or group. Therefore, Islamic government is an important issue that Muslims are dealing with and that a portion of the pillars this type of government is founded on economic issues because the first requisite for the independence of an establishment is economic independence whereby it is applied well in the world of Shi'ism via zakat, khums, (Anfal) spoils of war, and (Kharaj) land taxes

The economy of Baghdad in the period before the arrival of Al-Buwayh was weak due to the policies of the Abbasid caliphs and their weakness and lack of support for development and economic affairs. The city of Baghdad was in ruins and huge taxes were levied on the people, which caused dissatisfaction among the people. The Al-Buwayh period (327-447 AH) was one of the most important historical periods in Iraq in the fourth and fifth centuries AH in terms of economic endeavors. Hence, the domination of Al-Buwayh over Baghdad is significant. This period is important because some Buwayhid emirs such as Mu'izz al-Dawla, Izz al-Dawla and Az-Dawla were more influential than the period before their arrival in Baghdad and the attention and importance of the rulers to the economy and increasing the welfare and prosperity of the people. In this regard, the rulers built dams, bridges, civil and industrial, and secured roads to facilitate the movement of trade caravans. In this article, which is a descriptive-analytical approach, the author has evaluated the factors affecting the economy of Baghdad in the Al-Buwayh period and has concluded that borders also have a significant impact on economic power and the amount of trade between different countries. And it is obvious that the security or insecurity of the border will have a direct impact on the number and quality of trade caravans and will have one of the most important roles in the economic prosperity of the country.

With the establishment of the Abbasid caliphate and their political stability, the Abbasid caliphs made a great effort for encouraging the artists and the spreading of art in various fields. The Abbasid ministers, who were skilled calligraphers, paved the way for the organization of administrative writing lines in the Dar al-Khalafah, and in the shadow of their attention and the reduction of the economic concerns of the artists, prominent calligraphers emerged in this era. This study aims to investigate the influence of the ministers of the Abbasid court in the development of calligraphy from the rise of the Safachr('39')ah caliphate to the end of Al-Radhi caliphate (1329-329 AH) by reviewing the historical texts. The obtained results indicated that the ministers of this era were often appointed from among the court scribes and by having political power and economic support for calligraphers and their training, they provided the grounds for the creation of delicate and original lines in the third and fourth centuries AH. The research method is a descriptive-analytic study organized based on historical texts.

The course of the evolution of the art of decoration of Holy Quran and its translation traversed its natural process till the Seljuk period. This process accelerated in the Seljuk period twice, quantitatively and qualitatively, to such extend that, at the present, there are 1,084 precious manuscripts of the Quran In book treasure of Astan Ghods Razavi attributed to the Seljuk period; Quran 77 is one of these precious works of art. The present article investigates the characteristics of the art of decoration of Holy Quran in the Seljuk period, and aims at finding out which of these characteristics Quran 77 is compatible with, regarding the art of book decoration aspect. It also studies the reasons why Quran 77 belongs to the Seljuk period. The results demonstrated that the type of paper and cover, the existence of the dots and diacritics in writing, Kofi calligraphy in the evolutionary period, interpretive translation under verses, the existence of the margin of the work, as well as the method of writing the words and vocabulary in translation are among the reasons why Quran 77 is estimated to belong to the Seljuk period and the place of its writing is predicted to be in Khorasan (Transoxiana) due to the syntactic properties and accent features of Khorasan (Transoxiana).

The jewish in Madineh were consisted of different tribes such as Bani Ghingha’, Bani Nazir, and Bani Gharizeh. Abdollah Ibn Salam, one of the jewish citizens of Bani Ghingha’ (43A.H. / 663A.D.) was one of the people who took Islam as his religion. He lived during Imam Ali’s reign and Moavieh’s government (41- 60 A.H. / 662- 680 A.D.). The present study ananlyzes the relationship and also discourses of The Holy Prophet of Islam (p.b.u.h.) and also Imam Ali with Abdollah. There are various debates about his presentation of Islam. Some people consider him a true /Muslim and some others think of him as a hypocrite and intervening Israeliat into Islam. Results show that despite all these issues, The Holy Prophet did not use any objections against him and did not scandalize him, either. Abdollah’s relationship with Imam Ali (S.A.) is complicated. He did not swear allegiance to Imam Ali and Imam Ali did not call for allegiance, either. But there are some narrations from Imam Ali confirming Abdoll