teymor mohammadi

Validity of a policy to achieve the goal of sustainability is an important issue. Stability of expectations through monetary policy is successful when financial policies do not make expectations unstable. The coordination between monetary and financial policies is done at two different levels, firstly in the short term and in accordance with the conventional performance of monetary and financial policies, and secondly regarding the long-term effects of macroeconomics, which can affect the coordination of unadjusted policies. In the short term, coordination is a policy to achieve financial goals, including price stability. The main focus should be placed on monetary policies and government debt management. In the long term, the issue of policy coordination is adjusted based on how to design the structure of monetary and financial policies, which leads to maintaining the path of economic growth in a balanced way; that is, it controls inflation and provides financial conditions for sustainable growth. This indicates that the financial deficit should be limited to such an extent that the capital market can operate without disturbing the allocation of resources in the economy and bringing the need for the central bank. Considering the continuous budget deficit, one of the most important economic challenges in Iran is the dependence of the government budget on oil, because the more the dependence of the government budget on oil revenues and its influence on oil impulses, the more fluctuations in the demand of the entire economy. The importance of the mentioned issue stems from the fact that increasing government spending has been one of the ways to achieve greater economic growth in recent decades, but this has caused governments to face the problem of continuous budget deficits. On the one hand, the government's income has serious limitations due to the weakness of the tax system and some economic structural problems. On the other hand, the adoption of incorrect financial policies and lack of proper planning along with population growth lead to an increase in demand for public goods such as education and health. This has led to the increasing growth of government expenditures. The limitation of the government's resources and incomes causes a budget deficit, making governments borrow from the central bank to cover this deficit. The monetary authorities' reaction to this issue can be effective in the stability of economic policies.

Monetary and financial policies have always been of interest to economists as tools to achieve macroeconomic goals. Of course, there have been fluctuations in focusing on the positive role of each of the economic policies in stabilizing economic fluctuations. The main goal of this research was to examine the relationship and coordination between monetary and financial policies in Iran's economy. For this purpose, the statistical information of the period 1989-2022 was used based on the frequency of the seasonal data. In order to model the interaction and relationship between monetary and financial policies in Iran, the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model was used.

Based on the results, the shock of monetary policies initially has a very decreasing effect on economic growth and consumption. From the fourth period onwards, however, the impact of monetary policy shocks on these two variables is positive. This can be due to the existence of unsupported monetary policies in the country and the resulting increase in inflation, which has a negative impact on consumption and economic growth. As a result of the monetary policy shock, the net investment increases sharply at first and reaches a maximum in the fourth period and then decreases with a downward trend. Therefore, due to the effects of inflation, monetary policies lead to the desire of households and companies to increase investment. In the case of government spending, the monetary policy shock increased the government spending sharply at first and, after six periods, it went through a relatively downward trend with a gentle trend. According to the results, financial policy shocks have first led to an increase in consumption and economic growth and finally to a decrease. As a result of the financial policy shock, the net investment decreases sharply until the sixth period and reaches zero. After that, it increases mildly. Also, in response to the financial policy shock, there is an increase in the inflation rate and the amount of money in response to the financial policy shock. This indicates the supremacy of financial policy over monetary policy in the country.

Conclusions and policy implications: 

In Iran, monetary and financial policies are always implemented by policymakers with the aim of creating economic growth and stability. But, unfortunately, there is always the issue of deviation from the goals and the undesirable and negative welfare and economic effects of applying such policies. It seems that most of these issues are due to paying attention to monetary and financial goals separately rather than dealing with the interactions of those policies and, most importantly, recognizing the goal of preparing executive programs for these two areas. On the other hand, the dominance of financial policy and lack of attention to monetary and financial policy interactions have limited the power of the central bank to use monetary instruments to control inflation. It is necessary to study the interaction of monetary and financial policies, both from the point of view of economic considerations and with regard to the requirements of revising the implementation of those policies in terms of the negative effects on the economy caused by the implementation of wrong policies in the economy of Iran. According to the results, it is suggested to control the inflation rate and money growth in the country with the financial discipline of the government and the reduction of financing the government expenses from the area of money creation. In the end, non-violation of the announced policies by the policy makers will be the most important factor in reducing the financial indiscipline of the government.

The main issue investigated in the current research is the investigation of the impact of audit committees on the financial and economic risk of cryptocurrency demand in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose and following Mohammad et al. (2022), at first, the relationship between financial and accounting expertise, independence and professional competence of audit committee members with (specific and systematic) risk of companies was investigated and then the moderating effect of ownership Family based on this relationship was analyzed. In this study, the financial information of the companies accepted in the Tehran Stock Exchange was used in the time interval of eleven years between 1390 and 1400, and the final sample consisted of 141 companies. The findings of the present research showed that there is a significant relationship between financial and accounting expertise, independence and professional competence of audit committee members and companies' risk. In addition, family ownership has a moderating effect on the relationship between financial and accounting expertise, independence and professional competence of audit committee members and company risk.

Nowadays, due to the limitation of fossil fuels, the topic of their optimal use has been given more attention than before. In the upstream literature of oil and gas economy, the word synonymous with this topic is reservoir management. In this study, selected one of the oil fields of Iranian Offshore Oil Company (IOOC). In the first step, by using field data, the cost function of the field is estimated by considering the environmental costs and secondary recycling costs, and in the next Nowadays, due to the limitation of fossil fuels, the topic of their optimal use has been given more attention than before. In the upstream literature of the oil and gas economy, the word synonymous with this topic is reservoir management. This study selected one of the oil fields of the Iranian Offshore Oil Company (IOOC). In the first step, by using field data, the cost function of the field is estimated by considering the environmental costs and secondary recycling costs, and in the next step, the discounted profit of the field during its life under three discount rate scenarios, and it is maximized by dynamic programming method. The results of the bell curve study confirmed the production during the life of the field. Also, in the scenario of the discount rate of 5%, the harvest results from the field have been more balanced, and with the increase of the discount rate to 10 and then 20%, more harvest has been achieved in the first years of production and less harvest in the final years of productionstep, the discounted profit of the field during its life under three discount rate scenarios. and it is maximized by dynamic programming method. The results of the bell curve study confirmed the production during the life of the field. Also, in the scenario of discount rate of 5%, the harvest results from the field have been more balanced, and with the increase of the discount rate to 10 and then 20%, more harvest has been achieved in the first years of production and less harvest in the final years of production.

The purpose of this research is to calculate the distance to default of 14 banks admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange and active in the banking industry of the Islamic Republic of Iran, based on the option pricing method of Merton, Black-Scholes, using the calculation of the market value of the banks' assets and their risk in the period The time is 1392-1400. For this purpose, the average market value of assets, liabilities and asset risk of banks and the distance to their default are calculated and compared.The index of distance to default of each of these banks in this period depends on the market value of assets, risk of assets, risk-free interest rate and debt. These variables depend on economic and non-economic and managerial factors. Bank Ansar, with the lowest average market value of assets, has the shortest distance to its default. On the other hand, Bank Mellat, which has the highest average market value of assets, has the longest distance to default. As a result, the most bank assets will have a longer distance to default.

Extensive applications of asset pricing in the fields of finance and economics lead to an increasing importance of this issue, which has attracted more attentions of researchers in theoretical and empirical aspects. Due to this issue, the main purpose of this paper is to compare two asset pricing methods i.e. “Beta” and “stochastic discount factor” in Iran Stock Exchange market. Using the monthly data of Tehran Stock Exchange index return and return of shares of the companies listed in the stock exchange market of Iran during 1379(1) to 1398(6), we have formed 5*5 baskets-called 25 portfolios of Fama and French- to evaluate the efficiency and stability of one factor model (capital asset pricing model) and multi-factors model (Fama and French’s 3 factors model) using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation method. The results show that the aforementioned methods are not completely superior to each other. In fact, for CAPM model, stochastic discount factor method is more efficient and less stable than Beta method and vice versa for Fama and French’s 3 factors model.

The purpose of this article was to investigate the replacement of traditional money with virtual currencies and its effects on macroeconomic variables with the approach of Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models. For this purpose, the data of the period 2018-2019 with seasonal frequency have been used. In the model designed in this article, it is assumed that due to the use of virtual money, a substitution between virtual money and traditional money will happen in people's asset portfolio. In this study, the shock caused by the price and volume of Bitcoin transactions is considered as an indicator for the demand for virtual currency. The results show that the shock from virtual currencies has led to a decrease in the demand for traditional money, in other words, there has been a substitution between holding traditional money and virtual money. In addition, the results indicated that due to the shock of virtual currencies, the amount of consumption in the economy has increased, and on the other hand, the amount of government income from royalties and money printing has decreased. Also, the results showed that the government's tax revenues have also decreased due to the trend of financial resources in the economy towards the demand of virtual currencies.

Reducing the emission of pollution, especially polluting gases, is one of the important goals of the world's energy and environmental policies. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of energy consumption structure on the emission of polluting gases in some countries of the world, including industrialized developed countries and developing countries. To meet this end, while using data for the period 1995 to 2019, a panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) was applied. In this paper, energy consumption structure, economic complexity index, urban population and the degree of openness of the economy considered as effective factors on the emission of polluting gases. The results of the linearity test confirm the existence of a non-linear relationship between the research variables. A transfer function with a threshold parameter that represents a two-regime model was considered to specify the non-linear relationship between model variables. The slope parameter (transmission speed) is equal to 3.1964. The results of the tests indicate that in both regimes (first and second) in industrialized and developed countries, the structure of energy consumption has a positive effect on the emission of polluting gases.

Macroeconomic policy analysis and risk management require taking account of the increasing interdependencies across markets and economies. National economic issues need to be considered from global as well as domestic perspectives. This invariably means that many different channels of transmission must be taken into account. This paper investigates the effect of global economic shocks on Iran’s economy.  The Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) model for the first quarter of 1990 to the fourth quarter of 2019 is used for 34 countries, which cover about 90% of world gross domestic products. According to previous studies and the results of this study, it is found that only the shocks of the United States, China and the global shock affect the macroeconomic variables of other countries and oil prices, and as a result, the effect of these three shocks on the Iranian economy is investigated. Ceteris paribus, the results show that China's shock affects the variables of GDP and Iran's inflation: with a 1 percent increase in China's GDP, Iran's GDP increases by 0.08 percent and inflation by 1.2 percent and has no effect on interest rates. The US shock has an indirect effect on oil prices. Due to the isolation of the economy, foreign variables do not have significant effects on the Iranian macroeconomic variables. In general, Iran's economy, due to the size of the economy and the volume of trade shocks of other trading partners through the foreign trade channel do not affect the Iranian economy.

The purpose of this study is to explain the macroeconomic effects of gender discrimination against women in the Iranian labor market using the DSGE approach. By taking a set of characteristics into account, we extended the new Keynesian standard model that consists of three sections namely households, firms and a monetary authority, and  then parameterized it for the period of 2008-2019. The results show that in the steady state, gender discrimination causes women work more inefficiently in unpaid household work and less in the paid labor market than men. This inefficient working time allocation between women and men leads to a discrimination-induced gender wage gap, lower wage for women and men, lower consumption, output and welfare in comparison with non- discriminatory environment. The analysis of the impulse response function of model variables regarding the expansionary monetary policy shock shows that in the gender discriminatory environment, the increase in wages of women and men, consumption, output and inflation is less than the non-discriminatory environment. Moreover, due to the positive shock of technology, the increase of wages of women and men, consumption and output is less in comparison with the non-discriminatory environment.

The expansion of the globalization process has increased the relationships among financial markets in different countries, which itself has motivated investors to move among them to make more profit. Given the situation in Iran after sanctions, the possibility of investing in well-known financial markets is facing with the risk of sanctions. The present study aims to evaluate the existence of volatility spillover among the financial markets of Iran and Islamic oil exporters countries.  To this aim, a multivariate factor stochastic volatility (SV) model and stock price index data were used with daily frequency for the period 12/05/2008-02/19/2020. Based on the results, the main hypothesis that the volatility spillover among the financial markets of OPEC oil-exporting Islamic countries follows a common and uniform random trend is accepted for the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar, but not for Iran and Nigeria. Therefore, diversifying the portfolio for Iranian investors in the financial markets of OPEC Islamic oil exporters can reduce the investment risk in the long run which make such economies an appropriate investment destination for Iranians due to the conditions of sanctions.

This study evaluated intra and inter-regional income inequality in Iran using household cost-income data for the time period from 2007 to 2016 based on the Theil Index and Mean Logarithmic Deviation (MLD) index. It also estimated the contribution of education level to creating income inequality. The results of the study indicated that Iran faced the highest level of income inequality in 2008 compared to the whole studied period. Besides, intra-regional inequality has a major share of total inequality. The lowest income inequality index arising from the education level was found in Region 8 (Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Kerman, and Yazd provinces) and the highest income inequality index belonged to Region 6 (Tehran, Alborz, and Qom provinces). The findings of the study also suggested that the income from the education level has a higher share in creating income inequality in provinces with a higher density of population and activities. For instance, Tehran Province with a population density of 970 persons per kilometer square and 1886 industrial workshops with 10 workers and higher has the highest share of human capital in creating income inequality. In contrast, Southern Khorasan and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces with a population density of 5 and 15 persons per kilometer square and 87 and 122 industrial workshops with 10 and more workers have the lowest share of education level contributing to income inequality.

This article examines the theory of network-based economics (two-sided markets) and considers payment cards in Iran as a case study. Based on the monthly data of the Central Bank of Iran and the payment cards of electronic networks in Iran (SHAPARAK) from Dec. 2014 to March 2019, demand elasticity and monopoly power have been estimated. The results show that the elasticity of the cardholder and the card acquirer with respect to the interchange fee rate is 0.55 and nearly 1 (1.04), respectively. These results show that the cardholders have smaller elasticity to interchange fee compared to acquirer of payment cards. The estimated market power indicates that the payment card network in Iran is highly monopolistic. The payment card platform in Iran (SHAPARAK) does not impose its market power on the buyer side (card holders) and subsidizes them in order to create balance in transactions, but this platform impose exclusive power on merchant side (card acquirer) of payment cards. With this policy, card holders are attracted to the market which increase trading on the platform and platform profits. In general, on the buyer side of Iran payment card we have P = MC but on the merchant side P> MC. Therefore, the regulatory authorities in Iran must regulate SHAPARAK market power.

Investigating connections between financial and oil markets is important for investors and policy makers. This knowledge allows for appropriate decision making. In this paper, we measure the dynamic connections of selected stock markets in the Middle East with oil markets, gold, dollar index and euro-dollar and pound-dollar exchange rates during the period February 2007 to August 2019 in networks with different weekly horizons. In this paper, we intend to evaluate the pairwise impact of crude oil and Middle East stock markets, in particular on the Tehran Stock Exchange, and to analyze this variance using different time horizons. The results show that in all time horizons the variance of prediction error in most markets is due to the shocks within each market. The Saudi Arabian Stock Exchange has the most impact on other Middle Eastern stock markets. The dynamic connections between oil and financial decreases over time. The most important factor that impacts financial markets is conditions in neighbouring stock markets, except the Tehran Stock Exchange. Dynamic connections of the gold market with other markets is not significant. Therefore, it can be used as a tool to hedge risk.

Various studies have shown that markets are not separated and that fluctuations in different markets affect each other. Therefore, awareness of connectedness is needed for investors and policymakers for making appropriate decisions. The aim of this paper is to measure the dynamics connectedness of selected stock markets in the Middle East, oil markets, gold, the dollar index, and euro-dollar and pound-dollar exchange rates during the period February 2007 to August 2019 in networks with different weekly horizons. In this paper, we intend to evaluate the pairwise impact of crude oil and the Middle East stock markets, in particular on the Tehran Stock Exchange, and to analyze this variance using different time horizons. The results show that in all time horizons the variance of forecast error in most markets is due to the shocks themselves. The Saudi Arabian Stock Exchange has the most impact on other Middle Eastern stocks. The dynamics connectedness of the oil markets is remarkable, however, as the time horizon increases, dynamic connectedness between the two markets decreases and they are mostly affected by other markets, especially the Middle East stock exchanges except for Iran. Moreover, Iran stock market is an isolated market. About the gold market, there is a significant connectedness with the pound-dollar exchange rate and gold market; however, the dynamics connectedness of this market with other markets are not significant. Therefore, this market and Iran stock exchange can be used as a tool to hedge risk for investors.

The aim of this article is to measure the dynamics connectedness of Tehran stock market with stock exchanges of selected countries from the Middle East and China, oil and gold markets, the dollar index and the euro-dollar and yuan-dollar. To this end, a variance decomposition approach has been used to measure connectedness of markets between January 2008 and the end of July 2019. The findings show that the variance of forecast errors in most of markets are due to the shocks of those markets themselves. The Qatari Stock Exchange has a significant impact on Saudi and UAE stock exchanges. As the time horizon increases, Brent's oil market will be more influential than other markets, and this market will be more affected by the stock exchanges of the Arab countries and the Shanghai Composite. According to the results, investing in the Tehran Stock Exchange and the yuan-dollar exchange rate due to insignificant dynamics connectedness with other markets is recommended to hedge risk.

Macroeconomic indices are the essential tools to determine the effects of economic policies, in the short-, medium- and long-run planning and policy makings for an economy. One of the important indices in this area is the producer price index. Therefore, this paper investigates the forecasting of producer price index (PPI) in Iran using seasonal time series data over the period 1990-2017 (1369-1396) through Dynamic Model Selection (DMS) and Dynamic Model Averaging (DMA) in three forecast horizons (one, four, and eight season). In such methods, not only the coefficients but also the forecasting models change over time. The models used in this study (DMA, DMS, BMA, BVAR, TVP and AR) were divided into three categories, large-scale (including 101 variables in nine factor blocks), middle-scale (including 6 variables), and univariate models. The results of the study indicated that forecasting DMS and DMA compared to other approaches has an efficient forecasting performance for the producer price index in Iran.

This paper examines the response of natural gas prices to crude oil prices in Europe and America. Gas price variations in regional markets mostly follow crude oil prices. Economic variables such as oil and gas prices fluctuate substantially over time. We find that nonlinear models are preferable to linear regression for the study of such fluctuations. The regime switching model provides a flexible and dynamic framework for the study of sudden changes. In this paper, we use the MSVAR approach to study the impact of oil price changes on gas prices during the period of January 1996 to June 2017. This relationship changes with time, during certain periods oil price has a positive effect on gas prices while during other times it has a negative effect. In Europe, the first lag of oil price has a negative effect for 1 month, and positive one for 16 months. During both time periods, the second lag effect of oil prices on gas prices are positive. In the United States, there was a positive effect for the first lag of oil price for 2 months. The second lag of oil price had a positive impact on gas prices for 22 months. The Granger causality test supports the thesis that changes in oil prices are the Granger cause of changes in gas prices.

In Economic literature, different dimensions of financial development have been scrutinized. In this regard, what is important about bank-based financial systems is the distribution of loans and credits among different economic sectors. Actually, in non-competitive markets characterized by imperfect and incomplete information, any sort of distribution of credits and loans which is based on profit maximization for banks will not necessarily result in maximizing the collective interests of a country and it can even have adverse effects for the whole society. With regard to the issue described, this paper aims to study the role of distribution of credits and loans among different sectors on economic growth in Iran. To achieve this goal, we have used and analyzed time series data for the period 1984 to 2015 using Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL). The findings of this paper show that the logarithmic coefficient of financial growth index (calculated as the ratio of total outstanding credits to GDP) is positive and significant in both short-term and long-term periods. This means that financial development plays a positive role in economic growth. On the other hand, the estimated coefficient for the ratio of loans allocated to production sectors to loans allocated to non-production sectors is also positive and significant in both short-term and long-term periods. This suggests that loans allocated to production sectors have a positive effect on economic growth. In fact, one can assert that although an increase in bank loans and credits (actually, the ratio of total outstanding loans and credits to GDP) has a positive effect on economic growth, the more these loans and credits are inclined towards production, the more the magnitude of economic growth being stimulated.

After the oil shocks of the 70s، oil extraction policy has become more important in two aspects. In one aspect، economists have reconsidered the Hotelling (1931) model about optimal natural resource extraction rate and in other aspect، engineers has paid more attention to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods. Economic theory of natural resources extraction is designed for maximization of discounted profit but in engineering point of view enhanced oil recovery with considering maximum efficient rate (MER) shape the optimal extraction rate. As a result، combination of these important economic and engineering concepts could be comprehensive definition of the optimal oil extraction rate. This idea has been investigated for one of the southwest Iranian oilfield where natural gas injection as an EOR method has been applied. In this study، we have utilized the optimal control theory which considers all of the above mentioned assumption. The results about cost function indicated that oil extraction cost increases with decreasing remaining reserves. Result about optimal extraction rate showed that for discount rate higher than 10 percent، extraction rate has not been dependent to three EIA oil price scenarios. Optimal oil extraction model depends on discount rate. Low dependency to the oil revenue leads to conservative extraction but otherwise maximum extraction in early years and minimum extraction in the latest years would be optimal.

The main objective of this paper is to compare consumer price index (CPI) with true cost of living index (COLI) of Iran’s urban households from 1991 to 2011. In order to determine the minimum subsistence level, An Implicitly Directly Additive Demand System (AIDADS) was estimated using GAMS and Minos5. Then with help of those estimations, the Engle coefficients for a linear expenditure system were estimated using the seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) econometric technique for 12 commodity groups. Using the results of previous estimates, welfare measures and true cost of living index were calculated and compared with the prices of the base year (2004=100). The results indicate that during the period of study, the consumer price index (CPI) is a skewed estimate of the cost of living index and, with the exception of 2008, underestimates it for the period between 2005 and 2011 while overestimating it for rest of the period. In other words, for the period between 1991 and 2003, it displays an upward bias while for the others, it is downward. Results also show that the cost of living indices for expenditure deciles are significantly different from the CPI in urban areas.

The relationship between financial markets and the economic growth is a subject that has obviously been observed by many economists since the lifetime of Joseph Schumpeter. There have been various analyses and opinions on the development of financial markets and their effects on economic growth, and various conclusions have been achieved through experimental studies. Some theoreticians view religious and cultural condition of countries as the factors of satisfactory effects on economical growth. Others believe bureaucracy and political establishment to be the main causes of such growth, while another group believes that the economic policy and strategies of each country play roles. The present article emphasizes the effect of taxes on the relationship between financial markets and economic growth in a model of endogenous growth. This effectiveness will be analyzed for period of (1992 2008). In this analysis, the study of panel data of more than 65 countries in the world signifies that taxes have negative effects and the development of commercial interactions has positive effects on the relationship between financial markets and economic growth. of Course, empirical findings of the study do not indicate significant relationship between taxes, financial markets and economic growth in the middle east countries.