فهرست مطالب uosef mehnatfar

governments worldwide are actively optimizing budget efficiency. This research aims to examine the relationship between government budget deficits and economic growth, emphasizing developed and developing countries, particularly the D8 group, during the period from 2010 to 2021, using the System Generalized Method of Moments (SYS-GMM). The results show that in developed and developing countries, especially the D8 group, the negative coefficient of the budget deficit on economic growth can be attributed to concerns such as the effect of congestion, high interest rates, or a decrease in trust in the economy due to financial imbalances and support for the neoclassical approach. In addition, there is an almost one-to-one positive effect between past economic growth and the current level of economic growth. However, this research helps to understand the sustainable impact of budget deficits on current economic conditions in developed and developing countries. Regarding the findings, policymakers should consider adopting contraptions that promote sustainable economic growth while exercising caution in budget deficit management.

In recent decades, economic growth along with environmental protection is important issue facing most economic societies. On the other hand, with the increase of new technologies and the trade openness, the effect of changing new and extensive structures on the environment has become very important. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of economic complexity and trade openness on the ecological footprint (as an indicator of environmental degradation). For this purpose, the data of 18 developing countries in Asia during the study period from 1990 to 2017 have been used with the Panel-Quantile approach. In addition, the variables of GDP per capita, globalization and financial development were considered as control variables. The results of this study show that the increase in economic complexity in different quantiles reports different results, so that with a one percent increase in economic complexity in the 10th quantile, the ecological footprint has decreased by more than one percent, but an increase in economic complexity in the 50th quantile has caused the deterioration of the quality of the environment. The results show that the increase in trade in all quantiles has helped to improve the environment. Moreover, with increasing globalization and financial development, the ecological footprint has increased in all quantiles. In addition, the results of this study indicate that the increase in per capita income has reported different results in different quantiles.

In this study, the effect of ease of access to financial resources on exchange rate transition in import pricing regimes has been investigated using Markov's rotational approach during the period 1973-2018. The results showed that importing firms in Iran follow three pricing regimes: low, medium and high. In all three regimes, the exchange rate transition rate is greater than one, and with the transition to a high pricing regime, the exchange rate transition rate increases. While in the high and medium pricing regime, the ease of access to financial resources strengthens the degree of exchange rate transition, but in the low pricing regime, the exchange rate does not change significantly. In addition, ease of access to financial resources directly leads to lower import prices, which is statistically significant and larger than one in the high and medium pricing regime. This reduction in the high pricing regime is larger than the medium pricing regime. The results also showed that the economy tends to be 40% in the low pricing regime, 40% in the medium pricing regime and 20% in the high pricing regime, and the average durability of the regimes is 2.00, respectively, 1.29 and 1.29 years.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between the shareholder basic and the investment return volatilities of the industrial companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. In this study, one hundred companies active in the Tehran Stock Exchange which have had a relatively higher level of liquidity, were selected as a sample over a 6 year- period (2014-2019). In this regard, a panel data regression model was used. According to the existence of heteroscedasticity problem in the estimated results, the GLS method was used for estimating the model’s parameters. Also, based on the iterative fixed effect test and Hausman test, the random effects model was preferable to the fixed effects model. Hence, a panel regression model was formulated by random effects. The results show that by increasing the number of the large shareholders of the industrial companies and their ownership percentage, two effects are created. The first effect is related to reducing the herding behavior of the large shareholders and subsequently related to reducing the return volatility level of the industrial companies. The second effect is related to the share price volatilities which have been arisen from the trading effects of the large shareholders. Also, by increasing the number of the large shareholders and their ownership percentage, gradually the impact of the trading market of the large shareholders on the companies return volatilities superior to the impact of the more informed shareholders.

The present article using an autoregressive model, studies the effect of the fluctuations of the oil price on the macro economy variables such as domestic gross production, money volume, price index and the government expenditure in Iran as the fourth oil exporter country. For this purpose it has used the data relating to the variables during the era of 1350-1390 (1971-2011) and the pattern of Vector Autoregressive (VAR). The results show that during the studied years regarding economic structure of our country the money volume has been increased along with the oil income rise which has raised the rate of inflammation. It has also shown that each oil volatility has a negative effect on the domestic gross production in Iran and this effect is being risen during the years. The fluctuations of oil price can impose important effects on the most countrie's economy. in addition to effecting on the economy of the oil importer countries, these fluctuations are considered as one of the main resources of disorders in the economy of oil exporter countries so that the rise of oil price causes a rise in foreign exchange income made by oil sale and it provides the possibilities of fast price rise, the rate of wages and imports in these counties.

Economic theorists have different approaches on the function of governmental investment over economic activities of private section، so that according to the stand point of Keynesian، governmental investment intrigues private investment. On the contrary، classists argue that governmental investment causes private sectors to be driven out from economic activities. Ricardianeconomics is also believed the neutral and non- effective role of governmental investment on instigation of private activities. The present paper is carried out according to the annual data of the Central Bank through the years 1959-2012، using annual data via Johansen co integration test. The results have indicated that governmental investment has positive and meaningful significance based on Johansen common cumulative approach which has been normalized by private investment. It also presented that increasing in governmental investment would certainly lead to the increasing of private investment which represents a supplementary relation. The stated condition is in accordance with Keynesian’s theory. Government expenditure has also have negative as well as meaningful effect and the production of civil gross according to the expectation of a theorem has a positive symptom. The results have shown that inflation has insignificant impact on private investment which is not significant.