فهرست مطالب vahid choopankareh

Nowadays, learning design processes is a prerequisite in teaching design and an indispensable part of training industrial design students. Many distinguished universities around the world teach the design process using cooperative methods, but, despite the significance of the matter, there is a gap concerning the cooperative learning of the design process at Iranian universities. On this basis, the present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the Jigsaw Cooperative Learning Strategy on the in-depth learning of the design process with traditional methods currently practiced at most Iranian universities. In the present case-control study, the population was made up of art students with no prior training in industrial design processes. The sample included 24 students selected using the cluster sampling technique. The sample was randomly divided into an experimental and control group, each comprising 12 members. The experimental group received four 120m instruction sessions according to the Jigsaw Cooperative Learning Strategy, while the control group was instructed according to commonplace methods of teaching industrial design. The groups were assessed on three occasions (pretest, posttest, and post-hoc analysis) using a researcher-made test so that the obtained information could be implemented to determine the effectiveness of the Jigsaw Cooperative Learning Strategy on learning and retaining the industrial design process. The results obtained through descriptive and inferential statistical procedures showed that there was a significant difference between the Jigsaw Cooperative Learning Strategy and the traditional methods of instruction in terms of learning and retaining the industrial design process. In other words, it was indicated that implementing the Jigsaw method had a significant impact on learning the course more in-depth.

In today’s world of design, creativity is an indispensable skill for designers and part of the educational process of industrial design students. One of the challenges in design education is to understand the concept of creativity for students and to guide them in using various approaches as an effective tool in design. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative efficacy of using creative TRIZ method by industrial design students in product design based on 40 creative principles, its parameters and contradiction matrix. It is hypothesized that contrary to popular belief that most people feel that innovation is based on emotion and instinct, the main hypothesis in using this method is that creativity can be taught. To address this hypothesis, 20 undergraduate industrial design students at 6th semesters, were selected in the course of Creativity Project. They were asked to conceptualize and redesign their selected products based on 40 creativity principles and TRIZ Contradiction Matrix. The results show that applying the TRIZ method had a positive effect on students’ ability to analyze the product design process, leading to exact understanding of the problem, generating newer solutions, and enhancing creativity in ideation. Based on the obtained results, teaching this method and its practical application in the product design process is recommended. In this method, using the paper pen method in recording ideas made it possible to understand and make the method more effective.Keywords: Personal knowledge management, employability, students, engineering education, academi achivement.

With the advancement of technology and the dramatic growth of medical science, diseases such as cancer that were previously untreatable have now been cured. However, for many people, the disease is synonymous with death. Not knowing enough about the disease and its treatment process exacerbates fear and tension. Children with cancer usually do not have a clear and informed understanding of their illness, given their age and mood, so they are less likely to cope with it. This study aims to reduce children's anxiety and help them to improve their mental health by informing children through play. In this regard, by designing a web site and a game, in addition to indirectly transmitting necessary information about the disease and its condition, it has tried to reduce children's anxiety and increase their hope. The output of this research was designed on the basis of continuous interactions with users and the fabrication of multiple prototypes and was optimized by evaluating users to arrive at designs. Anxiety and life expectancy tests were also performed on users to determine the efficacy and validation of this product. The results showed that indirect awareness through play means can play an effective role in reducing anxiety in children with cancer and increasing their cooperation in the therapeutic process.

The conformity of products affordances and their signifiers with the level of physical and cognitive abilities of users, is a key factor determining the usability of different products, especially interactive products. The multi-functionality of interactive products has created the process of working with them through sequential and nested affordances, Therefore, working with them is more complex and difficult than many products. In some interactive products (such as Mobile phone and some applications), there is the possibility to customize interfaces and some affordances, so users can match them with their needs, level of ability and skill; but in generic interactive products (such as ATM, ticket vending machines) which users have different physical and cognitive abilities, it's not possible to customize and match the products affordances and signifiers with different users, so the interaction involves many problems.
The purpose of this research, is to provide a good solution for improving the design of generic interactive products and enhancing their usability; so it is assumed that designing multi-level affordances can provide the appropriate use of generic interactive products for a wide variety of users. Accordingly, the background of the affordance theory in the field of product design has been briefly outlined. Then, the start point of this research and the reasons for choosing ATM as the case study are mentioned, and the full process of an applied research is described. Applied data in this research is gathered through the field study, using the questionnaires. Independent variables such as age, gender, level of education, user experience and skills, and familiarity with intelligent systems, were selected as the most important variables affecting the understanding of the affordances and the way of using the ATM.
In the first stage of research, the users problems and needs in dealing with the ATM, different users preferences in the design of affordances and the most important variables affecting the desirable affordances, were determined using the questionnaire. In the second stage, significance of the relationship between independent variables with understanding the simplicity or difficulty of the process of interaction with ATM, became clear using the second questionnaire and Chi-square test and the severity of the relationship was determined using Cramer's test. In the third stage, in order to prepare multi-level affordance test, the affordances of three services of ATM were designed in three levels based on the results of the first and second questionnaires. In the fourth stage, the affordances and user interaction steps were programmed and simulated by application, then presented to the statistical sample and tested with the third questionnaire. In the fifth stage, the statistical data were analyzed using SPSS software in descriptive and inferential manners.
The result of this study shows that if be possible to select a level of affordance which is appropriate to the physical and cognitive abilities of the users, the process of doing the work will be less difficult and less complicated and the work will be satisfactory for the user. At the end of the article, some suggestions on how to apply multi-level affordances in generic interactive products are provided.

The Bauhaus was one of the most prominent architecture schools and applied arts of Germany from 1919 to 1933. During those years this School located in three German cities, respectively; Weimar, Dessau, and Berlin. The Bauhaus had always shown particular attention to industrial design and was active in the field of furniture design, lighting, packaging, exhibition stands and outdoor advertising. Among all, lighting products had a special position in the Bauhaus School. The specific focus of the Bauhaus on the lighting design mainly was due to the presence of the enthusiastic designers such as László Moholy-Nagy and Marianne Brandt stimulating hard work on this edge. László Moholy-Nagy with his activity in light-space modulator as well as his studies on light and shadow, photogram also his visions on managing metal workshop in the Bauhaus brought an applicable view on this field. Moreover, the works of Marianne Brandt as the most important lighting designer of the Bauhaus that made contracts with industry caused development in the lighting design in the Bauhaus School. Additionally, revenue came from selling mass production in the market made the highest motivation to the Bauhaus focusing the lighting issue. The Bauhaus motto was unifying art and industry. The Bauhaus’s products found their way to the market as they were far more progressed than their time. Even now many reputable companies reproduce and sell the same lighting products.
In This article, the core functionality at industrial design will be studied with looking close at the significant lighting products of the Bauhaus. In this regard, some issues connected to the field of lighting in the Bauhaus school such as the lighting position at the Bauhaus, some significant samples of the Bauhaus lighting products, their application in the interior design, the designers of these products and the Bauhaus metal workshop in which many designs shaped into a product, have been studied in detail. Afterward, the three focal tasks, including functions of functional industrial design, aesthetic and symbolic in general have been reviewed in those products. Four samples pendant lamps, floor, desk and walls light have been shown in the table. In functional operation, the Bauhaus lighting products have been designed in accordance with the vision of “form follows function”. In other words, the lightings are just composed of main parts without extra details. Concerning the functions of the aesthetic, form of these products have features such as basic geometric shapes with primary colors also most of the time they are made of metal and glass. Also, these lights follow the rules of visual balance, rhythm, and proportional aspects. With reference to the symbolic function of the Bauhaus lights, they have been distinguished by objective influences of the Constructivism and the De Stijl. In the end, a perceptual map of three mentioned different function has been drowned for all eleven selected samples of the Bauhaus lights. All relevant information and design Specifications of the Bauhaus lightings from last century have been gathered under historical method and the information has been analyzed through descriptive and analytical approach.

Sport as one of the man's prominent activities has an important role in citizen life. Nowadays, the urban parks are very important places to take part in physical activities and communicate with other people. The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of social communication on recreational sport participation in the urban parks focused on demographic characteristics of participants.
It is a descriptive survey done as a field study. The research population was the people who participated in physical activities in the parks of Mashhad. According to Morgan's sampling table, the sample size was 384 participants selected by cluster random sampling. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire prepared considering the research literature and background. The validity was approved by the experts. Cronbach's Alpha showed a high reliability (α= 0.88).
Making friends and communicating with the peers were the important motivations for the participants. Accompanying friends were considered as a strong stimulus for participants to continue sport participation in the parks. Interestingly, the communication networks of recreational sport participation have been extended to non-sport spaces.
The old people, individuals with higher education degree and the divorced ones do not mind sport participation to make social communication.

Humans try to provide “security and safety” in related environments to themselves such as living, work, rest and recreational environments. “Coasts” are one of the areas that always attract people to spend time and vacation there. But according to statistics in the medical jurisprudence organization of our country (Iran), “drowning” is one of the problems and obstacles that some people are victims of it each year (Adults and children). It is a multifaceted injury, involving multiple patterns that vary by age group, body of water and activity. Death and injury due to drowning and other water-related causes are too common in Iran at summer. Although it is one of the new public health crises and considered as major causes of mortality in many parts of the world, but it is often neglected. The awareness and institutionalize the concepts of security and safety at an early age are considered as preventative measures and strategies to ease the burden and problem. And drowning prevention efforts have narrowly focused on specific age groups and specific activities. Also educational games has attracted the attention of many educational leaders and they utilize the games as a practical and experimental approach for teaching kids in educational and non-educational environments such as home. Educational game is defined as an application compounded with educational aims and recreations and providing learners with regarding the value of life, using resource and methods and having a good time with the way of creating and having experience. For this purpose, in order to teach the concepts of safety and security as well as control the problem of drowning, an educational game has been designed to make it possible to utilize that as a preventive tool to control or decrease in this subject. Educational game includes teaching defined concepts by using pictogram system along for example notify about Rip Current and use aids for swimming (for example: Wearing life jacket, inflatable rings, swimming belts) and refreshing activities such as playing with sand and objects in it on the beaches. The Draw-a-Scientist Test (DAST) is a tool to assess stereotypical imagery of scientists. To increase the objectivity and reliability of the DAST as an assessment instrument method DAST-C (The Draw-a-Scientist Test Checklist) is used to confirm available hypotheses on 30 little girls from 7 to 11 years old at school. Hypotheses involve the using of educational games by children has effect on learning concepts related to safety and security of the coast. Educational game can be used to lead children toward other entertainments except swimming in seas. During the seven weeks and four stages (pretest, playing educational game, test, latest test), experimental group with the tools and methods mentioned above were tested. Finally the results evaluated by Analysis of variance (ANOVA) by a statistical analysis software (SPSS) and results had a significant differences between pretest and test/latest test and showed that the use of educational games has positive effect on learning defined concepts and it is possible to create a new attitude in children.

This historical – interpretive research, aims to classify the visual data over the 60s, 70s and 80s SH in order to provide an answer whether "there is a meaningful relationship between the media and clothing styles in the society". If we consider fashion as a powerful tool for cultural dissemination especially among the young; hence, there is a cultural dialogue between fashion and media. Gradually, with the growth of media in the society, the clothing style -as an identification media- would depend on more diverse and complex issues. As a result, the control of clothing styles is beyond the power of a single media owner, and it requires the sum of numerous media policies to shape the directions of fashion.This research with the aim of promoting the public culture reveals the importance of intentional interference in shaping the fashion streams by investigating the media altering processes.

The goal of this paper is application of Theoretical aspects of emotional design for designers and especially industrial designers. Nowadays a huge amount of resources for emotional design has been introduced globally; however the problem was that most of them have been based on psychological or philosophical approach and there were really few resources which would try to connect emotional based theories with design. Even those researches which carry the term emotional design, have very little to do with elements of design theory, which is based on Gestalt theory for design. We believe that this paper would be one of those pioneering steps, trying apply emotional design concepts for design. Not only this connection was tried to be conducted, but also an artifact was tried to be designed based on this approach, so the findings of the research could be evaluated by the reader. There are many reasons to work on emotional design. Nowadays in the contemporary world, emotional design approach can be considered as bridge which connects Design Science and other related fields of design; it is also considered as a powerful tool which guarantees product success and capturing the satisfaction of user. Based on this, we tried to introduce application of emotion based theories for designers. In order to reach this goal, the main elements of emotional design and the role of affecting design factors in this approach was considered and then three levels of product perception was studied based on Norman’s theory. Although we believe that Norman’s theory has a lot to do with design, however translating those three layers of emotion to Gestalt Elements is something really important, which has not been worked as an independent research program yet. We also tried to consider how the user’s emotions would be activated. The activation of user is important since the user is the final receiver of our message which could accept or deny the product designed. There were some methods introduced to see how users ‘emotions could be activated. Here we refer to two methods which was called Interpretative phenomenological analysis and scenario based design. In interpretative phenomenological analysis, the main goal was to put away any assumption which we had from outside world and then we try to interpret elements around us and we would see how surroundings have been interpreted. Findings would be useable for designers to design their own artifacts based on intuitions captured from this approach. Another method, scenario based design, is something which could offer designers possible solutions. In comparison to scientific methods, which reach one answer, scenario based design offers the designer a range of solutions. Based on this, the designer is free to choose between different solutions. Combination of these two methods would be very helpful for designers. In the end, based on those two methods, a sample of an amusement device has been designed, which offers a practical value for designers.