vahid dehbashi

Land is one of the most fundamental natural resources and plays a crucial role invarious sectors of the economy as a factor of production. Today, in addition to its primary role,land has also become an asset due to its limited supply and unique economic conditions. With theever-increasing population and diverse demands for this resource across various economic sectors,the issue of land scarcity and limitation has become more noticeable. Not having the ability totransfer and move, insignificant depreciation in the process of consumption and production, andmost importantly, the heterogeneity of different units of land, make it difficult to formulate thepattern of demand and supply of land. Therefore, it is not easy to estimate land supply and demandfunctions. In this research, land is considered as a heterogeneous commodity, and valuingagricultural land according to its unique characteristics is the aim of this study. Since land is oneof the most important resources in the agricultural sector, determining its real value can be veryimportant for land management, its more efficient use, and agricultural development. On the otherhand, it achieves the highest possible efficiency by optimizing scarce production factors such aslabor, tools, purchased inputs, and management ability. This study was conducted with the aim ofvaluing the agricultural lands of the Sistan Plain using the hedonic pricing method in 2022-2023.

For the valuation of agricultural land in the Sistan Plain, the villages ofZulfiqari, Rahdar and Kod were selected as samples. The reason for choosing these villages isaccess to river water and wells, which are valuable due to the cultivation of the land. In this study,the hedonic pricing method was used to estimate the price of agricultural land in Zabol City. Forthis purpose, in 1400-1401, 99 questionnaires were completed in the schools of Rahdar, Kod andZulfaqari villages of Zabul city using the simple random sampling method. After completing thequestionnaires, the simple logit model was estimated using Eviews7 software, and SPSS22software was also used to estimate the statistical descriptions including the mean, minimum andmaximum variables. In this research, the effect of 15 variables on the price of one hectare ofagricultural land was investigated using the regression estimation method.

The results of linear logarithm model estimation showed that the variablesof ease of access to water, access to city water, ability to replant and distance to the main road had apositive effect on the price of each hectare of agricultural land . The agricultural land in the mentionedregion benefits from less environmental pollution, limited urban and industrial development nearmain roads compared to other parts of the country, and the presence of essential facilities andinfrastructure like water, electricity, and telephone, as well as easier transportation. These factorshave positively influenced the price of agricultural land. The desire to change land use is also veryhigh due to the mentioned conditions of low agricultural profit in the region and drought.

According to the topology of the area and the smoothness and lack of properdrainage, in some cases, the price of agricultural land is affected by the presence or absence ofthis factor. The percentage of the land under cultivation confirms the availability of water andthe quality and profitability of the product for the land owner, which will also have a positiveeffect on the price of the land. On the other hand, the owner's desire to change agricultural use,which is a less profitable activity compared to non-agricultural uses, increases the price of land.The ability to change the use refers to the existence of the necessary permits, access to therequired facilities and infrastructure, and the profitability of this case. Meanwhile, the onlything that has a negative effect on the price of agricultural land is the distance from the road,the more the distance from the road, the lower the land price.

Investigating the short-term and long-term effects of factors affecting the quality of the environment in IranOne of the main goals of countries is to achieve sustainable development. Unlike the previous models of development, the approach of sustainable development emphasizes on all-around development, and intergenerational social justice and environmental considerations are considered among its basic dimensions, and it has three basic dimensions: equality, economic growth, and environmental sustainability. Many researchers consider the inappropriate relationship between humans and nature as one of the main causes of negative environmental effects (Bargui et al., 2014). In the last few decades, the environment has been considered from various economic and social aspects, and how it interacts with the energy sector, population and economic growth have become the focus of many scientific discussions. In the theories of economic growth, in addition to being used as inputs in production and consumption, environmental resources are also affected by economic activities in the form of production and consumption, so that sometimes the increase in economic activities leads to the use of energy resources, resources water, agricultural lands, etc., and therefore includes air pollution, destruction of pastures, and reduction of the fertility of agricultural lands. Therefore, on the one hand, economic growth increases welfare by increasing production and consumption, and on the other hand, by creating environmental pollution, it causes a decrease in economic welfare.One of the factors affecting sustainable development is the interaction between energy consumption and the environment, so that energy consumption and environmental problems are closely related to each other because it is almost impossible to produce, transport, and consume energy. Without having environmental effects. Air pollution, water pollution, temperature changes, and scattering of solid waste are environmental problems that are directly related to energy production, transmission, and consumption.The energy sector plays the most important role in changing environmental conditions. Today, the level of production in less developed countries is generally based on the use of non-renewable energy sources, which has caused concerns about environmental problems such as water, soil, air pollution, reduction of fertility, soil erosion, and reduction of resources. (Hashmi and others, 2015). For this reason, different countries seek to use renewable energies such as solar and wind energy, etc., to improve technology in order to reduce the harmful effects on the environment.One of the topics of interest to economists and environmentalists is the relationship between the quality of the environment and economic variables. Therefore, the literature on environmental economics has developed significantly in recent years. Income and the quality of the environment are two general currents of thought in this field. The first approach, which is known as the "anti-growth" theory, states that economic growth necessarily leads to the destruction of the environment; Because growth means injecting more and more raw materials and energy into the economic system and then producing more waste. On the other side of this spectrum, there is a second approach known as the "economic growth" theory.In this group, it is believed that growth is the only way to create and provide the necessary capital to protect the environment, therefore, instead of threatening the environment, economic growth can help improve its quality. The conflict between these two approaches and the fundamental differences in their arguments, along with the different empirical evidence of each of the two groups, led to the emergence of a third approach in this field in the 1990s, which states that the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality - positive or negative - in The length of the development path of each country is not stable, in fact, this relationship reverses over time when the income reaches a certain level.Such a relationship became known as the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) or the Environmental Transfer Hypothesis (ETH). This means that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the environmental degradation index and per capita income. This means that in the early stages of economic growth when the income level is low, economic growth leads to the deterioration of the quality of the environment, but after the per capita income passes a certain level, further growth leads to a reduction in pollution.One of the influential factors in the growth and development of societies is the environment. Environmental challenges created in the process of economic growth and development have become one of the most important concerns of policymakers. Today, in addition to the policies and actions within their own countries, countries follow the regulation of pollution in the international sphere. In this regard, identifying the forces affecting the environment is very important and it seems very useful in adopting appropriate policies.. Therefore, the study of factors affecting the relationship between growth and pollution can be important because it may be the basis of environmental policy-making at the national and international levels. For this purpose, this article, by expanding the STIRPAT model, has been done to investigate the factors affecting the emission of carbon dioxide by using the information of the provinces of the country in the form of panel data and with EViews and Stata software. The results of the evaluation panel model show that energy consumption, per capita income and Gini coefficient, and population growth as indicators of the income distribution had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the short-term and long-term relationship of factors affecting the quality of the environment has been investigated based on time series data based on the ARDL method. The results of the estimation of the short-term equation showed that in the short term, energy consumption, the population of the previous period, and the Gini coefficient of the previous periods had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, per capita income had a negative impact on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, based on the estimate In the long term, population, energy consumption, and the Gini coefficient have had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the increase in per capita income has a negative impact on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the long term.

Reducing environmental pollution and achieving economic growth along with a clean environment have been some of the most important and challenging topics in recent decades and until now (Maghdisi and Golriz Rezaei, 2019). Therefore, it has attracted the attention of many researchers and policy-makers. In this regard, examining the economic dimensions of greenhouse gas emissions and their environmental effects, especially in the current situation where the volume of greenhouse gases is increasing, is important. This is despite the fact that the process of industrialization of societies has led to more and more intensive exploitation of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas in order to be used in the production process of various goods and services. In the last three decades, increasing the amount of carbon dioxide has been one of the most important issues in environmental economics and development. Carbon dioxide is the main greenhouse gas and one of the most important causes of global warming and climate change.For this purpose, in the current research, the relationship between economic growth, population, and carbon dioxide emissions in different countries of the world, considering their income levels, was investigated using the panel data method in the period of 1991-2018.This article examines the theoretical foundations and various theories in this field, some of the most important factors affecting carbon emissions, such as gross domestic product, population, and urbanization as a measure of environmental quality. Several studies have examined the direct relationship between energy consumption and economic growth from different aspects. Still, despite the studies conducted, this study analyzed the carbon emission in different countries and the factors affecting it theoretically. Is. In this regard, first, the theory of Kuznets Environmental Curve (EKC) was analyzed in a refined manner, and then the amount of population and urbanization and economic growth and their impact on the emission of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, were analyzed through perspectives and theory. Various things have been discussed. The information and statistical sources used in this study are written documents, library, and electronic information. The data were extracted from the statistical information published on the World Bank website for all countries during the years 1991-2018. Based on the classification of countries by the World Bank through their income levels, the countries examined in this study are divided into five groups of countries with income levels (high-medium to high-low-medium to low) and according to the availability of all Their information has been determined. The countries of Iran, Pakistan, Philippines, Kenya, and Vietnam in the group of countries with medium to low-income levels; Argentina, Peru, Turkey, and Mexico in the group of middle to high-level countries; Spain, Australia, Italy, Japan, and Norway are in the group of high-income countries and finally, Togo, Chad, Congo, Liberia and Madagascar are in the category of the lowest income level.The sustainable development of any society requires attention to the environment and its protection for future generations. In the meantime, the increase in greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide gas, has caused concerns about the quality of the environment. From other aspects, economic growth as a stable factor and one of the most basic macroeconomic goals has always been the focus of planners. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the relationship and effect of economic growth on the amount of carbon dioxide gas emissions in 4 groups of selected countries with different per capita income (high, medium to high, low, and medium to low) among 20 countries using data. Combined studies have been carried out during the years 1991-2018. For this purpose, Kao, Westerland, and Pedroni's co-integration test was first performed to confirm the co-integration relationship between the variables. Then Chow's test was used to confirm the panel data method, the test statistic was equal to 1.75 and the null hypothesis of this test showed that the panel data method is applicable. Next, Hausman's test was performed to compare fixed and random effects models. The Hausman test statistic was found to be 25/41 completely significant, so the model was confirmed in the fixed effects model. Finally, to investigate the effects of economic growth on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions in selected countries, the general and partial estimation of the regression panel model with fixed effects was used. The results of the regression model showed a positive relationship between carbon emissions and gross domestic product in the studied countries. The coefficient related to the variable of gross domestic production and its square were obtained at a significant level, and the positive and negative signs were evaluated according to Kuznet's theory. Therefore, the environmental hypothesis of Kuznets was confirmed in the mentioned countries and the results showing the relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions were estimated as inverted U.Obviously, in this study, the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and population, urbanization rate, and gross domestic product can help policymakers in making the right decisions in dealing with environmental degradation in line with economic growth. Also, the results of the regression analysis showed: that all countries are located on the upward slope of the Kuznets environmental curve, and with the increase in income, the amount of carbon has increased on average for all countries; The slope of this curve has been assessed as increasing at low levels of income and decreasing at higher levels. Also, the results showed that there is a close correlation between carbon dioxide emissions, GDP, population, and urbanization rate. However, due to changing technology and replacing fossil energies with new energy sources, this dependence can be reduced. Also, the partial estimation results of the regression model showed that with population decrease in countries with high and medium to high per capita income, the amount of released pollution has increased by -11-2.10 and -6.46-10-E respectively.Obviously, in this study, the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and population, urbanization rate, and gross domestic product can help policymakers in making the right decisions in dealing with environmental degradation in line with economic growth. Also, the results of the regression analysis showed: that all countries are located on the upward slope of the Kuznets environmental curve, and with the increase in income, the amount of carbon has increased on average for all countries; The slope of this curve has been assessed as increasing at low levels of income and decreasing at higher levels. Also, the results showed that there is a close correlation between carbon dioxide emissions, GDP, population, and urbanization rate. However, due to changing technology and replacing fossil energies with new energy sources, this dependence can be reduced.

Sugar beet, as one of the important sources of energy supply, plays an important role in food security of society. Therefore, the optimal use of agricultural inputs in the production of this product, in addition to increasing productivity and reducing production costs, leads to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reducing the negative impact of improper consumption of agricultural inputs on the environment. Finds. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency range of farmers based on the use of agricultural inputs in an optimistic-pessimistic framework, and analyze the environmental effects of input consumption.

Information needed to conduct research was collected through interviews and completing 48 questionnaires among sample beet growers in Ghaen city in the 99-98 crop year.

The average efficiency of farmers in the output-input mode was equal (0.7011, 1.7606) and the average efficiency of farmers (0.427, 0.0352) was calculated. The results show that 42.7% of the product is produced per unit consumption. Also, the average amount of inputs such as: seed consumption, phosphate fertilizer, nitrogen and toxins in the production of sugar beet, respectively, is estimated at 3.370, 54.2, 139.70 and 2.523 kg / ha. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted due to the production of sugar beet and the consumption of essential inputs such as: nitrogen fertilizer, and seed consumption, the toxin is 1480.73, 984.65, 1.53, 11.49 kg / ha, respectively. According to the results, nitrogen fertilizer has the greatest environmental impact.

In the production of sugar beet, different types of inputs are used, which in addition to increasing the yield, also have an environmental effect. Therefore, by informing farmers through their presence and participation in extension classes and also by educating farmers about the proper management and consumption of chemical inputs, the harmful effects of their overuse in the production process can be prevented. Brought. In order to reduce the biological and protective effects, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and replace livestock and organic fertilizers by producers and policy makers should be considered. Also, review the implementation of subsidy reduction policies and the realization of the price of chemical fertilizers and consumer inputs.

Improving the production system in the agricultural sector requires defining and implementing a model for crop cultivation, based on the country's macro policies, market structure, farmers' knowledge and regional and climatic potentials to protect the environment, reduce water consumption and achieve The economic benefits are sustainable. The purpose of this study is to apply the gray fuzzy planning model with an environmental approach and reduce water consumption in determining the optimal cultivation pattern in Jiroft.

The present research is an applied research in terms of purpose, causal in terms of study method, and in terms of research method and nature and method of approach to inference. Gray planning is one of the methods of analyzing gray systems for decision making under uncertainty.

The results showed that the area under potato cultivation between 5292 and 5328.7 hectares in the region can change. The area under onion cultivation can be changed between 1547 and 2349.9. The area under tomato cultivation between 530.6 and 985.4 hectares in the region can change. The area under watermelon cultivation can be changed between 129.5 and 240.5. The area under corn cultivation between 840 and 1560 hectares in the region can change. The area under alfalfa cultivation can be changed between 1204.7 and 22237.3. According to the mentioned restrictions and with the aim of maximum profit, the farmers of the region can cultivate 4910.1 hectares of wheat, 1644.5 hectares of barley and 2063.6 hectares of cucumbers.

Since the development of infrastructure services has a great impact on reducing resource constraints, paying attention to this issue regarding the optimal use of resources to increase the profitability of regional activities can be effective.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of political and economic freedom on carbon emissions in OIC member states during 1999-2015.  In the present study, while estimating a general model including 50 member countries, two models were also examined by the degree of political freedom of countries, including non-free and partially free countries.

The Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) method was used for this purpose. To verify the stationary, Breitung, Im, Pesaran, Shin, and Hadri tests have been used. Also, to investigate co-integration, the Pedroni test was applied.

The results showed that the relationship between political freedom and carbon emissions is significant and negative and the relationship between economic freedom and CO2 emissions is significant and positive. The relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions is positive and significant, and due to the negative relationship between economic growth and the environment, the existence of the Kuznets environmental curve in the member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation was confirmed. It was also found that the effect of energy consumption variables, industrialization index, and population size on carbon dioxide is also positive. In non-free countries, the effect of political freedom and economic freedom on carbon emissions is significant and positive. In relatively free countries, however, the effect of political freedom on carbon dioxide emissions is negative and the effect of economic freedom is insignificant.

According to the results of the present study, increasing political freedoms in OIC member countries reduces CO2 emissions. In fact, this concept shows that pollution is expected to be reduced by providing more opportunities to listen to environmental activists. This result highlights the importance of political freedom. Because despite political freedom and the rule of democratic governments, the rate of accountability is higher and the flow of information is faster. Free press and other forms of information provide citizens with more information on environmental issues. All of this highlights the importance of transparency and public awareness. Because awareness ultimately leads to demand, people who are demanding and aware of environmental issues force governments to protect the environment.

Volatility spillovers among financial markets suggest some sort of information transmission between these markets. The present article uses VAR-BEKK-GARCH approach to investigate volatility spillovers among financial markets in Iran, including stock, foreign exchange and gold markets pre and post JCPOA. To compare volatility spillover among financial markets, the data analyzed were associated with two periods, one pre-JCPOA, i.e. 25 March 2009 to 13 July 2015, and the other post-JCPOA, i.e. 15 July 2015 to 18 July 2018. Moreover, the impulse-response functions were calculated by including the asymmetric volatility spillover of error terms in MGARCH-type equations. Comparing the results obtained from estimating the model confirmed two-way volatility spillover between gold and stock markets in both of the periods, two-way volatility spillover between foreign exchange and stock markets, one-way volatility spillover from gold to foreign exchange markets in the per-JCPOA period, two-way spillover between foreign exchange and gold markets and one-way spillover from stock to foreign exchange markets in the post-JCPOA period. In addition, the effect of volatility spillover from stock to foreign exchange markets was negative in the per-JCPOA period and positive in the post-JCPOA period, and volatility spillovers between financial markets significantly decreased in post JCPOA period. The results of impulse-response functions also confirmed a reduction in the transmission of uncertainty among financial markets in Iran in the post-JCPOA period.

Activity in agricultural sector is considered as a risky job due to its high reliance on nature and its dependence on climatic and environmental factors. Agricultural insurance as a means of risk transfer is of great importance. On the other hand, sugar beet is one of the important crops in the crop rotation of Qazvin plain that every year a large part of its production is damaged due to natural, human and intentional hazards. The purpose of this study was to identify and rank the factors affecting the extension of sugar beet crop insurance among sugar beet growers in Qazvin plain with emphasis on economic components. The present study is based on descriptive-correlation method. Data collection tool was a questionnaire and the statistical population consisted of 250 sugar beets and simple random sampling was performed using Cochran's formula 172 farmers. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis by SPSS 23 software. Friedman rank test was also used to rank each of the factors affecting the extension of sugar beet crop insurance. The results showed that economic, social, promotional-educational factors, knowledge, farmers' satisfaction, farmers' attitude towards crop insurance, the amount of damage caused by natural factors in the study area and farmers' risk have a positive and significant effect on the extension of sugar beet crop insurance. Farmers' satisfaction with sugar beet crop insurance had the highest predictive power (Beta = 0.845) and economic factor had the first rank of effect on sugar beet insurance expansion. Given that the economic factor was recognized as the first factor in the extension of sugar beet insurance, it is recommended that the amount of compensation paid be revised and the compensation specified in the contract be paid to growers in a timely manner.

Increasing awareness and concerns about environmental damages has led communities to take solutions to this problem. Taxation of pollutant emissions is one of the strategies recommended by economists to achieve some of the environmental objectives and eliminate contamination. The purpose of this study is to estimate the willingness to pay an environmental tax on gasoline.

In this study, a conditional valuation method (CVM) is used to measure individuals' willingness to pay for goods and services. The statistical population of this research is gasoline-fueled cars in Mashhad in 2017, due to the lack of information on the number of vehicles, the number of unlimited society has been considered. In this study, 500 people were selected by simple random sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. It’s validity was confirmed using content validity.

The results indicate that 77 percent of all respondents tend to pay environmental taxes on urban air, while 22 percent of the population are not willing to pay any amount under the name of the pollution tax. Approximately 3% have not been self-reported regarding their willingness to pay.

Based on the research findings, environmental beliefs has a positive and significant effect on the willingness to pay tax on gasoline; therefore, it is suggested that cultural and informational platforms be developed before clarifying the need for environmental taxes before planning for such a tax.

In decades, improving The business environment is considered a solution for the economic problems of societies on a macro level. The business environment includes factors outside the control of economic actors that can affect their business performance. In recent decades, this concept has been considered by countries and international institutions, so that a part of a country's macro policies and objectives is assigned to improving the business environment. Hence, this study analyzes the effect of macroeconomic instability on a number of active firms in the Iranian business environment. Our results show that the quality of the economic, physical and human environment affected the the number of active firms in the framework of cointegration and VAR models. In other words, increasing macroeconomic instability as an index of -negative- the quality of economic environment reduces the number of active firms in the long run. Human development and physical capital have positive and significant effects on increasing the number of active firms. In this context, it is necessary to adopt proper plans and programs for removal of barriers, especially economic instability, and to implement these programs by the government.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the responses of stock, gold and foreign exchange markets in Iran, with an emphasis on the spillover volatility effects. For this purpose, the rate of return of variables is calculated by using the daily data of Tehran Stock Exchange price index, exchange rate and gold price during the period of 25 March 2009 to 18 July 2018. The estimated model investigates volatility spillovers in the markets using the VAR-BEKK-GARCH approach. The impulse-response functions are estimated by including the possibility of the asymmetry of the coefficients of the cross terms of the errors in MGARCH-type equations. The results show two-way volatility spillover between foreign exchange and stock markets, one-way volatility spillover from the foreign exchange to gold markets and one-way volatility spillover from the gold to stock markets. Moreover, the findings obtained from the impulse-response functions confirm the spread of uncertainty among the financial markets in Iran.

The impact of exchange rate on the trade balance is one of the basic and controversial topics in the field of international economics. Changes in the exchange rates can cause different effects on a country's trade volume in the short term and long term, whose time-path is shown by the J curve. In this study, the aggregate trade balance approach and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and error correction model (ECM) are used to analyze the J-curve in Iran. The results show that Iran’s current account time path is not consistent with J-curve. Specifically, the response of the trade balance to increasing exchange rates is positive and significant in both short run and the long run.

Nowadays, investors consider different factors to choose for investment. The goal of this research is the investigation the influence of the preferences of the investors and the quality of the accounting information on the sudden volatility of the stock market value in the Tehran stock exchange. The related community in this research are the companies that are membership of the stock market of Tehran on during the period 2004_2014. The analysis of the data was done by using the logit panel econometrics approach. Results show that the quality of the accounting information has a positive and a significant effect on the future sudden volatility of the stock market. Also the results of the research emphasize that significant effect of the preferences of investors on the future sudden volatility of the stock market. In fact the information quality and the preferences of the investors can forecast the future sudden volatility of the stock market value.

Using the information technology (IT) and Electronic Life theory can be a suitable way of changing the current status of cities or at least minimizing related problems. Trust is one of the major issues which affects the acceptance of electronic city. In this study, the main focus was to identify the elements related to the trust of citizens to the electronic city which was carried out through studying the parameters affecting trust with the aim of determining the effective elements . Also, the performance of the two methods used in evaluating the elements was compared..
It is a descriptive-analytic research based on studying documents and library references as well as field study and survey city of Ghir. Data and information were collected based on existing facts of the city and asking questions from citizens and related experts. Using random sampling method and Cochran’s formula 350 individuals out of 18200 were selected as the sampling population.
Ressults:: The results of the sensitivity analysis of this study showed that trust to the network , features of citizens, the quality of the network, and citizen's trust respectively have the priority in determining the rate of trust to electronic city. In other words, in order to raise the trust of citizens in the electronic city, the trust to the network parameter is more important and with more Internet security, public and private networks and electronic city technology, more effective steps can be taken to increase citizen's confidence in the electronic city. The results of this study indicate the high ability of RBF neural network performance and neural fuzzy system to estimate the trust rate of electronic city. By comparing the performance of the two methods of neural network RBF and neural fuzzy system, it was observed that the function of the neural fuzzy system is relatively better and more accurate.
It is suggested that urban managers increase the level of trust in the electronic city and increase the acceptance and usage of the electronic city by citizens, according to the order of importance of indicators of trust in the electronic city and the priority.

Many planners and policy makers in the field of development have enumerated the tourism industry as the main pillar of sustainable development. Accordingly, if proper planning is undertaken and due attention is directed towards identification of opportunities and constraints of tourism, it can play an effective role in the development of the economic relations and ties as well as national and regional development and diversification of the national and regional economy. The sustainable success and growth of tourism depends on proper and harmonious performance of diverse and intertwined elements and factors. As such, investment security is considered as one of the most important factors in this regard. Accordingly, this paper examines the relationship between sustainable tourism development and investment security in terms of resistive economy. Since sustainable tourism reduces the dependency level on oil revenues, it is considered an environment-friendly phenomenon which occupies a unique status in the resistive economy. The results of ARDL model estimation method delineate that the notion of investment security plays a vital role in tourism development. Besides, if the investment security is improved across the country, it may be argued that an important step has been undertaken toward tourism development and attainment of goals stipulated in resistive economy.

Background and The aim of this study is to provide cropping pattern with different objectives to maximize the private and social benefits is separately in the city of Marvdasht. To determine the optimal cropping pattern mathematical programming models was used. This study was collected the part of data such as yield, price and cost of production of crops and inputs to produce these products in hectare using two-stage cluster analysis method from 97 questionnaire. The results showed the total cultivation area in this case relative to the total current cultivated area was unchanged. But in this model products such as irrigated wheat, dry land wheat, corn, watermelon, cucumber, onion, beans and irrigated lentils removed from the pattern and irrigated barley, melons and onions (with 33193, 1477 and 43126 ha) were planted into a pattern. Also tomato cultivation increased 93 hectares. The results showed social benefits and gross margin in this model relative to current model increased 1627170000000 and 1482915224150 IR. Rials respectively.

Poverty, education and economic growth are three macro-economic variables that sometimes are closely related together and sometimes their relation is complicated. Accordingly, the present study has been tried to identify and modeling the relationship between these three variables. To achieve this goal, firstly using by Granger causality relationship between these three variables has been identified and then for the period 1363-1389 is modeled in the framework of Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Method (ARDL). Granger causality test results showed the direction of causality is from economic growth and education to poverty. Modeling the results of Granger causality test in framework of the ARDL model also shows that poverty, education and economic growth are co-integrate. In other words, long-term relationship exists between them. Also, the results of this model show that the education with one lag in short and long term has a negative and significant effect on poverty indicator in Iran. Also, the relationship between economic growth and poverty is reverse in the short and long term. Finally, the result of error correction model (ECM) showed the speed of adjustment toward long-run equilibrium in the poverty model slowly being carried out. with increasing economic growth and education, measuring of poverty in the society will decrease in the short and long term. Also, if a shock is inserted into the model, two periods are needed to model adjust itself, and again to get the initial equilibrium.

In this study، economic، social effective factors and government infrastructural funds on rural migration in Iran has been studied.

In order to the relationship between migration and government budgets in economic and social affairs in rural areas was investigated by autoregressive distributed lag method.

The results showed that each of economic - social and government expenditure factors have different effects on rural migration. Government strategies should tend on investments that have a positive effect on migration reduction. On the contrary، expectation can be observed in the long term by increasing the government budget in development and modernization in rural regions not only will not decrease migration، but rises. Also it is considered that the government economic budget in the agricultural sector don’t affect on reducing or not increasing migration.

According to the findings، an appropriate policy analysis in improving efficiency of government investment in rural regions is essential to reduce migration.