vesal meymandi

Sound is one of the effective factors in creating artistic images of the Holy Qur'an, which has a deep compatibility with the content, deciphering the meanings and propositions of the text. This alignment of sound (phonetic) and meaning (semantic) opens up new levels of knowledge to the audience so that with Every change in phonemes, syllables, words, and musical context, semantic variables are also changed. A new image is formed through these sound approaches. For this purpose, phonetic fit and content, which is discussed in linguistics under the title of "Phono semantics", has been included in the scope of this Qur'anic research using the analytical-descriptive method, and the compatibility of letters, diacritical signs, words, and rhythm of the verses of Surah Sajdah with the meanings have been examined and specified; In Surah Sajdah, each of these sounds is well placed in its role in such a way that under the influence of meaning, the sound spreads from the smallest component to the entire context, and a phonetic and semantic overlap that is appropriate to the central theme, highlights the role of the surah's images.

Lexical polysemy is one of the most important topics that can be proposed in semantic studies in the field of linguistics. In linguistic studies regarding the meanings of words, we are always faced with concepts that are affected by the units and elements that accompany them. This influence is so much the semantic analysis of the word without considering the relationship between these elements is impossible. Focusing on the context and structure of the sentence after the etymology and historical course of a word proves its multiple meanings well. Achieving an accurate interpretation of the Holy Quran, which is one of the major goals of Quranic research, depends on the accurate understanding of the words of the Holy Quran. This research is focused on multiple meanings of Tughyan (Insurrection) in the Holy Quran, to find out its exact meaning. The course of meaning of this word in the verses of the holy Quran has been reviewed with its multiple aspects in relation to the central core of meaning and most importantly the influence of the accompanying units of the word Tughyan by referring to the interpreted versions of the holy Quran has been reviewed. This research shows that the word Tughyan is one of the words with multiple meanings in the Holy Quran, which has many aspects such as misguidance, cruelty, disbelief, rebellion and disobedience, arrogance and deities other than God, and all these meanings have a conceptual connection with the main core of the meaning.

The etymological analysis of words and examining its various concepts in order to reach a clear picture of a subject, or a scene for which that word is used has been of interest to linguists and writers for a long time. This analytical method of Nahj al-Balagha words can be found in the Lisan ol- Aab Dictionary. After analyzing the etymology of a word,if Ibn Manzoor, finds it in the words of Imam Ali, refers to his speech and the use of that word. Using the analytical-derivative method of words to reach a comprehensive meaning has a long history, but using this method to drawing a scene from the word used for it In such a way that by analyzing its derived concepts, all the bight shadows and visible and hidden angles can be depict, or turn it into a screenplay, rarely in the writings related to Nahj al-Balagha can be found. Among the hundreds of words in Nahj al-Balagha, in which imagery and artistic creation can be analyzed and many cases with such features can be selected and analyzed in Nahj al-Balagha. These three words are chosen to depict the two important wars of Safin and Jamel In this article, using the method of derivational analysis, the concepts of the desired words and the illustrations used in them have been examined in order to find out the reason for Imam's use of a specific word instead of its synonyms and related words, and the height of rhetoric and He received the eloquence of Imam's words.

Quranic metaphors do not always occur in nouns or verbs. However, this pattern, most often, occurs in subject nouns (pseudo-verbs). Many rhetoricians and Quranic researchers believed this type of metaphor to be a singular metaphor, but we can revisit this kind of metaphor to get a holistic perspective. In addition, the findings of previous studies showed that Quranic scholars have neglected the current capacities of subject nouns due to association with words. The main objective of this article is to investigate whether this metaphor, in its linguistic context, is singular or compound according to the coexistence, substitution and descriptive-analytical method. Then, the researchers contend that the subject noun is considered singular due to association with Quranic verses, while it seems that in these cases the subject noun is compound. Moreover, in some cases, ignoring these important issues has led to an incomplete translation by the translators.

One of the common discussions in literacy criticism is how his mental concerns are reflected in his work. As literature, especially poems, take their themes from the depth of the human spirit, we can point to the effects the governed psychological situation on the poet's characteristics has on the literary creations. Individual psychology is considered a personality theory that is founded by Alfred Adler, the Austrian psychologist. According to this approach, feeling inferiority is one of the mental states that is formed at the beginning of a person's life at his personality and affects his different behavioral aspects till the end of life. The feeling of inferiority is considered the main human encouraging force toward his objectives and wishes. From the individual psychology viewpoint, the effort to gain superiority is formed as the consequence of this feeling of inferiority and makes the individual's personality coherent. According to this approach, all peoples has the feeling of inferiority inside themselves only to different degrees. If the feeling of inferiority does not exceed its limit leads to progress and superiority of the person. However, if this feeling is not controlled finally leads to an inferiority complex in the person. The feeling of inferiority in its different kinds is affected by the unique situations of each person in childhood, his initial training, and their spiritual, social, political, and geographical situations. The current study tries to study the verbal signs of inferiority feeling at the personality of Ali Fouda, the contemporary Palestinian poet, according to Alfred Adler's viewpoint. Of these signs in Ali Fouda's poetry, the reprimanding and blaming tone (using reversals), the proud word (using Hazage rhythm or shortening the hemstitches in addition to selecting stretched syllables at the ends, repeating identity signs), contradiction (using contradictory atmosphere at the concept of the words arrangements), complain of the situation and conditions of the time (using the selection of the human primary needs), using folk songs and alien words can be pointed out. All of these are revealed due to the effect of an inappropriate social environment as well as the difficult situation in his family life.

Cohesion is an organic link between the components of a text that turns it into a discourse.This theory was first proposed by Halliday and Hassan in 1976.From the point of view of these two linguists reference, omission, replacement, conjunctions and lexical coherence are the factors that create coherence.lexical coherence includes two types: repetition and homogeneity.repetition of a word in verbal and semantic forms, in addition to creating a connection between the sentences of a text, causes to standout that word in the text.This article has been done by descriptive_analytical method with the aim of investigating the function of the cohesive factor of repetition in creating a link in the text of "Aljazie va Aldarawish" novel and highlighting its subject.After data analysis it was found that using the element of repetition - 2.505 cohesive nodes-the author has expressed his ideology while creating a strong connection between words and meanings. The high frequency of direct repetition of the central vocabulary of the novel collection and each part of it focuses on the main theme of Algeria and Islam and sub-themes not east and west, and the withdrawal of repatriated immigrants for the novel.And partial repetition, synonyms and pseudo-synonyms in the next order,highlighted the author's power in using multiple words,that are effective in understanding the discourse of the novel. The role of vocabulary in the emergence of novel discourse is faint.

Cultural criticism is a major literary phenomenon in the post-modern literature. It explores the layers of the society and interprets them from cultural, social, political and historical points of view. A recent subject of cultural criticism has been the Iraqi society, which has had bitter experiences through the tough years of several wars, from Iran-Iraq war to invasion of Kuwait to the US invasion of Iraq, as well as the advent and dissidence of terrorist groups. This has created a cultural problem that Ahamd Saadawi, a contemporary Iraqi novelist, adopted as the main theme of his works including the novel He Dreams, or Plays or Dies. The novel best depicts such cultural adversities in the society as corruption and oppression. The present study delves into the novel to detect the elements and techniques of exerting authority and show how the cultural layers of the society have undergone changes and damage. The research is conducted through a descriptive-analytical method and on the basis of Foucault’s theory. With regard to the three types of authority discussed under the theory, it is concluded that the Iraqi society has shifted toward cultural degeneration represented by such evils as declined sense of religion, immigration, immorality, violence, pugnacity, and prevalence of derision. Among the most important pioneers of cultural criticism in the West are pioneers from the Frankfurt School, including Michel Foucault (1921-1991), who critiqued politics and literature in the era of modernization. As Foucault believed, political, historical and social events affect literature, which is based on the perception of a world that results from culture. There is no difference between literary history and cultural history, but both are manifestations of social criticism. The most important thing that Foucault touched on in his modern theories is the mechanisms of the flow of power in society and how all these mechanisms affect the emergence of a form of culture whose impairments can be addressed through the same theory. Foucault does not see power as an imposition by the use of an external force, as the state imposes its own rule, for example, but rather as a fluid that flows through the entire social body. There is a manifestation of power at all levels of society; From major political phenomena such as the drafting of the constitution, down to personal relationships between individuals, such as the relationship between a father and his children or between a doctor and a patient. Foucault calls this theory “the tactics of domination or power.” The novel as a tool for research, exploration and analysis of reality and its problems, and a representation of the urgent course of life and its exciting events. It is not surprising that we find in it a reflection of the cultural, social and political reality, as it may be very self-evident to say that the novel is a literary art with a cultural implication, so we try in this research to shed light on the phenomenon of cultural impairments and techniques Showing it through cultural criticism in the novel "He dreams, plays or dies" by Ahmed Saadawi as a novel that narrates the various forms of impairments in Iraqi society and reveals the deterioration of human relations as a result. We adopted Michel Foucault's approach to extracting forms of power because of the comprehensiveness of dialogue in the expression of impairments. It is worth noting that Foucault divided force into three categories: visual force, mechanical force, and physiological force. The method of exercising power in Iraq in terms of visual power weakened Islamic thought and the culture of jihad and martyrdom on the one hand, and on the other hand it created a wave of contradictions in a sea of ​​beliefs. The most famous example of the dominance of visual power in the way of marginalizing culture is the permissibility of immoral scenes such as casinos. Add to this that the domination of despair and betrayal over life, the loss of any vitality or activity due to seeing war scenes, and indifference to social problems and difficulties have other effects of this type of power. On the other hand, the use and planning of a certain type of mechanical power represented by the ruling regime's use of discipline to exploit people for its benefit has increased the wave of migration and drained the brains out of Iraq. In addition, the habit of blind obedience, uprooting the culture of slavery, and ignoring civil rights and human rights are among the other destructive effects of the mechanism of exercising power in Iraq, where the ruling regime focuses its attempts to exploit people, especially young people, by imposing some things under the cover of the military or social system and obeying their orders like sheep. At the same time, physiological force, by refraining from punishing social wrongs, has led to widespread corruption in the structure of government institutions and financial and moral corruption of government officials. We often deal with scenes that indicate the absence of laws to provide social justice that leads to economic corruption in the structure of the state without the people. And it is what creates pleasure in resisting right and law in the cultural structure of society.

Recognizing the nature of human being with the aim of discovering the fundamental motives of human behavior and in the pursuit of human nature has been center of attention of researchers in various scientific fields such as psychology. Freud said that the main factor of effort and human activity in all spheres of life is the sensation of his failure, which is found in almost all human beings. He cites methods to compensate for the failure, one of which is" Association". Some contemporary Arab poets have expressed their aims and the problems of the society by hiding behind their masks. For this reason, in the contemporary era, the tendency to reflect on the Sa'alik works has become a common practice for the critics of the society. So, we can say that the agents of Saa`lik and the way they live is an effective behavioral approach throughout the history. The principles of Saa`lik`s life has made suitable patterns for contemporary poets. Ali Fode grew up in an environment full of anxiety and violence in his childhood. The emotional problems caused by the sudden death of his parents and the ignoring of the politicians on the Palestinian issue caused him to turn against the world like an ignorant Saa`lik and consider it as a model to achieve their goals. This study is based on the qualitative analysis of the content of Ali Fode`s poems and the use of psychological criticism in the literature and the library resources. The purpose is to investigate why and how Ali Fode (1946-1982), the contemporary Palestinian poet, associate himself with the Saa`lik Jaheli. Regarding "empathy as a natural phenomenon" in his poetry, Ali Fode avoided people because he had seen the cruelty of the society and the incompetence of the Arab leaders against the ruling regime of Palestine. He was in a hard time and saw no one accompanying him on the path of defending his homeland and realizing the ideal of democratic aspirations. Concerning association with Saa`lik, "enduring hardships to achieve the goal", it should be said that Ali Fode also had revolutionary and anti-oppression spirits; he could never tolerate the invasion of Palestine by the enemies and the indifference of Arab leaders to the occupation of this land. This caused the poet to consider the ignorant Saa`lik as his role model and to endure hardships like them and invite people to do the same. Regarding Ali Fode`s association with Sa`alik in the phenomenon of "love for the desert", the concept of the desert in his poetry differs from that desert which was raised in the Sa'alik poem. The emptiness of the desert in the Sa'alik poem means the absence of human beings in that place, but, by desert, Ali Fode means that the hearts of the Arab officials are empty of compassion and sympathy with the Palestinians. Moreover, the word “desert” can be used as the land of Palestine which has become empty of self-conscious and heroic human beings. In the case of association in the attribute of " turning away from the relatives and friends", it must be said that from Ali Fode`s point of view, one of the factors in the success of Sa`alik in achieving their goals was their switching away from the tribe that did not help them. For this reason, he avoided the people who had forgotten their goals and achieved their goals in isolation, as he did in order to achieve his goal of saving the Palestinian people. The last characteristic is " self-esteem " for which Ali Fode was tired of oppression and injustice against Palestinian people. So, he considered self-esteem as one of the factors in achieving his goals. To achieve his own purposes, he imitated Sa`alik. In general, Ali Fode`s poems are good evidence to prove his purposeful association with Sa'alik. From this contemporary poet`s perspective, in fact, the characteristics of Sa`alik were the key to success. To achieve his goals in the Palestinian environment, he identified himself with those characteristics. The results of the study show that Fode's emotional break in the family and the lack of support from his friends and Palestinian authorities to achieve his social aims caused him to unconsciously follow the Saa`lik Jeheli`s method. He did this in his imaginations by turning away from the society, associating with natural phenomena and identifying himself with the revolutionary poets of the Jaheli period. The main concepts of Fode's poems as a result of this association are empathy with natural phenomena, the tolerance of difficulties, rebellion against the enemies, love for the desert, turning away from the relatives and friends, self-steem and self-respect.

Over the past few decades, Iraq has experienced a bitter series of wars and miseries. A part of this history has been depicted in contemporary Arabic novels. These works of literature serve to display the realities and mysteries of the modern Iraqi man through narrations. Ahmad Saadawi, a contemporary Iraqi novelist, has dealt with wars and their outcomes in his works. His novel “Indeed He Dreams or Plays or Dies” makes references to different kinds of violence and reconstructs them to assess the reactive behavior of the society. What results from this behavior is a set of affective acts of violence that are internalized in the minds of people. The author has also staged social fright in a good way. This study is conducted through a descriptive-analytic method to examine the concept of violence in Saadawi’s novel. For this purpose, different types of violence are analyzed by narrative techniques, and the author’s objectives of showing violence in that novel are identified. As the results indicate, concrete and physical violence has led to panic and mental intimidation in the Iraqi society. The novel conveys this issue to its audience by such narrative techniques as the stream of consciousness, polyphony and meta-narration. Moreover, a combination of imagination and realism is used to express the war-induced violence represented by the elimination of social values, opposition to symbols, tendency for immigration and desire for segregation from Iraq.

Phonetic consistency is manifested by the order in the character of letters in words; To the extent that this arrangement is consistent with the concept derived from the text. Relying on this approach and in order to discover the structural and linguistic beauties hidden in the Holy Quran, this divine book has always been the focus of scholars; Analyzing and explaining these beauties to the audience is one of the things that reveal the aspects of the artistic miracle of the Qur'an. One of the miraculous aspects of the Holy Quran is its musical structure, which is the most important level in the study of stylistics and the first axis for entering the study of literary texts. In a way, the fit and connection between music and the concept leads to a better transmission of meaning to the audience and arouses their feelings. The purpose of this study is to analyze Surah Ibrahim based on descriptiveanalytical and statistical methods, and focusing on its phonetic level. The result of the analysis of the surah in this research shows the connection between the meaning and the music of the letters in front of the audience; Because the thematic atmosphere of Surah Ibrahim is drawn in line with the controversy between the divine messengers and the infidels. For this reason, when the context of the verse seeks to instill fear and warning of the disbelievers, it chooses words in which the music of the letters corresponds to their meaning in the verse. Also, in the context of such verses with the subject of fear and warning, in order to have a greater impact on the ears and minds of the audience, the choice of unknown and explosive letters prevails over other sounds. But when the context of the verse seeks to instill concepts such as a sense of calm and serenity in the audience, such as the atmosphere of prayers and conversations of the prophets with God Almighty, the context of the verse chooses words whose music also inspires peace; In addition, the frequency of emission of tangible sounds and occurrences and moderate sounds between intensity and occurrence in these verses have a more significant application.

Literary style reflects the individual characteristics such as taste, mood, personal, and literary convictions. One of the approaches of literary style is known as individual stylistic that is considers the relationship between text and feedback among the audience, explores the psychological, social and linguistic reasons and motivations that is effective in selecting and exposing linguistic structures in text. This research analyzed and described personal style in "Bilal Habashi" by "Ali Foda". The importance of this study lies in the study of the role of the internal and external factors of the poet's life in determining his literary style as well as its manifestation in his language structures. The study aimed to pave the way for other researchers of individual style. The results showed that Ali Foda in this poem imagines himself as suffering character Bilal Habashi. In this field, by relying on practical components in determining the individual style, he made poem heavy musical by using a lot of nasal consonants, selecting rhymes ending in the long vowels, and alignments that according to their internal states. Applying present verb indicates his dramatic revolutionary and reformist goals. His individual style is highlighted by adapting ideological vocabulary and interpretation that fits into the concept of sadness, frustration, rebellion, and resistance. His style is implicit and through beautiful metaphors in this poem, except one, the rest of implicit metaphors and sarcastic kennings stated.

Poetry and music have always been accompanied and are of the same origins moving in the same line. About the music of the Arabic poetry, it must be said that the Arabic language is the language of poetry. Technically, this poetry contains special music without following any traditional Al-Arud poetic meter. the verbal music is the result of the appropriate combination of all the verbal elements such as poetic meter, rhyme, Rdif, consonants, vowels, the stress and the pauses. This study aims at investigating the relationship between the meaning and the words of the poem “ Phelestini Kahado Alsayf” by “Ali Foude” and the effect of the music on the transfer of the poet,s feelings. What has made the study of this poem necessary is the unfamiliarity of many of the researchers and students of Arabic Language and Literature with “Ali Foude” who are supposed to be more and more familiar with the contemporary Arab poets on the one hand,  and the study of the relationship between music and meaning in this poem which is of great importance in transferring the intended meanings of the poet, on the other.  Undoubtedly, understanding the hidden relation between the music of this poem and the inner feelings of “Ali Foude” can unravel many of the aims and intentions of the poet and lead to a better conception of the poems. Since the analysis of the poems is not possible without considering the music and the harmony between the music and the text, the internal music, peripheral and the external music of the poem musical structure are analyzed and finally, the following questions are answered:
How are the different musical layers analyzed in the ode “ Phelestini Kahado Alsayf”
How is “Ali Foude” poetic power is reflected in his poetic music?
How are the content of this ode related to the internal music?

This study has been conducted in a descriptive-analytic method using the library resources. After studying the biography of “Ali Foude” and his works and introducing different musical layers of his work, the factors which create music in the poem “ Phelestini Kahado Alsayf” are specified and the relation between this music-creating elements and the thoughts and viewpoints of the poet is studied. The samples are selected and analyzed after several studies of the poem and based on the dominant thought, according to each music layer.

“Ali Foude” was born in Ghaanir village in 1946 and was martyred in 1982, after many years of homelessness and fight to achieve the aims of Palestine.” (Khalil, 2005: 76-81)
The music of a text is created by the sound and the movements of the letters, their locations, and the arrangement of different parts of a text and the long or short distances between them and is in fact “ a device by which the poet or the writer is able to transfer his hidden feelings in the form of the words” (Kavaz, 1388: 303). In what follows, different types of music are studied and their relations with the feelings of the poet are analyzed.
The  external music  is “  the tone made of the Arud and the meter of the poem. (Tousi,1369:22). Each poem is compatible with a special poetic meter according to the sentimental state and from among the different meters, the poets select the one which is in accordance with the content and their inner feeling. This ode has been recited in the Bahre Hazaj and because of its fast rhythm is an indication of the inner anxieties of the poem and is the best evidence of his inner excitement and revolt.
The peripheral music is the musical effects created by the repetition of the words at the beginning or the end of any line and at the end of each line in the model poetry and includes Radif and rhyme.
In this ode, 51 of the rhymes end in long vowels  and since “ the long vowels in the rhyme are an indication of the deep feelings of the poet, especially of  his sorrows” ( Alsadani, 1987:37) this is apparent in the ode and can be an approval to the poet,s efforts to reveal his sorrow and worry and his inner suffering.
The internal music is the result of the appropriate selection of the sounds and the use of the rhythmic sounds (Zaif,1966:97) and the most important elements of this music are rhymed prose (Saaj) and pun.  Pun is  the similarity between two words in the sounds which are not the same in the meaning. In this ode, Ali Foude has used the  puns in order to increase the music of the poem which consequently leads to the increase of the effectiveness of the reader.  Saaj is one of the other elements which creates poetic music and leads to the beauty and cohesion of the utterance. In this ode the punned words have been arranged by the sameness of the rhymes and the ending letters and this has led to the internal music as well as the increase of the meaning relations of the words.
Repetition is “ one of the mostly uses of the techniques of the contemporary poets which increases the music of the words and the cohesion of the ode. Ali Foude has started all the lines of the ode by the word “phelestini” and has emphasized on his identity and his deep inner feelings to his home country.

By an overview the music of the ode, it can be claimed that Ali Foude,s  technique in using the external music , shows that he has chosen the rhyme of the ode in a way  that they are close to his inner feelings and mood, particularly, because this poem has been recited to show his love for his home country and depicts his inner excitement.
The iinternal music of the ode has also an important effect on the accordance and relation of the poem with the content and the poems feelings. Also, it must be pointed out that Ali Foude has made his ode more effective by using different kinds of Radifs because he has not limited himself to the music created by the rhyme, pun and saaj and by the use of the repetitious words, has transferred some contents such as sentimental reinforcement, ennui, surprise, and homelessness, considering the fact that the more a poet has the mastery of the of the words, the more artistic creations he can have. It must be said that Ali Foude,s mastery over the words and his  contemplation and subtlety in the structure of the words and the relation between the sounds and the moves have created a beautiful internal and external music  which is in accordance with the contents of the poem. To conclude, the relation between the music of the poem and the content, thought and the feelings of the poet is one of the aspects which Ali Foude has considered very  well in this poem in a way that the music has been used as a device for expressing the content of resistance, revolutionary excitements, imaginations and sentiments to the readers. In this ode he is not ignorant of the main intention which is the home country but he has followed his commitment to the poetic music and it can be said that the rhythm of this poem is all an outcry and it is the cohesive music which expresses the meaning not just the words.

Contradiction, as a literary instrument with all its forms, causes the attraction, influence and beauty of the texts, and consequently, the astonishment of the reader. It is based on the contrast and differences between the literal meaning and real meaning of the words and expressions. In most cases, discovering the contradictory meaning is due to intensive mental effort and deep thinking in order to understand the contradiction between the literal meaning and the their covert and ambiguous meaning. This study is therefore based on the a descriptive and qualitative analysis of the contents of the odes of the contemporary Palestinian poet, “Ali Fodeh” (1946-1982), along with the use of library sources with the aim of studying verbal and imagery samples of contradiction in his works and analyzing the way this method has been used in his works. This results of the study revealed that he has used mockery, contradiction and denial as the verbal contradictions and change, surprise and roles as the subcategories of imagery contradiction. Moreover, his aim in using this technique was to express the contradictions and conflicts of the society which lead to the hopelessness, the surprise and the poet's grudge in pursuit of his reformist goals.

A new approach in literary studies that has attracted the attention of many critics and researchers is semiotics, or the analysis of signs and codes in literary texts. Semiotics is applied to the study of different sign systems such as languages, images and symbolic situations. Codes are one of the fundamental concepts of semiotics that serve as a framework within which signs find a meaning. Since literature is in close relationship with human sciences, literary critics have had the benefits of semiotic methods in interpretation of texts. Semiotic research of codes has not been done on Arabic poems. Therefore, due to the necessity in this regard, the present study, which is qualitative and descriptive in nature, uses library resources to aim at the semiotics language codes of the poem "Odat Sinbad" and to explore the degree of correspondence between those codes and the poet’s living conditions as well as their role in the cohesion of his poems. It is found that the poet’s psychological character is embodied in the linguistic and mythical codes of the narrative writing. In addition, the literary entity of the poem is indebted to its aesthetic codes.

Alienation in the modern age is a significant phenomenon, that seeks political, social, ethical being is on human; thus, affected by such circumstances the literary nature, takes suspicious and loses its soothing effect; so in the present age alienation dominate poet’s work. This article will identify and evaluate all types of alienation in the poetry of Ali Fouda (1946 - 1982 AD)the contemporary Palestinian poet.The final results investigating his poems werethe representation of different kinds of alienation including: social, political, ethical, psychological alienation, alienation from friends, time, location, literature and emotion.To overcome this feelings, various mechanisms, such as the use of terms indicating poverty and alienation, using the element of dialogue to resort to manifestations of nature, including animals and plants, addressing the mother to express her passion for the past and humility and softness in some cases, violence and harsh, in some cases.It is worth noting that these results were to examine Ali Fouda Divan and extracting samples of its poetry, based on the description.

Curriculums and educational materials are considered as one of the main bases of each science and knowledge’ learning phenomenon. They come to existence in the form of books or any scripts and educational tools; they develop in the light of progressing and specialization of sciences; hence there is an increasing need on the half of learners to achieve innovation and changes based on educational status and specific needs of attendants. After being separated from Syntactics, morphophonemicsas a branch of Arabic language has acquired various educational books especially by pioneers like “Ebn-Hajeb”; these worksnot only completed and arranged a systematic form for this science, but also they tried and still try to facilitate the education of this science to especially non-Arab individuals. AlSarf (1) Book written by “Dr. Ahmad Pashazanous” is among the latest works aiming at educating morphophonemic analysis and verbs in Morphophonemics. Based on investigation and criticism of Quran language’ educational texts and sources, this study tries tofairly investigate its outstanding features and privileges in comparison to other written works regarding morphophonemics on one hand, and express some of its present shortcomings existed in different parts of this book, like definitions, expressing problem and subject, exercises, referring to texts, fluent Arabic language, and finally referencing to the previous main sources on the other hand.

The Ashoora and its corollaries, as soon as the event occurred, turned into dominant motifs in the Shiite ritual poetry. Sharif Morteza, one of the Abbasid Shiite thinkers and poets, has portrayed the different aspects of this crucial event in his poetry. Employing a descriptive-analytic method and selecting a number of his poems on the Ashoora, this study attempts to analyze the content and motifs of Seyed Morteza's poems as well as elaborate on their rhetorical and literary aspects. A close investigation of Seyed Morteza’s poetry indicates that his Ashoora poems not only convey the ethos of the Ashoora and evoke the audience’s emotions, but also underline Shiite principles such as the leadership-status of the Holy Prophet’s Family (Ahl al-Bayt), the position of the Ashoora in history, particularly the history of Islam, the causes of the catastrophe, the oppressed rights of Ahl al-Bayt, and the true legacy of Imam Hossein and Ahl al-Bayt’s religious leadership (Imamah).