فهرست مطالب yagoob garedaghi

One of the most common methods to observe the indicators of hydatid cyst disease in human societies is to check the annual occurrence rate of confirmed cases in health centers or cases that have undergone surgery. Kenny disease applied Cystic Echinococcosis (CE). The main goal of this study is to systematically review statistical data related to CE between 2003 and 2023 in Fars province, one of the most populated provinces in the southwest of Iran. The results show that the highest prevalence of serology and surgery in this province is related to the age group below 50 years. Among the 299 positive cases detected by ELISA in serology, the prevalence rate among men is 55.85% and 44.14% among women. In 905 surgical cases, 51.60% were men, and 48.4% were women. In general, the obtained results show no significant relationship between the genders of people, but there is a relationship between age and the prevalence of the disease. The changes in this disease during these 20 years have not fluctuated much, and from this point of view, better measures can be taken to control this disease. Teaching the life cycle and transmission methods of this parasitic disease to humans in human societies is very important in preventing this parasitic disease.

Giardia lamblia is the protozoan agent of giardiasis and is one of the most common causes of diarrhea worldwide, especially in Iran. Nowadays, drugs such as metronidazole, furazolidone, tinidazole, and quinacrine are used to treat giardiasis. These drugs have different side effects, so research to find a drug with few side effects seems necessary. Asafoetida, an oleo gum resin obtained from an Iranian endemic herb, Ferula Assa-foetida has many healing properties, especially in the treatment of parasitic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Asafoetida hydroalcoholic extract on the G. lamblia in vivo in mice. In this experimental study, 25 mice were divided into 5 groups of 5 including negative control, drug control with metronidazole, and 3 experimental groups treated with Asafoetida extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/mL. Then, the effect of Asafoetida hydroalcoholic extract up to the tenth day was evaluated. In this study, the weight of mice in the groups treated with hydroalcoholic extract of Asafoetida was lower than the control group that did not take any drugs. The effect of plant extract against G. lamblia showed that the reduction in the number of cysts in the groups of 100, 200, and 400 mg/mL was equal to 71.8%, 80.9%, and 93%, respectively (p<0.05). The results of this study showed that Asafoetida has very good antigiardial effects on in vivo conditions and can be considered as one of the treatment options for the treatment of giardiasis.

Different species of gongylonema are common parasites of rats that can be accidentally transmitted to humans and cause disease. This study aims to identify and investigate the morphology of Gongylonema neoplasticum and its zoonotic significance in Tabriz rats.

In this study, 100 rats (29 Rattus rattus and 71 Rattus norvegicus) were caught from different parts of Tabriz City in northwestern Iran using live traps. In the study areas, edible beetles are abundant and in almost all trapping areas local people complained about the presence of beetles. These beetles host the mediator of gongylonema parasites and easily infect animals, such as mice, rabbits, cats, cattle, and accidentally humans.

In this study, the esophagus and stomach of rats were carefully examined for infection with gongylonema and only one of the following species was isolated from them, Gongylonema neoplasticum.

Due to the high abundance of beetles, high levels of Gongylonema neoplasticum were not reported, which can be considered in terms of human infections. More parasitological studies should be done in different geographical regions of Iran and other countries.

Hydatidosis is a parasitic disease of zoonoses and the best treatment for this parasitic disease is cryosurgery. From time immemorial, many protoscolice-destroying chemicals have been used to inhibit the distribution of protoscolices within the cyst during surgery. However, the side effects of chemical compounds and medicinal plants should always be considered. Due to the antiparasitic properties of Bunium persicum (Boiss), this study was performed to evaluate and compare the effects of B. persicum (Boiss) essential oil and albendazole on protoscolices inside hydatid cyst in vitro.

In this study, the essential oil used from the desired plant seeds was prepared. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to determine its components. Hydatid cyst protoscolices were extracted from hydatid cyst-infected livers and exposed to B. persicum (Boiss) (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mL) for 10, 30, 60, and 120 minutes, respectively. The viability of protoscolices was measured by the effect of plant essential oil by eosin staining. Albendazole was also used as an effective antiparasitic drug in this study.

The amount of essential oil protoscolices at 2.5 μg/mL in 10, 30, 60, and 120 minutes was 48.5%, 68.2%, 79.5%, and 96.1%, respectively. The antiparasitic drug albendazole showed less toxic effects at similar doses at the same intervals, but both treatment groups had a significant effect (P<0.001). The highest toxic effects of essential oil were observed at a concentration of 10 μg/mL 30 minutes after treatment. For albendazole, this effect was achieved at a dose of 10 μg/mL after 2 hours.

The results and statistical data of this study showed that the essential oil of B. persicum (Boiss) in comparison with the antiparasitic drug albendazole has an acceptable scolicide effects in hydatidosis and can be used as an alternative to scolicide compound.

< p>Toxocara species are common Ascaridoid nematodes of cats and dogs. Notably, Toxocara is known as a common nematode of cats in various parts of Iran. Therefore, the present study was performed on Toxocara cati from pet cats in Tabriz, East-Azerbaijan Province, North-west Iran, based on morphological approaches, and also the prevalence rate of Toxocara cati. From February to November 2014, a total of 50 household cats were randomly selected from different geographic areas of Tabriz city, and fresh fecal samples were collected by owners or veterinarians that underwent clinical examination in three various veterinary clinics placed in the different regions of (north, south, east and west) the Tabriz city. Four out of 50 cats (8%) were found to be infected with Toxocara nematodes. All the species were approved as T. cati based on morphological characteristics. The intensity of infection ranged from one to a maximum of 29 eggs per cat. Importantly, the most prevalent ascaridoid nematode of the examined pet cats in the study area was T. cati. This issue has an important role in spreading of the eggs in the environment and impact on human toxocariasis.

Immunity to Toxoplasma gondii infection is known to be a critical point for women during pregnancy. Non immune pregnant women may at risk to be infected with the parasite. The parasite can be transmitted via placenta and causes adverse effects in fetus. The main objective of the present work was to study sero-prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women referred to Health Center in Miandoab.
Totally 200 blood samples were collected from 18-40 years pregnant women referred to Health Center in Miandoab during one year. The sera were tested for IgG and IgM titration with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. In addition, demographic characteristics of the women were obtained through appropriate questionnaires.
Positive IgG and IgM titers were identified in the sera of (39.5%) and (2.5%), of the pregnant women, respectively. The higher frequency of positive titers was associated with older age. In addition, 94.42% of the women with positive titer had a history of contact with cats.
Regarding the prevalence rate of 60% in non-immune pregnant women in Miandoab, the preventive measurements in nutrition and contact with cats should be considered by the women. We recommend the sera of the pregnant women should be monitored for Toxoplasma infection at least once a pregnancy period, particularly during the first trimesters of pregnancy.

By considering the importance of some medicinal plants that may have some antimalarial activity, an ethanolic extract of Solanum surattense was tested on Plasmodium berghei in sourian mice and a comparison was made with the effect of chloroquine on the same parasite.
Material and In this study 80 sourian mice were divided into 8 groups, each consisting of 10 animals. The first 7 groups were infected with P. berghei and the last group was used as control. The first seven groups were given chloroquine, solanum surattense at four different concentrations (20, 100, 300, 450 mg/kg) and placebo, respectively and the seventh group did not receive any treatment. The evaluation was done by Rane test. In each group the level of parasitaemia was determined on days 4 and 7, and the results compared with values from Day 0 (just before treatment) in order to record the decline in parasitaemia in treated groups.
The results indicated that, although all the four concentrations of the Solanum Surattense extract significantly reduced parasitaemia in the infected subjects, the 450 mg/kg solution showed optimal effectiveness on the parasites in comparison with other concentrations. Results were analyzed using SPSS software and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
We conclude that although the ethanolic extract of Solanum Surattense is not as effective as chloroquine in reducing parasitaemia, it significantly decreases the parasitemia when compared with control and placebo groups.

Owing to the importance of employing native and traditional medicinal plants with good efficacy against malaria parasites, an ethanolic extract of Solanum surattense was tested on Plasmodium berghei in sourian mice. Moreover, the results were compared with that of the effect of chloroquine on the same parasite. In this study, 80 sourian mice were divided into 8 groups, each consisting of 10 animals. The first 7 groups were infected with P. berghei and the last group was used as control. The first 7 groups were given chloroquine, solanum surattense at four different concentrations (20, 100, 300, and 450 mg/kg), and placebo, respectively, and the seventh group did not receive any treatment. The evaluation was done by Rane test. In each group, the level of parasitaemia was determined on days 4 and 7, and compared with values from day 0 (just before treatment) in order to record the decline in parasitaemia in treated groups. Results were analyzed using SPSS software and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results indicated that although all four concentrations of Solanum surattense extract significantly reduced parasitaemia in the infected subjects, the 450 mg/kg solution showed optimal effectiveness on the parasites in comparison with other concentrations and the no-treatment option. We conclude that although the ethanolic extract of Solanum surattense is not as effective as chloroquine in reducing parasitaemia, it can nonetheless cause a significant decrease when compared to control and placebo groups.

Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular parasite, infectS a large proportion of the world population yearly. This study was investigated to evaluate the remedial effects of allium cepa on testis degeneration in male rats infected by T.gondii, RH strain. Wistar male rats (n=40) divided into control (n=10) and experimental (n=30) groups. The experimental groups were divided into two groups; allium cepa group (n=10) received 1cc of fresh onion juice daily and the toxoplasmose infected group (n =20) were subdivided into two groups of 10. One of the toxoplasma groups also received 1cc of fresh onion juice daily; however, control group just received distilled water. Animals were kept in a standard condition. On day 30 after inducing Toxoplasmosis infection, 5 ml blood sample of each rat was taken to measure serum protein and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels. IgG and IgM were tested by the ELISA method. Testicular tissue of each Rat was removed and sperms were collected from the epididymis for analysis. Serum proteins and testis weight were significantly decreased in the T.gondii groups compared with the control and onion groups. Testis degeneration significantly increased in toxoplasmosis group compared with the control group (P<0.05). TAC level was significantly increased in the groups that received onion juice (P<0.05). This study showed T. gondii has diverse effects on serum proteins, TAC, and testis. Results confirmed fresh onion juice could significantly modify harmful effects and increase the sperm number, viability, and motility so it seems eating onion is useful in toxoplasmosis infection.

Most human filarial nematode parasites and arthropods are hosts for a bacterial endosymbiont, Wolbachia. In filariasis, Wolbachia are required for normal development, fertility, and survival. However, in arthropods, Wolbachia are largely parasitic and can influence development and reproduction, but are generally not required for host survival. Due to their obligate nature in filarial parasites, Wolbachia have been a target for drug discovery initiatives using several approaches including diversity and focused library screening and genomic sequence analysis. In vitro and in vivo anti-Wolbachia antibiotic treatments have been shown to have adulticidal activity, a long sought goal of filarial parasite drug discovery. In mosquitoes, it has been shown that the presence of Wolbachia can inhibit the transmission of certain viruses, such as dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, West Nile, as well as the infectivity of the malaria-causing protozoan, Plasmodium and filarial nematodes. Wolbachia can cause a form of conditional sterility that can be used to suppress populations of mosquitoes and additional medically important insects. Thus, Wolbachia, a pandemic endosymbiont, offers great potential for elimination of a wide-variety of devastating human diseases.

The aim of the present study was to determine the rate of contamination with intestinal protozoan parasites among restaurant workers in Tabriz (center of East Azerbaijan province), Iran. To identify intestinal protozoan parasites among restaurant workers in Tabriz (East Azerbaijan province), Iran, in 2013, stool specimens were collected and examined from a total of 100 restaurant workers at the School of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch. In the present study, the direct-smear examination, saline sedimentation, and Trichrome staining techniques were used. The positivity in the majority of them was single infection; however, 4 cases were double infection that constituted 1% of the prevalence. The prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica/dispor was 47.22%, Giardia lamblia 16.66%, and Entamoeba coli 36.11%. The double infection was only observed with E. histolytica/dispor and Giardia. The infection caused by these parasites was also accompanied by abdominal troubles, diarrhea, constipation, nausea, and vomiting. These results lead to the understanding that sanitary measurements are not effective, and these hazardous situations facilitate the distribution of parasitic agents among consumers. The current pre-employment screening policies must be performed annually in order to be effective and systematic surveillance is needed in addition to health education.

Rodents as reservoirs of many common human diseases (zoonoses) are the cause of health and economic problems in society. Because of the prevalence of parasitic infections of mice in different parts of Iran, this study was performed to investigate the gastrointestinal and blood parasitic zoonoses of rodents in Tabriz, Iran, between 2011 and 2012. A total of 57 rodents including 36 Rattus norvegicus, 11 Rattus rattus, 8 Mus musculus, and 2 unknown species of rodents were captured alive from different parts of Tabriz city and studied. The rodents were examined for helminth and blood infection. Helminth and blood infection were only observed in Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus species and other species were not contaminated. There was no blood parasite in rodents. Different gastrointestinal worm species identified in Rattus norvegicus consisted of Trichosomoides crassicauda (51.2%), Hymenolepis diminuta (22.3%), Gongylonema pulchrum (12.1%), Hymenolepis Nana (4.31%) and Trichocephal Spp. (2.18%). Different gastrointestinal worm species identified in Rattus rattus consisted of Gongylonema pulchrum (21.17%), and Trichosomoides crassicauda (28.24%). Due to the presence of zoonotic parasitic agents in the studied rodents that easily enter human dwellings, controlling these animals and improvement of the sewerage system of the study area are of particular importance.