فهرست مطالب yazdan mazaheri

Diabetes mellitus can lead to histomorphometrical changes in the brain. Recent studies have shown that Aloe vera gel has antioxidant and neuroprotective effects, which is independent of glucose-lowering effects.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of A. vera gel on histomorphometrical changes of cerebellum following streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male rats.

A total of 25 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups as follows: (1) the control group received normal saline; (2) A. vera gel group; (3) diabetic group; (4) treatment group diabetic rats, which received A. vera; and (5) diabetic rats which received insulin. A single dose of STZ [60 mg/kg; intraperitoneal (IP)] was used for the induction of diabetes in rats. All the treatments were administered daily for eight weeks. Subsequently, histomorphometrical changes were evaluated in the cerebellum of the rats.

The results showed that the number of granular and purkinje cells reduced in the cerebellum granulosa region, while the number of glial cells increased in the molecular region of the cerebellum in diabetic rats compared to the control group (P < 0.05). These changes were improved in treated rats by insulin or A. vera. Also, the thickness of molecular, purkinje, granular, and white matter layers at the apex of lobules and depth of sulcus in the diabetic group had a significant reduction compared to other groups (P < 0.001).

Our results confirmed that improvement of the cerebellar tissue changes in diabetic rats following the use of A. vera gel is comparable to insulin. However, more investigations are required to determine the protective effects of A. vera gel against diabetes-induced cerebellum histomorphometrical changes.

All conjoined twins are originally born as a result of fertilizing one zygote (egg) and also called monozygotic twins experiencing an incomplete division of an embryo into two portions of the embryo usually causing the formation of the primary streak stage. The main reason for the creation of this defect is not obvious. Dead twin goat with one head, one trunk, four anterior limbs, and four posterior organs was referred to the Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, Shoushtar, Iran. The radiographic and three-dimensional images showed one normal skull and pelvic bone vertebral column. The ribs and sternum of the newborn goat were quite normal and confirmed two pairs of extra limbs. There were no doubles in describing the internal organs. This report seems to be the first report regarding a case of a monocephalus, tetrabrachius, and tetrapod newborn goat.

As regards the role of the hind limb in propulsion, it is obvious that the tarsus forms a powerful center movement, it begins upon the point of the hock that the powerful extensor muscles which propel the body exert much of their energy. Tarsus injuries of water buffalo are the commonest limb joint disorders. The aim of this study was to an access accurate detailed osteology and radiology of tarsus Khuzestan river buffaloes. Ten joints of the five water buffaloes aged approximately two to three years were obtained from Ahvaz abattoir. In addition, the ten normal tarsal joints of five water buffaloes referred to the clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine were examined radiographically. Radiographic examination was performed in dorsoplantar, lateromedial, dorsolateral-plantaromedial oblique and plantarolateral-dorsomedial oblique, and flexed lateral projections. Unlike the dromedary camel, the general configuration of river buffalo tarsal bones and cow shares many similarities; however, there are concrete differences between buffalo and ox on the shape and extension of articular surfaces of tarsal bones. Unlike the ox, the metatarsal sesamoid bone was not noted radiographically in water buffalo, similar to that in horse and dromedary camel. The dorsoplantar view was optimal for the evaluation of articular surfaces and joint spaces of tarsocrural as well as the intratarsal joints. The dorsoplantar view was the best for evaluation of joint spaces of tarsocrural as well as the intratarsal joints, the lateromedial view for talocalcaneal joint, the dorsolateral-plantaromedial view for medial aspect of the tarsocrural joint, and the plantarolateral-dorsomedial view for the plantar aspect of the sustentaculum tali and the lateral trochlea of the talus. The normal appearance of bony structures of tarsus described in this study provided basic reference data for radiographic investigations of the water buffalo tarsal disorders. ___________________________________

Dew claws of ruminants are rudimentary of 2 and 5 digits and usually do not have functional action. Most studies about the dew claws were done on the diseases and shape-abnormality.
Because no comprehensive study has been done on the normal features of dew claws, especially in the water buffalo which is an important animal in Khouzestan, this study was performed on anatomy and radiology of the dew claws in the water buffalo and cow.
136 dew claws from 11 water buffaloes and 6 cows were examined morphologically, morphometrically, and radiologically and their similarities and differences were clarified.
Morphologic result showed that the dew claws were prismatic in shape; their bases were attached to skin at the level of the palmar or plantar surfaces of the fetlock joints. They had two bony ossicles in most cases as proximal and distal ones, but the ossicles in lateral dew claws of thoracic limb in the water buffalo were 3 in number. Proximal ossicles of the water buffalo were dumbbell-shaped, and were irregular or drop-shaped in the cow. Distal ossicles were nearly similar to the third phalanges of the main claws which were pyramid-shaped in water buffalo and triangle-shaped in the cow. Morphometrically, the measurements of the hoof and bony structures of the dew claws in the water buffalo were muchgreater than those of the cows.
Although dew claws in both animals morphologically shared some similarities, there were morpho- metrically significant differences between the dew claws of the water buffalo and the cow. Being larger than the structures in the water buffalo may provide better adaption in static and dynamic of the animal in soft and swamp grounds. Radiologically, the best view for examination of dew claws and their elements was oblique view.

Diabetes mellitus can lead to structural disorders in the brain. Aloe vera has antidiabetic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Aloe vera gel on the morphometric changes in the brain of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
25 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups including: control (normal saline), diabetic (normal saline), Aloe vera gel (400 mg/kg/day; gavage), diabetic Aloe vera gel (400 mg/kg/day; gavage) and diabetic Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin (10 IU/kg/day; subcutaneous). Experimental diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection (60 mg/kg; intraperitoneal). All groups treated for 8 weeks. At the end of treatment course, the rat's brains were removed intact immediately after sacrifice for morphometric measuring by caliper. Histological brain sections were also prepared to assess morphometry of cerebral cortex and hippocampus via ammonium iron (III) sulfate staining.
Findings: Diabetes induction reduced weight and dimensions of brain, and diameters of the hippocampus, and white and gray matter of cerebral cortex compared to the control group after 8 weeks (P The results showed that oral administration of Aloe vera gel in diabetic rats improves structural disorders of brain and ameliorates diabetes-induced hyperglycemia.

Until now, hedgehogs belong to the order of insectivora but now they are known as a separate order which named erinaceomorpha. Hedgehogs have been used as pet animals and insect eater. Although many studies have been carried out in terms of hedgehog anatomy including the skull, a comprehensive study was not available concerning the anatomy and radiology of the skull in long-eared hedgehog in Iran. Ten male long-eared hedgehogs were used in this study, weighting between 250 to 450 grams. Five live animals were selected for radiological studies after anesthesia. Some radiographs were supplied. Morphological study was performed in the dorsal, ventral, lateral, and caudal aspects of the cranium. The lateral and medial views of the mandible bone and 10 cranial indices were measured. The important morphological points were: the extension of the nasal process of the incisive bone toward rostral process of the frontal bone in the dorsal view, the presence of a large foramen in the ventral view, the formation of the zygomatic arch by 3 bones in comparison with other animals which made of 2 parts in the lateral view and presence of a very large foramen magnum in the caudal view. The above mentioned anatomical results were noted clearly in the radiographs. Morphologically, the cranium of the long-eared hedgehog did not show significant differences with that of other erinaceomorpha. In morphometrical aspect, the cranial indices of long-eared hedgehog have smaller values than those of European hedgehogs which can be used in osteoarchaeological studies. There are a lot of similarities and some differences in the radiology of the cranium between the long-eared hedgehog and the same body size animals.

The foramen magnum (FM) is an important landmark of the skull base and a transition zone between spine and skull as well as its close relationship to the brain and the spinal cord. So the FM has gained considerable interest due to its comparative anatomy, ontogeny, clinical, and animal breeding viewpoints.
The aim of this study was to determine morphology and morphometry of the occipital area of 20 mature and immature male Khouzestan river buffaloes.
7 parameters of the occipital area and the shape of the FM in the skull of 20 mature and immature male Khouzestan river buffaloes were analyzed.
The FM had 4 shapes including round, egg, oval, and tetragonal. In the mature and immature groups, the highest frequency of the FM shape belonged to oval. In the mature and immature groups, the tetragonal FM shape and the oval FM shape had the lowest frequency, respectively. The mean of the width, the length of the FM and the index of the FM in mature group was 38.60± 2.70, 35.34± 2.33, and 92.26±26 mm, respectively and 40.67± 1.51, 36.35± 2.33, and 90.23±3.65 mm in immature group, respectively. Amongst of the all parameters, the width and the length of the jugular process only differed significantly between mature and immature groups.
The variations of the FM shape in river buffalo were more than those of reported animals. The mean of the length and the width of the FM, the jugular processes width, the length of the jugular process, the length and width of the occipital condyles of male river buffaloes were greater than those of reported animals. The index of the FM in river buffalo was less than 100, which corresponded with the findings in rabbit, German shepherd and Pekingese dogs.

The tarsal joint is anatomically complex region with many short bones, joints, ligaments, and tendons. The joint lesions of the water buffalo limbs are the most commen lesion encountred in the clinics. In addtion, the tarsal joint is a region of trumatic injuries, and joint affections due to lack of approrpoite soft- tissues covering. The aim of the study was to access complete and accurate detailed anatomical featuers of ligaments of the tarsal joint in Khuzestan river buffalo. The right and left of the pelvic limbs (cut from the one-third part of the distal part of the tibia to the one-third of the proximal part of the metatarsus) were obtained from five river buffalo bulls, aging approximatly 2-3 years old, from Ahvaz slaughterhouse. The short tarsal bones were located between of the distal extremity of the tibia, malleolus of the fibular bone proximally and the metatarsal bones distally. The bony structures of the tarsal joint consisted of calcaneus, talus (proximal row), centroquartal bones (intermediate row), the first and fused second and third tarsal bones (distal row). The ligaments of the tarsal joint included of 1) lig. collaterale laterale/ mediale longum, 2) lig. collaterale laterale breve: pars calcaneofibularis, pars talofibularis, pars calcaneometatarsea, 3) lig. collaterale mediale breve: pars tibiocalcanea, pars tibiotalaris, pars tibiocentralis, 4) ligg. tarsi proximale: lig. talocalcaneum laterale, lig. talocalcaneum plantare, 5) ligg. tarsi distalia: lig. tarsi dorsi: lig. talocentrodistometatarseum; lig. tarsi plantaria: lig. plantaria longum; lig. tarsi interossea, and 6) lig. tarsometatarsea. In comprative-anatomical aspect, the pars talofibularis of lig. collaterale laterale breve, the pars tibiotalaris and pars tibiocentralis of lig. collaterale mediale breve, lig. talocentrodistometatarseum, and lig. plantaria longum of the present studied river bufaloes differ from those of reoprted ruminants animals.

Enrofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic agent from the class of the fluoroquinolones that is widely used to treat bacterial infections. It is metabolized to ciprofloxacin in the body as active metabolite. Fluoroquinolones change in the articular cartilage, especially with high doses and more than two weeks use. So, due to relatively excessive use of enrofloxacin in mammals and similarity of lambs to human subjects with respect to skeletal activity cycles, this study was done to investigate the effects of enrofloxacin on some cellular and molecular changes in growing lamb articular cartilage to evaluate some possible mechanisms involved these changes. Twelve, 2-month-old male lambs divided into three groups: control group received only normal saline; therapeutic group received mg/kg enrofloxacin subcutaneously, daily, for 15 days and toxic group received 35 mg/kg enrofloxacin in the same manner as therapeutic group. Twenty four hours after the last dose, the animals were sacrificed, and their stifle joints were dissected. Sampling from distal femoral and proximal tibial extremities was done quickly for further histological and molecular studies. Collagen-п content was studied with avidin-biotin immunohistochemistry method in different groups. Expression of Sox9 and caspase-3 was evaluated by Real–time PCR. Immunohistochemical changes were included decreases of matrix proteoglycans, carbohydrates, and Collagen-п in the toxic group. Some of these changes were observed in the therapeutic group with less intensity in comparison to the toxic group. Enrofloxacin were significantly decreased (P≤0.05). Sox9 expression in therapeutic and toxic groups compared to control group. But caspase -3 expressions in the toxic group significantly increased (P≤0.0001) with a comparison to other groups, while, between control and therapeutic groups, there were no significant differences. So, it can be concluded that enrofloxacin increases apoptosis in chondrocytes and decreases their numbers. Enrofloxacin use in growing lambs even at recommended therapeutic dose is not completely safe on articular cartilage. Moreover, higher doses of enrofloxacin induce severe changes in lamb articular cartilage.

Sheep conjoined twins have been reported less than cow. An apparently female conjoined twin lambs was examined based on external and internal features. In radiology, two vertebral columns and two pairs of the ribs were seen. Only two heads and two necks were separated (thoraco-omphalopygopagus). There were three forelimbs (tribrachius), one of which grew on dorsal region as a notomelus. Teat buds of the monsters differed in number. Only one lamb had umbilicus, including one umbilical vein, and two umbilical arteries locating besides one urinary bladder. This lamb had also one uterus. Two-separated alimentary tracts were observed in a common abdomen. Common thorax and abdominal cavities were separated by a diaphragm. There were two esophageal hiatuses, and two caval foramina but only one aortic hiatus. Two pairs of lungs and two unequal and connected hearts in a common pericardium were observed. Abnormality of the circulatory system might have caused the death of the twins.

To determine histomorphological changes of ureter and kidney following experimental ureteral anastomosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate more details about complications arising from ureteral anastomosis in dogs. Five healthy mongrel dogs weighing between 15-30 kg were used. Anesthesia was induced by acepromazine and thiopenthal sodium and maintained by halothane in oxygen in a closed circuit. After midline celiotomy، left ureter near trigon area was incised and immediately end to end anastomosis was performed in simple interrupted pattern by using polydiaxanon 6/0. All animals were euthanized at day 90 after operation and the ureters and their related kidneys were evaluated both macroscopically and microscopically. The gross observations of the ureters showed obstruction (one case) and mild hydroureter (three cases). Microscopically، hyperplasia (in epithelial and muscularis layers)، fibrosis (lamina properia-submucosa and serosal layers) and different phases of inflammation and repair (in lamina properia-submucosa، muscularis and serosal layers) were observed in the ureters. Histological sections in the related kidneys revealed hydronephrosis in one case. Although ureteral anastomosis is technically difficult in small animals and has a high rate of postoperative obstruction، in case of transected or damaged ureter، ureteral reanastomosis is one of the options for veterinary surgeons. In the present study، in spite of some complications، the anastomosis has been performed successfully in 80 percent of animals and certainly meticulous surgery is mandatory to prevent ureteral obstruction.

Sesame seeds contain large amounts of antioxidants and phytoestrogens، and it has been shown that the leaf extract of this plant may have some beneficial effects on the reproductive parameters of male rats. Thus we tested the effects of the sesame oil on these parameters of reproductivity in male rats.

Fifteen mature male Wistar male rats were divided into the control and sesame oil groups. For eight weeks the control and sesame oil groups were fed the basic rat diet and basic rat diet supplemented with 5% sesame oil respectively. Following blood collection and euthanasia the epididymal sperm were counted، the morphology of testes was accessed، and leydig، sertoli، spermatogonia and spermatocyts cells were counted in histological sections of the testes. The level of testosterone and estradiol 17- β were measured.

Consumption of 5% sesame oil compared to control group، decreased blood glucose and increased the epididymal sperm count and progressive motility and the number of spermatogonia of seminiferous tubule (P<0. 05)، but had no effect on weight and testicular morphology.

This study showed that the sesame oil consumption improves some reproductive parameters، which may be related to the antioxidative and phytostrogenic properties of the sesame oil or insulin action improvement.

Perforation of the wall of the reticulum by a sharp foreign body often produces peritonitis and can cause involvement of other organs.In cattle the disease is economically important because of severe loss of production and high mortality rate.The objective of this study was to determine the presence and kinds of foreign bodies in apperently healthy buffaloes which were slaughtered in Ahvaz abbattoir.In addition, adhesion of reticulum was studied.The animals (n=200) were selected from both sexes and divided into three age groups(group 1: less than 2.5 years old, group 2: 2.5-5.5 years old and group 3: more than 5.5 years old). Adhesion of reticulum was seen in 43 buffaloes and there were significant difference between sexes and different age groups(p<0.05). In 73 buffaloes, foreign bodies were found. Furthermore, 14 pieces of metalic foreign bodies penetrated the wall of reticulum in 13 buffaloes. According to the presence of foreign bodies,there were no significant difference between sexes and among different age groups (p>0.05). A relation between adhesion and presence of metalic foreign bodies was seen.