فهرست مطالب zahra farzizadeh

One of the factors affecting poverty and deprivation of villagers in some regions of the country is the lack of suitable facilities for their employment. Many organizations have paid special attention to the villagers and have implemented many plans to solve their problems. The Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation, as a support organization, is one of them that takes measures in this field. The purpose of the current research is to assess the job creation plans of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation and examine its strengthes and weaknesses. In this research, semi-structured interviews were held with 20 of the people who received job creation loans from the Foundation during 2015-2018 and two officials of the Foundation. This job creation plan has been satisfactory for most of the people we studied. This plan has led to an improvement in their income compared to before receiving employment loans, creation of employment, reduction of seasonal migration from village to city, etc. Low loan interest and livestock insurance are also its other advantages. The villagers also expressed some weaknesses for this plan, including insufficient loans, long process and difficult conditions for receiving loans, inappropriate timing for repayment the loan installments, lack of solution in the time of losses of villagers, etc., which are necessary to pay attention.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the support of supporting organizations in improving the status of head-of-household women in Arak City in terms of some social indicators of development. For this purpose, 350 female heads of the household were selected as samples. The research data was collected by survey method and using the questionnaire technique, and the results were analyzed through two-sample t-test and regression. According to Findings, the studied women had little satisfaction with their lives. They had moderate social vitality, social deprivation, feeling of social alienation and social acceptance. According to the findings, female heads of households who had economic support experienced more vitality in their lives. Receiving social support has increased the social acceptance of women. Having social and economic support has had a positive effect on the quality of life of women. Also, women with economic support experienced less deprivation in their lives. According to the results, the social vitality of head-of-household women has had a positive effect on their life satisfaction. On the other hand, the impact of the quality of life of head-of-household women on their life satisfaction has been evaluated positively. Finally, the feeling of deprivation of head-of-household women has been effective in increasing their sense of social alienation.

The purpose of this article is to study the impact of rural initiatives and developments on the occupational mobility of villagers in selected villages in the city of Marand. It was assumed that the rural reforms of the government after the revolution, which was primarily influenced by populist and egalitarian ideology, would have an effect on the social mobility of the target population.To investigate the impact of rural reform on rural mobility, the ex-post-facto comparative method was utilized in three groups of matched villages, based on development potentials and the number of rural programs or actions implemented, and random sampling was used to collect research data.Mobility is greater in villages with more development measures, indicating that rural initiatives have had effects. However, the nature of mobility revealed that both upward and downward moves occurred predominantly within short-range adjacent occupations; consequently, movements were uncommon at the top of the job structure continuum.In summary, the study concludes that although it is possible to conduct research on social mobility at the micro level and in a smaller community such as a village, the study of occupational mobility at the village level cannot be classified according to the standard that will be applied to the larger society. In addition, since rural society is experiencing the phenomenon of migration, the findings cannot necessarily reflect the job mobility of those who were promoted and took advantage of new opportunities, but did not reside in the village during the field research.

The importance and necessity of commercial and entertaining communication in tourism industry is somehow evident. Using film tourism, it is possible to make deep effects on culture and economy. This research has studied some advantages and problems of film tourism in contemporary Iran .Semi- structured interview and field observation were used to collect data. Several interviews were conducted with professionals in the field of tourism, communication, film and media, business owners related to tourism and film tourists who were selected by purposive sampling. According to research finding, film tourism in Iran is in its early stages. The existence of filming organizations in Iran, the making of historical films in historical locations, the existence of successful examples of tourism- oriented films, the existence of filmmakers interested in promoting tourism, carrying out some successful activities in the private sector, the growth of filmmaking and winning international award in this context, and the accuracy of the filmmakers in choosing the right location for the film contribute to the growth of film tourism in Iran. On the other hand, lack of a  center to introduce and sell film locations to filmmakers, the lack of film tourism tours, the people’s poor financial ability to use film tourism tours, the reluctance of filmmaker and actors to allow visitors to film locations, the difficulty and cost of protecting and maintaining if the locations are visited by the public during the entire week, the unknown nature of film tourism, and the problems in filmmaking are some of the obstacles to the growth of film tourism in Iran.

In the past, the prevalence of social changes in the villages was very low and slow, but gradually with the passage of time and under the influence of several factors, changes have emerged in the rural society of Iran which include various aspects. Study on these changes not only provides the possibility of knowing the current situation and changes of some rural areas and the reasons for these changes, but it can also help predict the possible path of these changes in the future and formulate suggested solutions and plans based on the knowledge of the contemporary rural society. The main question of the current research is what changes after 15 years of the previous study have undergone in Miandeh village in Gilan in the terms of population and some social components, agricultural activity, division of labor between rural women and men, physical structure and settlements. Ethnography as a research method was used in this research With techniques of semi-structured interview and observation for data collecting during the years 1400-1401. The analysis of these data was done by thematic analysis method. Decrease in population of the village and increase in the migration of villagers to the nearby city, depopulation of some parts of the village, the loss of neighborhood environment, the feeling of lack of security and fear among some of the survivors of the village, prevalence of theft in the village due to its becoming more secluded, replacement of mostly non-Gilani city dwellers with temporary residence in the village, the proximity of two population groups in the village with two different lifestyle, i.e. 1) production and 2) recreation, leisure and consumption, formation of temporary and small settlements for the temporary accommodation of farmers living in a nearby city, implementation of the plan for leveling fields, use of rice planting machine by a number of villagers, changes in the division of labor between rural men and women, etc. are some of the visible changes in this village that were investigated in this research.

The main of this study was to investigate the reasons, aspects, and consequences of gypsy’s women’s exclusion in the "Cheshmeh Kaboud” in Ilam County. This research is based on qualitative methods (ethnography). Data collected through participatory observation and interview. In addition, data analyzed using thematic analysis method. We are sampling from12 native women (recourse of exclusion) and18gypsies women (Target of exclusion). The results have shown that native women’s exclude gypsies women because of these reasons: stereotypical beliefs, lack following sanitary rules, the behavior of gypsies child in school, a common sight in the community, violence among gypsies. Inattention to religious values. Inattention to native cultural values. Gypsies have believed that the most important reasons for their exclusion are these: Special events, Effect of technology on their life, stigmatization, gender stereotypes. The aspects of gypsies’ women’s exclusion in this research are the exclusion of facilities, institutional distrust, exclusion of social relevancies, and exclusion of protection. The consequences of this problem are financial deprivation, informational deprivation, celibacy of gypsy’s girls. The gypsy’s women made some strategies against social exclusion: mutual reaction, choosing the name, seclusion, resistance against natives, special lifestyle, hiding identity, transition of making tools.

This article analyzes some of the challenges of post-disaster reconstruction in the earthquake-stricken areas of Iran’s Kermanshah province. Its focus is on capturing the views of the affected populations as well as the authorities in charge of the reconstruction activities. Notwithstanding a review of the available reports, documents, and secondary data, the study leverages the results of field research carried out between February 2018 and March 2019. The activities included field observations, interviews, and focus group discussions in the selected urban districts and fourteen villages of Sarpol-e Zahab and Solas-e Babajani counties. Findings reveal the existence of a number of shortcomings with regard to coordination and planning informed by previous earthquake experiences. Some of the major issues include deficient communication between the authorities and the beneficiaries, insufficient community participation, lack of an equitable system to manage private donations, and rising beneficiary expectations alongside inadequate attention given to the needs for social, psychological, and economic empowerment. Additional challenges are associated with growing costs of home reconstruction, construction delays, inadequate supervision over the construction activities, rising rental costs, and reluctance to abandon temporary shelters. Dissatisfaction is thus observed among the beneficiaries despite significant public-sector efforts and expenses

The industrialization of the villages is widely recognized as a dynamic lever for rural development. Creating jobs, diversifying the rural economy, and reducing socioeconomic inequalities are the primary goals of industrialization of the countryside. Most research studies on the effects of rural industrialization have two main features: first, quantitative feature, and second, checking the economic effects (employment and income). Besides assessing the economic and environmental impacts of industry in the countryside, other effects, especially social impacts, should be evaluated in the short- and long-run. Therefore, in the present study, the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of petrochemical industry development in Imamzade Ebrahim and Saeedabad villages have been studied by qualitative method. This is an applied research. We used individual interviewing techniques, focused group discussion, and field observation for data collection. Also the obtained data were analyzed by thematic analysis method. Based on the research findings, introducing industries into the rural areas has led to positive effects such as low unemployment for rural residents, rising incomes of the villagers employed in the petrochemical industry, and the beneficial effects for some locals directly and indirectly. In addition to the above outcomes, some adverse effects are seen in villages such as the negative attitude of the local people toward introduction and establishment of new industries, displacement of native people due to the residence of some non-industrial workers in the region, the emergence of new sociocultural issues due to the presence of new people in the area, development of environmental problems, and the rural youth's reluctance to engage in traditional activities.

One of the very important aspects of rural deprivation is social exclusion. Social exclusion generates insecurity and vulnerability in personal life. This study aimed to investigate the social exclusion of rural women living in Chamran, a village located in Nobaran district in Saveh. The study was conducted using a qualitative method with data collecting from group interview, individual interview, social mapping, the preparation of parent table and non-participatory observation. The data was analyzed by thematic analysis. Based on the findings of the present study, rural women exclude from social activities, either compulsorily or voluntarily. "Low income", "divorce", "deviant behaviors (robbery)", "staying single into old age" are the reasons behind the compulsory exclusion of rural women. "Disease and disability", "shyness" and "self-immolation" made these women face social exclusion voluntarily. Backbiting, lack of companionship, contempt, ridicule and sarcasm, notoriety, dishonor and disgrace, shame, desire for loneliness and being sensitive to other's behavior are the mechanisms of social exclusion by society or people which lead them to further social exclusion and cause a variety of consequences in social relationships and personal feelings.

Social Happiness is one of the humanity’s most necessary innate needs and which plays a crucial role in the sublimity of individuals and society. Reaching this would occur once individual has either physical or mental health. One of the effective factors in increasing the amount of individuals’ social Happiness especially in women is providing them with mental dimension of security e.g. felling of social security which in this case individual experiences a kind of relaxation and inner satisfaction and the amount of their vitality and happiness will increase. Therefore, regarding the importance of these two components in women’s social lives, the present study analyses the effect of social security in their social happiness and tries to investigate the opinions of 232 women in Joshagh, Delijan through certain questioners. In this project, social happiness consists of three dimensions including mental, social and psychosocial and researchers have investigated women’s social security from physical, financial, behavioral, and emotional dimensions. Data has been gathered through structural functions evaluated by software Lisrel. Findings proved that social security has positive effect on mental, social and psychosocial Happiness of women. On the other hand, triple dimensions of social happiness has also positive and significant effects on each other. In addition, mediating role of social security has left positive and significant effects on rural women.

With further development، we are still seeing widespread poverty as capability deprivation. Reason of poverty as capability deprivation is lack of empowerment in Society. In the present study، Native Understanding of social and economic empowerment، factors affecting the growth of it and barriers by qualitative method has been examined. Study participants are women and girls of village Chokochephesht in Rezvanshahr in Gilan. The semi-structured interviews، focus group discussions، participatory and direct observation to collect data and method of the qualitative content analysis and grounded theory was used to analyze the data. from the localized and native point of view، the most important component of social empowerment of women is marriage and the most important component of economic empowerment is their job. Some of factors affecting the growth of empowerment are as follow: Several relatives living together، the ties of kinship، social capital، cooperation، social solidarity، support another، access to some facilities، incentive for hard working. The illiteracy، early marriage، single women، failed marriage، live in extended family، gossip، financial weakness، attitude toward the location of work place، lack of marketing facilities، weakness of informational capital، Inappropriate status of supporter، discrimination and continuation of restrictive informal norms lead to weakness of social and economic empowerment of rural women and girls. Ignoring the ongoing problems، lack of attempt for changes because of facing disagreement of others، following the habit of ancients، acceptance of current situation and insufficient attempt to improve their empowerment are the ongoing strategies dominant in the situation. Each of these strategies will have its consequences that includes: violation of basics rights، the loss of opportunity، lack of bargaining power، unemployment، being exposed to abuse، being subjected to physical and verbal violence، deception، shame، ridicule، humiliation and insult by the others، degradation of self-esteem، weakness of confidence، income poverty، poverty as capability deprivation، depression، pain، illness، lack of peace، self- blame، blaming others، Sense of swindle، continuation of restrictive informal norms and face of leading people with resistance from others. Based on the findings، the impact of opportunity structure particularly the informal institutions on empowerment is crucial. Many obstacles to growth of Empowerment of rural women and girls present which are the roots of all these barriers weakness of knowledge (in the micro and macro levels of society).

This paper tries to identify and rank the factors influencing Iran’s software exports promotion. This study uses OVAL comprehensive software exports promotion factors model as well as gathered data analysis to rank the influencing factors in Iran from the standpoint of outstanding exporting companies. According to the findings of this study, within 2005-2006, the most remarkable factors influencing software exports promotion were respectively: effective communications through agencies and offices abroad, appropriate infrastructures, income per-capita, employing skilled software experts, precise governmental policies, human resources development, and investment in software industry.