zahra hemati farsani

Physical activity decreases at the beginning of adolescence, so organized physical activity at school plays an essential role in promoting the health and proper physical development of students. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of calisthenics training on core stability, muscle strength, static balance and trunk proprioception of male teenagers.

In this semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design, 40 male high school students aged 15 to 18 in Zavareh city were selected as a sample and randomly divided into two groups: calisthenics training (n=20) and control (n=20). The experimental group received calisthenics training for eight weeks, three times per week, for 60 minutes each session. Before and after the eight-weeks training, static balance, core stability, muscle strength and trunk proprioception were measured using the Stroke balance test, McGill test, chest press, leg press, rowing and error rate of the trunk reconstruction angle at 45° respectively.

The results of the independent t- test showed that eight weeks of calisthenics training increased the amount of static balance (p<0.0001), trunk proprioception (p<0.0001), core stability in trunk flexion (p<0.0001), and muscle strength in the rowing and leg press test (p<0.05) significantly.

Overall, the findings from the present study suggest that following an 8-week participation in calisthenics training, trunk proprioception, core stability in flexion, muscle strength and static balance improved in teenagers, therefore, this type of exercises can be used along with other types of exercises or as a suitable alternative in schools.

Fetoin-A and -B are hepatokines that are related to type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a period of resistance and endurance training with Ursolic acid consumption on the levels of Fetoin-A and -B in the liver tissue of elderly diabetics.

Fifty six 21-month-old male diabetic rats were randomly divided into seven equal groups of control (C), Ursolic acid supplement (UA), supplement+resistance exercise (UA+R), supplement+endurance exercise (UA+E), Resistance training (R), endurance training (E) and sham group (D). Resistance training protocol with intensity of 60% MVCC, 14-20 times of ladder climbing with one minute rest between each effort and endurance training including running on Treadmill at high intensity 60-75% and low intensity 30-40% of maximum speed for five days per week for eight weeks. Supplemented groups received 500 mg/kg UA in combination with a high-fat meal.

Fetoin-A level was significantly decreased in UA, E, UA+E groups (p≤0.05) and only in R and UA+R groups, there was no significant decrease. Also, The amount of Fetoin-B in diabetic rats in the UA, E, R, UA+E groups decreased significantly (p≤0.05) and only in the UA+R training group there were no significant changes. The amount of Fetoin-A and Fetoin-B was significantly different between E and R and UA+R and UA+E groups (p≤0.05), which the largest decrease was in the UA+E group.

Considering the beneficial effects of exercise training as well as UA supplementation on hepatokines, it seems that the simultaneous application of two interventions of exercise training and UA supplementation has a more therapeutic effect on the hepatic hepatokines of diabetics.

Nowadays, the appropriate exercise pattern along with the consumption of medicinal plants plays an important role in regulating energy balance, reducing inflammatory indicators and increasing antioxidant defense in obese elderly people.Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of HIIT and consumption of green tea on serum levels of antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory markers and galanin in obese elderly untrained men.

Methods & Materials:

In this study, 48 obese elderly untrained men were randomly divided into four groups including: HIIT, HIIT with Green Tea, Green Tea and Control. HIIT were performed for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week) with 90% HRR. 450 mg of green tea was received daily (six capsules per day).Blood samples were taken before and 48 hours after the last training session. Statistical analysis was performed using Shapiro-Wilk test and two-way analysis of covariance.Data were analyzed using SPSS-26 software with a significance level of p<0.05.

The results showed that the combined effect of HIIT with green tea consumption and the main effect of HIIT alone caused a significant increase in the levels of thioredoxin reductase-1, paraoxonase-1 and a significant decrease in the levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and galanin(P<0.05).But consumption of green tea alone did not show significant changes(P>0.05). The highest percentage of changes (increase and decrease)created in biochemical variables was attributed to the HIIT with green tea group.

Performing HIIT with green tea consumption had the greatest effect on reducing inflammatory markers, increasing antioxidant enzymes and energy balance in obese elderly untrained men.

Cachexia syndrome is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by a significant reduction in skeletal muscle mass and no reduction in body fat mass. Therefore, the present s tudy aimed to inves tigate the therapeutic effect of sports exercises on the mechanisms that cause cachexia.

In the review and narrative s tudy, PubMed, Springer, Elsevier, Science Direct, and SID databases from 1991 to 2022 were searched using the keywords "Physical fitness, physical activity, muscle, body composition, breas t cancer, and exercise." After the initial screening, the full text of the articles was evaluated, and the articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. A total of 67 articles met the inclusion criteria for the review.

Based on recent studies, the mos t important possible mechanisms affecting cancer cachexia are sys temic cytokines, which are continuously activated by cancer and its treatment. Research shows that exercise may prevent cachexia in cancer patients.                                                

Skeletal muscle loss due to cancer cachexia is clinically important since it helps reduce or discontinue cancer treatment and is associated with increased mortality. It seems that performing sports interventions can be effective in improving these complications.

Body weight is adjusted through the balance between receiving food and energy. The ghrelin hormone increases appetite and food intake. The aim of this study was to examine the order effect of combined training on ghrelin levels and energy expenditure in overweight women. 30 overweight female (aged 32-18 years, body mass index ≥ 25 kg m) was selected and randomly divided into three groups, endurance – resistance (E+S), resistance –endurance (S+E) and control group. Participants performed eight,weeks, threesessions per week combined training.. 24 h before and 48 h after training program Ghrelin levels and energy expenditure were measured by ELISA kit and Harris-Benedict formula. The statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA test and LSD post hoc test and SPSS statistical software with significance level of (P <0.05). E+S and S+E intervention was caused increase on energy expenditure than control group (p<0.05) and There was no significant effect on ghrelin(p>0.05) . Also, there was no significant difference between strength - endurance and endurance-strength intervention on the ghrelin levels and energy expenditure in overweight women. Without attention to order of training, combined exercises has significant effect on and energy expenditure and There is no significant effect on ghrelin levels .it seems appropriate training methods for weight loss of overweight women.

Excessive research has examined various physical activities to replace the elderly.The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different exercises on the balance of the elderly as a systematic and meta-analysis of studies in Iran. For the present study, SID, Magiran and Google Scholar databases from 2001 to 2019 were searched along with keywords. After the initial screening, the full text of the articles was evaluated and the articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. A total of 191 articles were initially reviewed, of which 17 articles met the criteria for functional equilibrium, 33 articles received the inclusion criteria for dynamic balance, and 11 articles received the inclusion criteria for static balance. Accordingly, 2472 elderly people who were divided into two groups of control and experimental groups of 1224 and 1236, respectively, were 1217 (female) and 1171 (male). The mean age of the subjects in the present study was 66 years. The results of meta-analysis showed that differentexercises improve functional balance, dynamic balance, and static balance in the elderly. The results of meta-analysis Showed that different exercises, high and significant effect on functional balance (ES = 0: z = 15.46 p = 0.001) and take-off and departure time (ES = 0: z = 11.96 p = 0.001) and a significant effect on static equilibrium (ES = 0: z = 6.77 p = 0.001). The results of this study showed that various sports exercises are effective in improving functional, dynamic, and static balance in the elderly.

The immune etiology is complex and it can affect both arms of the immune system and lead to poor vaccination response, increased infection rate and malignancy in the elderly. Regular exercise activity has been associated with increased immune function and it may be useful as a simple lifestyle intervention to counteract the damaging effects of the immune system. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the physiological effects of exercise on changes in each component of the innate and acquired immune system during old age.

In the present study, by examining the databases of Pupmed, SID, Google Scholar, Springer, studies related to the effect of exercise on the immune system of the elderly were selected. The contents of the articles were summarized and reported.

Some of the positive effects of exercise on the elderly included increased response to vaccination, decreased circulatory inflammatory mediators, increased phagocytic activity of neutrophils, less inflammatory responses to bacteria, decreased aging old T cells, increased T cell proliferation, reduced number of circulating monocytes, increased function of Tregs, increased number of anti-inflammatory Tregs and increased telomere length of leukocytes.

Taken together, these findings suggested that exercise regulated the immune system and may delay the onset of immunosenescence. Moreover, exercise-training studies on "unhealthy" individuals such as cancer survivors as well as obese and HIV-positive people reported the positive effects of exercise on healthy. Therefore, exercise may help reduce immunosenescence in people who are at risk.

Physical activity is associated with a range of positive health outcomes, including fewer depressive symptoms. One plausible mechanism underlying these findings involves Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) (1), a protein hypothesized to limit or repair the damage caused by stress. Physical activity increases expression of BDNF, which may enhance brain health (1). In addition, insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) is involved in neurogenesis and regulation of the BDNF gene, and is involved in the growth and differentiation of nerve cells (4). Therefore, one of the factors that may mediate the effects of physical activity and BDNF in the brain is IGF1. Physical activity can stimulate the production of IGF1 by increasing circulating growth hormone. This factor has different biological effects such as neurogenesis, memory effects and cognitive factors and other systemic effects (3). Therefore, it has been suggested that the increase in IGF1 due to physical activity leads to an increase in BDNF, thus increasing the amount of hippocampal synaptic flexibility and expression of molecules related to learning and cognitive functions with physical activity (4).Studies on peripheral blood have been contradictory, with some studies reporting that BDNF increased after physical activity, others decreased, and some showed no significant change (14). On the other hand, afew study was found to measure the effect of intermittent and continuous exercise on serum IGF1 and BDNF levels. Therefore, in this study, we seek to answer the question of whether intense or intermittent intermittent exercise causes serum changes in IGF1 and BDNF in mice, and which exercise method can further influence these two factors.

This was an experimental study with a control group. The samples were 32 eight-week-old male Wistar rats. rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, as follows: moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and the baseline control group (C) and the eight weeks control group (C8w). Group C was killed and serum harvested at baseline, and group C8w was retained for eight weeks at the same time as the exercise groups, but did not participate in any exercise program.The MICT group trained for 5 days a week for 8 weeks. The method was according to the training program (13). These exercises were performed for eight weeks and five sessions of running on a treadmill every week (14). BDNF and IGF-1 concentration was measured using an ELISA kit (BASTER kits made in the United States). Normal distribution of data was examined by the Shapiro-Wilk test. To examine the possible difference between groups, 1-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test were performed in SPSS. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05.

The results of statistical test showed that the amount of serum IGF-1 levels after MICT training significantly decreased compared to groups C (P = 0.00) and C8w (P = 0.00). Also, a significant decrease in this protein was observed after HIIT training compared to groups C (P = 0.03) and C8w (P = 0.01), but no significant difference was observed between the two groups of HIIT and MICT training. Regarding BDNF variable, protein levels after MICT and HIIT training did not change compared to group C (P = 0.99 and P = 0.91) and C8w group (P = 0.99 and P = 0.98), respectively. There was also no significant difference in serum levels of BDNF protein after MICT and HIIT (P = 0.99).

One of the findings of the present study was the change in BDNF blood circulation levels after exercise intervention, although this change was not statistically significant, but the smallest change in blood circulation levels of this nerve growth factor is clinically important. Because BDNF is one of the main modulators of brain adaptation. These results are similar to the findings of the research of Ives et al. (2016) and Abbaspoor et al. (2020) and with the results of studies by Kallies et al. (2019), Máderová et al.(2019), Church et al. (2016), Kang et al. (2020), Akbari-Fakhrabadi et al. (2021) and Żebrowska et al. (2020) disagree (18-25).one of the reasons for the lack of change in BDNF levels is the intensity and duration of exercise that affects each individual, so that in rodents, an increase in hippocampal BDNF occurs when mice Voluntarily ran about 3,000-10,000 meters a day on a treadmill. In addition to methodological issues, serum BDNF levels may vary due to circadian rhythms of cortisol or sex-dependent hormonal fluctuations and energy balance and nutritional variables (27). Therefore, future studies should consider the period of assessment of exercise-induced flexibility by evaluating short-term and long-term measures of growth factors, perfusion, volume, and memory. Another finding of the present study was a significant change in serum IGF-1 levels after two exercise interventions.This means that a significant decrease in the levels of this growth factor was observed after MICT and HIIT training compared to the controlgroups. Changes in growth factors and adaptations in response to exercise can affect the type, intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise sessions. The present results are in agreement with the findings of Yalanda et al. (2019), Valipour et al. (2019), Ives et al. (2016), Żebrowska et al. (2020) and with the findings of Maass et al. (2016) and Johnson et al. (2020) is the opposite (18, 25, 27, 34-36)A number of researchers have suggested that aerobic exercise stimulates the uptake of IGF-1 nerve growth factor into the bloodstream by cells in specific areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus (35, 37, 38). On the other hand, the type of exercise is veryimportant in response to systemic growth factors such as IGF1 blood levels (39). Whether the increase in IGF1 blood levels is due to a decrease in IGF1 uptake from the bloodstream by the brain or a double increase in the production of this hormone from major sources of its production, such as the liver, is still unclear and needs further study.However, since the present study did not investigate the expression of genes and tissue levels as well as changes in IGF1 receptors at the cellular level, These cases cannot be strongly cited in explaining the results and further studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms of changes in this growth factor by simultaneously measuring gene expression, protein levels, and IGF1 receptors with exercise.In general, it can be concluded that intermittent and continuous exercise significantly decreased IGF1 and also caused a non-significant increase in serum BDNF in male Wistar mice. Exercise as a physiological stress can play a vital role in the normal functioning of the brain by changing the growth factors of the environment and blood circulation. According to the available evidence on the ability of systemic IGF1 to cross the blood-brain barrier, small changes in the levels of this growth factor with exercise can be considered in the physiological adaptations of the brain to exercise. One of the limitations of the present study is the lack of study on the expression of BDNF gene in brain tissue. Also, recent studies show that brain health can be affected by physical activity and exercise. Therefore, it seems necessary to study sports interventions with different type, volume and duration of the present study on brain function and structure, as well as simultaneous examination of tissue and systemic levels of growth factors.

Decreased levels of physical activity (PA) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic can cause physical and psychological problems for individuals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between PA, body image, and eating disorders (EDs) during the COVID-19 pandemic among high school girls in Farsan, Iran.  This was a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, and the research population included female high school students from Farsan, Iran, who were studying in 2019-2020. In this regard, 535 high school girls (age: 15.95 ± 1.42, weight: 53.07 ± 10.01, BMI: 20.14 ± 3.48) were selected based on cluster-random sampling to participate in the study. Multidimensional Body Self-relation Questionnaire (MBSRQ), Baecke’s Physical Activity Questionnaire, and the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale (EDDS) were used to collect data, and Pearson correlation coefficients were administered to establish statistical relationships.  The results indicated significant positive correlations between body image and PA levels (r = 0.304, P = 0.001). However, no significant correlations were observed between body image and anorexia nervosa (AN) (r = -0.035, P = 0.424), bulimia nervosa (BN) (r = -0.033, P = 0.446), and binge ED (r = -0.041, P = 0.339). Likewise, no relationships were observed between PA and AN (r = 0.084, P = 0.052), BN (r = 0.073, P = 0.092), as well as binge ED (r = 0.071, P = 0.099).  During the COVID-19 pandemic, PA was positively associated with body image but not with EDs. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that PA improved body image in adolescent girls during the COVID-19 pandemic.

aging is known as low bone mass, resulting in increased risk of fracture. The effects of strength training on the mechanical bone strength and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of compare effects of resistance exercise training protocols with different intensities on microRNA-204 (mir-204) and biomechanical properties in bone Wistar elderly rats.

This experimental study was done on 24 Wistar male rats (23 month old and with an average weight of 437.93 gram). They were randomly divided into three equal groups (n=8) include moderate (60% Maximum voluntary carrying capacity) or high (80% Maximum voluntary carrying capacity) intensity resistance training and control. The two training groups completed eight weeks of training program, five days a week according to resistance protocols. After completing training, expression of mir-204 on bone marrow were measured RT-PCR and Three – point bending test was used to determine bone biomechanical properties.

The statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis and one way ANOVA test with significance level of P

Adipokine Adipsin is one of the important adipose tissue proteins and has a beneficial role in maintaining beta cell function. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 12-week rhythmic combined training on plasma adipsin levels and insulin resistance in Multiple Sclerosis Patients (MS) women.

In this semi-experimental study, 96 female patients with MS were selected on the basis of disability levels and divided into three groups, low disability (n=44), moderate disability (n=26) and sever disability (n=26). Training program include 12 weeks combined training, three sessions per week and 45 to 60 minute for each session. Resting levels of Adipsin and Insulin Resistance were measured 24 h before and 48 h after training programs

The findings showed that after 12 weeks of combine training, plasma adipsin levels in low disability group significantly decrease (p=0.002). Also, 12 weeks of combined exercise significantly decreased insulin resistance in the low and severe disability group, but no significant decrease in the group with moderate disability.

Therefore, combine training induce changes in weight, body fat percentage, BMI and waist circumference, lipids profile and decrease the plasma adipsin level in MS women

The best way to prevent osteoporosis, at old age is to prevent bone loss and at young age is trying to keep bones healthy, therefore The aim of this study was to determine the effects of compare effects of aerobic and resistance exercise training protocols with different intensities on microRNA-133a (mir-133a), Runx2 and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma (PPARγ) in femor bone marrow Wistar elderly rats.. This experimental study was done on 40 Wistar male rats . They were divided into 5 equal groups (n=8) incloud moderate or high intensity resistance training, moderate or high intensity endurance training and control. The two training groups completed 8 weeks of training program, 5 days a week according to protocol. After completing training, expression of mir-133a, Runx2 and PPARγ were measured RT-PCR. The statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test with significance level of P<0.05. There was no significance in expression of mir-133a، Runx2 and PPARγ in 5 groups. Investigating cellular changes in bone after such exercises requires longer periods of exercise that should be investigated in future research..

Physical activity reduces the risk of bone fractures by decelerating the bone loss and enhancing muscle strength. Such activities promote the bone strength and bone density through bone stimulation. The present study aimed to compare the effect of endurance training with varying intensities on the selected biomechanical properties of femurs in old male Wistar rats. 24 male Wistar rats (23 months old) with an average weight of 441.75 grams were randomly divided into 2 experimental and one control grpups: Moderate intensity continuous training (MICT, n = 8), high intensity Interval training (HIIT, n = 8), and control group (CG, n = 8). Moderate and high intensity endurance training sessions were held five days a week with 60-70% and   80-110% of the maximum speed) and high (maximum speed) for eight weeks, respectively. In the MICT and HIET groups, the duration and distance (volume of training) were the same and only the intensity of training differed. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the rats underwent surgery and their femur removed. Three–point bending flexural test was used to determine the effects of training on modulation, maximum endurance, fracture energy, and femur strength in the rats. The statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA test at P <0.05. The study results indicated that eight weeks of endurance training with varying intensities had no significant effect on modulation (p=0.198), bone strength (p=0.24), fracture energy (p=0.204), deformation-to-maximum strength (p=0.89), and femur strength (p=0.31), and that no significant difference was observed among the three groups. The biomechanical changes of the bone by such exercises require longer periods of training, which could be examined in future studies.

Background & The aim of present study was to examine the effect of resistance training on Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) levels of plasma and cardiac muscle in male Wistar rats. S1P is a bioactive platelet-derived sphingolipid that is involved in regulation of proliferation, differentiation, Hypertrophy and anti-apoptosis of cells and activation of satellite cells. Twenty four 8-week-old male Wistar rats were used in this study. The initial body weight of rats was 190–250 gr. All animals were maintained in pairs in an environmentally controlled room at 22°C, 12:12-h photoperiod cycle and allowed normal cage activity. The animals were fed standard rat chow and water ad libitum. After a week of acclimation to the animal facility, the rats were assigned randomly to a control (N=12) or training (N=12) group. Resistance training was done using a 1 meter height ladder with 2 cm grid with an 85 degree incline, and weights attached to rat's tails. The content of sphingosine-1- phosphate (S1P) present in the chloroform layer was determined by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Resistance exercise training increased the total content of S1P in cardiac muscle (P=0.08) in comparison to control group. This increase was not significant, but was close to significance. The level of this factor was significantly increased in plasma following resistance training. According to structural and functional roles of this sphingolipid and because of its increase after resistance training, and as it is the first study in this area, future studies with different resistance training programs or higher number of subjects may show the accurate roles of this factor in heart muscle adaptation to increased level of activity.