فهرست مطالب zahra momeni

Creating an effective language communication requires mastery of verbal and non-verbal skills. One of these verbal skills is politeness in social interactions. The current research has investigated the ways of observing politeness in classroom conversations based on Brown and Levinson’s (1987) theory of politeness. The data of the study were collected during several meetings that were held in some educational institutions in Bushehr including Azad and Payame Noor universities. The results indicate that negative politeness strategies have been used almost twice as much as positive politeness strategies, and in some cases positive politeness strategies have been used along with negative politeness. The highest frequency of negative politeness belonged to the four strategies "be conventionally indirect", "question, hedge", "give deference", and "apologize", and "notice, attend to the interests, wants, and needs of H", "exaggerate", "seeking agreement" and "give reasons" had the highest frequency of positive politeness. Examining the components of politeness in classroom discourse is effective in identifying this discourse as an academic discourse. In addition, these findings can be used in teaching foreign languages, which requires a comparative comparison of cultures and traditions.

Patient’ satisfaction is one of the most important indicators of the quality of dental service. This study aimed to assess the satisfaction of patients referring to the dental faculty of Alborz University of Medical Sciences in Karaj, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 258 patients who attended surgery, prosthodontics, periodontics, endodontics, restorative, and radiology departments in 2018. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Independent T-test and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the mean satisfaction scores between sections.

The mean age of patients was 43.1±11.3 years old. Overall, 48.8% of patients were male and 51.2% were female. The satisfaction of patients was 77.7±12.8 in the pain area. The most satisfaction in the pain management area was in the prosthodontics department (90.9±7.9) and the least in the surgical department (69.8±11.5). The most satisfaction in the access area was in the surgical department (80.8±8.0) and the least in the endodontics department (71.4±10.0). Overall satisfaction was 78.5±5.6.

The result of this study showed that the satisfaction rate of patients referring to the dental faculty of Alborz University of Medical Sciences is at the optimum level. However, in some areas of treatment, there is a need for further review and research to improve the quality of health care.

Considering the importance of investing in the capital markets for the growth and prosperity of the economy and regarding the negative impact of lack of financial transparency and information asymmetry on the level of investment in these markets on the one hand and the effect that competition in the product market can have on reducing information asymmetry be Therefore, in this research, we examined the impact of capital expenditures on the value of the company with emphasis on information asymmetry. It is expected that conducting this research will eliminate the gap and gap in the field of the impact of capital expenditure on company value and information asymmetry and help in the development of literature related to information asymmetry and product market competition and have a scientific contribution. It is also expected that investors, shareholders, managers of legislative institutions and other users will use the results of this research in making informed and useful decisions. In order to achieve the general goal of the research, two hypotheses were formulated. The statistical population of this research includes all companies present in the Tehran Stock Exchange from the beginning of 2016 to the end of 2015. The selected sample is 113 companies. The results of the hypotheses test show that capital expenditures have a positive effect on the value of the company. Also, information asymmetry does not affect the relationship between capital expenditure and company value.

Asthma is a common chronic airway disease that has a dramatic effect on the process of life, group activity and socio-psychological functioning and even the economic progress of patients. There are currently 300 million asthma patients worldwide and it is predicted that by 2025, 100 million asthma patients will be added to the world population (1). Exacerbation of the symptoms of the disease affects the quality of life as well as the cost of treatment. Complications of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease include respiratory failure, pneumonia or other respiratory infections, right heart failure (pulmonary heart), arrhythmias, and depression. Asthma control is determined by the frequency of symptoms during the day, activity limitations, nocturnal symptoms, the need for essential medications, and lung function (4).
Studies show that unhealthy lifestyles such as inactivity and obesity are associated with negative health consequences in asthma patients, including poor asthma control (5). Among the measures taken to relieve symptoms and improve the functional status of patients with these diseases are pulmonary rehabilitation and breathing exercise and exercise programs that are part of it are used to improve functional status (6). Numerous clinical studies have shown that exercise, as part of a pulmonary rehabilitation program, improves asthma control and overall physical fitness in people with asthma and reduces hospitalization rates (7). Resistance training and strengthening the muscles of inhaling and exhaling are among the techniques that increase respiratory function in respiratory patients (8).
Regarding the beneficial effects of exercise in asthma patients, many studies have shown that physical activity and regular exercise play a beneficial role in reducing respiratory tract inflammation, shortness of breath and improving or maintaining pulmonary capacity such as Forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and has a Forced vital capacity (FVC) throughout the life of asthma patients (9-12). However, some studies have shown that during the period of sports interventions, patients had emergency conditions and exacerbation of asthma (13,14). Turner et al. Found that some patients had exacerbated asthma during exercise (14).
Asthma in adolescents and children can have detrimental effects on their mood and social activities. Over the past decades, a 100% increase in childhood obesity has been implicated in the prevalence of asthma because it affects the physiopathology and mechanics of the lungs. Because maintaining asthma control through medication is at a difficult level, it seems that getting help from lifestyle changes, such as including regular physical activity in the asthma patients' lifestyle, can help control asthma (8). Recent evidence in systematic studies has led to the support of aerobic exercise as an aid to the treatment of asthma, and despite standard treatment, its supply to asthma patients has become essential. However, the role of regular exercise, especially breathing exercises, in very limited asthma control has been investigated. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of eight weeks of moderate intensity aerobic exercise on FVC and  FEV1 in mature and immature girls with asthma in humid environment.

In this semi- experimental trial, 60 girls students with asthma (30 mature and 30 immature girls; with average age of 8-18 years) from Rasht city were randomly selected and randomly divided into two groups include exercise and control. The aerobic exercise program was performed with intensity of  45-75% of maximum heart rate, 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Spirometry test was performed to determine pulmonary function before and after the training protocol. Data were analyzed using 2-factor analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test at the p≤0.05. 

Aerobic exercise led to significant increase in FEV1 in girls with asthma (P= 0.000). There was no significant difference between the effect of aerobic exercise on FEV1 in mature and immature girls with asthma. Aerobic exercise led to significant increase in FVC in girls with asthma (P= 0.000). There was no significant difference between the mean FVC of mature and immature girls with asthma.

The results of the present study showed that after the intervention period, FEV1 levels  significantly increases in girls with asthma. Also, the mean FEV1 of adult girls was significantly higher than immature girls with asthma. The results showed that increasing FEV1 had beneficial effect on improving asthma control. The results of the present study are consistent with some previous findings (20-22). Increasing or improving pulmonary function with exercise seems to be related to reducing airway resistance, increasing airway diameter, as well as strengthening the respiratory muscles and the elastic properties of the lungs and chest. On the other hand, the effects of adrenaline and cortisol may be effective. Increased activity of the adrenaline system during exercise reduces the reversibility of the lungs and dilation of the pulmonary arteries. Also, the increase in plasma levels of cortisol as a bronchodilator is a very strong and strong production of surfactant in the lungs (19). Asthma is classified clinically according to the frequency of symptoms, expiratory volume with pressure per second (FEV1) and maximum expiratory flow rate (23). Strengthening the respiratory muscles, increasing the effective tail force due to strengthening the elasticity of the main and auxiliary intercostal muscle fibers, reducing obesity and thus reducing the pressure caused by the accumulation of fat around the chest have been reported as mechanisms of effect of exercise in improving lung function (25). In the present study, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise increased FVC in girls with asthma. The findings of our study also showed that aerobic exercise along with resistance exercise can be associated with an increase in  spirometry indices FEV1 and FVC. These results are consistent with the results of previous research (20-22). The value of the FVC index depends on the elasticity of the lungs, the authority of the airways. Studies have shown that the elasticity of the lungs, the position of the ducts between the alveolar region and the location of the stenosis and dilatation of the airway wall are effective physiological mechanisms in determining airflow at this stage. The increase in FVC appears to be due to aerobic exercise due to increased lung volume and elastic reversal of the lungs (11). There were some limitations in the present study; One of the limitations of the present study is the lack of measurement of lung function following ventilation. To determine whether the adjustments we observed are the result of exercise or increased ventilation, future studies should examine the effects of over-ventilation on changes in respiratory muscle strength and respiratory volume. Also, more research is needed to understand the effects of long-term aerobic exercise on respiratory volume. The results of this study showed that regular exercise with increased activity tolerance can facilitate the transfer of oxygen to body tissues. As a result, eight weeks of moderate aerobic exercise can cause a positive and favorable change in FEV1 and FVC indices in mature and immature girls with asthma.

The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of an instrument in Persian to assess the mothers’ knowledge, and perception about oral health of school children.

A sequential exploratory mixed method design consisting of qualitative and quantitative phases was performed. We developed the questionnaire by inductive-deductive method, through a synthesis of literature review and a qualitative study with semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Face and content validity of the items were assessed by consulting a panel of 11 experts. In the quantitative phase, an exploratory factor analysis was performed using data from a cross-sectional study with a sample of 303 mothers. Reliability analysis with test-retest approach and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was done.

Pre-final version of the scale consisted of 120 items extracted from the qualitative study and literature review. After content and face validity, 92 items were chosen with the greatest agreement between experts, with a content validity index (CVI) >0.8 and content validity ratio (CVR) of 0.59. The final questionnaire covered 62 items. The overall Cronbach’s alpha was 0.94 and it ranged from 0.87 to 0.97 for the subscales. The ICC ranged from 0.91 to 0.98 (Cronbach's alpha ≥0.70).

The present study introduced a valid and reliable questionnaire for assessment of the mothers’ perception regarding school children’s oral health. It can be used as a standardized measure for public health surveillance and evaluation of oral health promotion programs.

Quality of life is one of the new concepts of health, which encompasses different aspects of life such as oral health. The oral health related quality of life is affected by different factors that assessed in different groups. Due to increasing population growth and the existence of special physical, psychological and social conditions, elderly are one of the important groups. So, the present study aimed to assess the oral health related quality of life among elderly people who lived in nursing centers in Karaj, in 2020.

In this cross-sectional analytic study, oral health related quality of life among elderly people above 60 years in Karaj were evaluated using a questionnaire including demographic information, oral health behaviors and Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI). Data were analyzed using T-test, one-way ANOVA and linear regression test by SPSS-22 software.

A total of 149 people were participated, which 62.4% (93) were female and 37.6% (56) were male. The mean GOHAI in participants of this study was 46.05±6.52 (from 12-60 point). The regression test showed the relationship between the score of different dimensions of GOHAI with age, gender, income, and subjective assessment of oral health, last dental examinations and the number of teeth (P<0.05).

In this study, the oral health related quality of life among the elderly people who lived in nursing homes in Karaj in 2020 was evaluated moderate and good.

Dental injuries are very common event in childhood and have the negative impacts on their life. Proper emergency management is depended on the knowledge of non-professionals, such as health care teachers’ who are present at the scene. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and self-reported practice of primary school health care teachers on the emergency management of traumatic dental injuries in Karaj in 2020.

In this cross-sectional analytic study, an anonymous online questionnaire containing questions related to demographic information, history of previous exposure to traumatic dental injuries and caregivers' practice in dealing with traumatic dental injuries was placed in health care teachers’ virtual groups. Health care teachers were given one week to complete the questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and linear regression were performed to analyze the data via SPSS software version16.

A total of 189 questionnaires were completed (response rate of 80.77%). The mean score of their knowledge out of 10 achievable scores was 5.63 ± 1.98 and their mean score of practice was 4.48 ± 1.86 out of 7 scores. The results of unadjusted linear regression analysis showed that only the previous information of caregivers had an effect on their level of knowledge (p<0.001) and by adjusting the effect of demographic variables, the results of this test showed that the work experience of health care teachers had an effect on their knowledge score (p=0.009). However, the self-reported practice score of health care teachers was not affected by any of the demographic variables.

This study revealed that insufficient knowledge and self-reported practice exists among primary school teachers on emergency management of traumatic dental injuries.

learning style is a method preferred by learners over other styles in learning lessons. Therefore, knowledge of students’ learning styles is crucial for educational programs. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between learning style and academic achievement of dental students at Alborz University of Medical Sciences.

This cross-sectional research was performed on all dental students in the second semester of 2019-2020. Data were collected using Kolb’s Learning Style Questionnaire. In addition, students’ GPA was an indicator of their academic achievement. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 24 using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Chi-square and one-way ANOVA.

In this research, 205 out of 360 dental students completed the questionnaire. Most participants used a converging learning style (32.7%), and the rest of the subjects applied an assimilating (31.7%), diverging (31.7%) and accommodating (9.3%) learning style. There was no significant difference in students’ learning styles based on gender, year of admission, age and place of residence (P>0.05). However, a significant correlation was reported between learning style and academic achievement (P=0.04), in a way that convergers achieved higher GPAs, compared to divergers.

According to the results of the present study, most students applied converging and assimilating learning styles. Therefore, it is recommended that educational methods that match these styles (e.g., visual content presentation, diagrams, teacher’s handouts, lectures and self-study) be applied in this regard. It is notable that students with a converging learning style obtained higher GPAs, compared to those with a diverging learning style.

Regarding the changes in the process of education and conducting e-learning system in the context of the Corona epidemic, there is an essential role of evaluating the education programs in improving its quality and effectiveness. This descriptive study was conducted to investigate the virtual education status from the perspective of students in Alborz University of Medical Sciences.

The statistical population of the study included 364 students studying at Alborz University of Medical Sciences in the second semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. A researcher-made questionnaire having four domains (lesson introduction, educational content, feedback and interaction, assessment and evaluation) was used as the instrument and 20 items were prepared based on a four-point Likert scale. The questionnaire validity was reviewed and confirmed based on the opinion of a 5-member panel with relevant experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using the test-retest method and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha was 0.902.

The results showed that the virtual education status in the domains of course introduction, educational content, interaction and feedback, assessment and evaluation is relatively favorable from the studentschr('39') point of view. Comparing the level of satisfaction in different schools, the School of Pharmacy, and among the different levels, master students showed the highest level of satisfaction with the virtual education program among the schools based on the domains under study. There was no significant difference in the level of satisfaction between students from different schools and levels.

Generally, the level of satisfaction in terms of various domains was relatively favorable for students participating in the virtual education classes at Alborz University of Medical Sciences.

Dental caries is considered as the most common chronic disease and a major health problem in developing countries. Excessive consumption of carbohydrates is one of the most important causes of dental caries as well as obesity. The aim of this study was investigating dental caries (based on DMFT index) and its relation with body mass index (BMI) among students of Alborz University in 2018-2019.

In this cross-sectional study, 382 students were choosed by a Quota sampling. Demographic information, dietary, nutrition and hygenic habits were recorded by a questionnaire. Then clinical examination was performed concidering oral health status and DMFT. Also BMI of the participants was calculated by measuring the height and weight of each student. SPSS-19 software was applied for data analysis.

Overal 38.2% of the students were male (20.56 ± 1.9 years old) and 61.8% were female (20.59 ± 2.2 years old). The mean of DMFT and BMI of the participants was 6.6 ± 3. 3 teeth and 22.7 ± 3.2 kg/m2 respectively. In all, 0.3% had severe low weight, 8.4% low weight, 68.6% normal, 20.4% overweight, 2.1% class-I obesity and 0.3% class-II obesity. Relationship between DMFT and BMI was not significant (P=0.299).

In this study no significant relationship was noticed between DMFT and BMI, which indicates that these two indexes are independent of each other

Lack of job motivation is the most important cause of reduced quality of professional performance. Field evidence indicates a dramatic reduction in teacher’s motivation. This study aims to represent the teachers’ perceptions and lived experiences about the causes of teachers’ motivation reduction. By using a qualitative approach and a descriptive phenomenological method, an effort has been made to reconstruct teachers’ perceptions of the causes of loss of motivation. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Having used purposeful sampling and chain sampling, and through 20 interviews with teachers, data saturation was achieved. Deep analysis of the teachers’ lived experiences led to the identification and classification of the five major categories of motivation reduction factors. These five factors are: “educational issues”; “internal organizational issues”; “economic issues”; “social issues”; and “personal and family issues.The Results showed that each teacher faces many different challenges in the field of education and professional activities, and lack of attention to improving their status can lead to a major risk in the educational system and in particular the dynamism and development of the society in the near future.

Operators of construction vehicles are constantly exposed to whole body vibration, which can lead to musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of exposure to whole body vibration in operators and its relation to musculoskeletal disorders. This study is a descriptive-analytical study. Using easy sampling, 89 operators from 6 types of heavy vehicles (Bulldozer, Tipper Truck, Heavy Vibrator Roller, Light Vibrator Roller, Pecker and Loader) were included in two construction projects. To evaluate exposure to whole body vibration, different vibration indices (effective acceleration, peak factor and vibrational dose) were measured according to ISO 2631 and SVAN 958 vibrometer. The Body Map Questionnaire was used to assess the musculoskeletal disorders. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation and multivariate regression (significance level less than 0.05). The results of this study showed that exposure to whole body vibration in Bulldozer (2.25 m/s2), Tipper Truck (0.98 m/s2), Heavy Vibration Rollers (3.20 m/s2), Light Vibration Rollers (3.45 m/s2) Pecker (4.11 m/s2) and Loader (1.2 m/s2) are more than the daily exposure to OEL. There was a significant and direct relationship between exposure to vibration, underlying factors and musculoskeletal disorders. The present study confirms the potential health hazards for operators of construction vehicles. Therefore, engineering and management controls are recommended, including installation of appropriate vibration insulators on seats, training courses, changing jobs of individuals with a long exposure to vibration, rotating work schedules, using gloves, flooring and vibration damping pads and create monitoring protocols on work.

Cardiovascular diseases could be preventable; as a result, understanding the risk factors was regarded as the major priority for healthcare providers.

The main objective of this research was to achieve a deeper insight into the effect of long-term use of low-dose oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases.

This research was a retrospective cohort conducted (historical and prospectively) conducted on 100 women with normal menstrual cycles aged 15 to 35 yr, who were referred to the healthcare centers in Yazd, Iran. The participants were categorized into two groups: The OCP group was consuming the pills for 0-3, 4-23, and 24-36 months, and the non-OCP group. Participants were followed up for a minimum of 3 months and a maximum of six months

The highest level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), homocysteine, cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and systolic blood pressure was observed in the OCP group in the duration of 24 to 36 months. The Tukey’s test demonstrated that there were comprehensible differences in the LDL (p = 0.01), cholesterol (p = 0.01), triglyceride (p < 0.001), and homocysteine levels (p < 0.001), also systolic blood pressure (p = 0.04).

It was realized that the long-term consumption of low-dose OCP can augment the incidence of some risk factors (systolic blood pressure, homocysteine levels, cholesterol, LDL-c, and triglyceride) and lead to developing cardiovascular diseases amongst the healthy women.

The aim of this study was to design a standard questionnaire facilitating the evaluation of the knowledge and attitude of medical students regarding radiation protection. At first, a 30-item questionnaire was prepared. The scale construction procedure was performed using content validity assessment. Considering objectives, some items were designed based on textbooks and the ideas of oral radiologists, medical physicists, and occupational medicine specialists as the expert panel. Content validity of the draft was determined by the panel. Test-retest procedure was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire by kappa statistic and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Experts evaluated the content validity as desirable. Kappa coefficient was more than 0.75 for almost all knowledge and attitude items. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for basic knowledge, practical knowledge, and attitude domains were 0.793, 0.823, and 0.822, respectively. The designed questionnaire was confirmed as reliable considering Iranian cultural concepts.

Life-threatening medical emergencies might happen at any time to a patient in a dental office. These emergencies should be treated immediately and cannot be avoided or referred. The purpose of this study was to as-sess the knowledge and attitude of dentistry professors, residents, and interns towards medical emergencies at the dental faculty of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 174 dental practitioners practicing as dentistry professors, residents or interns at the dental facul-ty of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. A questionnaire comprised of three parts, including demographics, knowledge, and attitude, was distributed among the participants. The collected were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS 24. The results were reported in terms of the frequency. Comparisons were made using one-way anal-ysis of variance (ANOVA) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The residents’ knowledge score was significantly higher than that of the fac-ulty members (P=0.02). The faculty members’ score was higher than that of the interns but the difference was not significant. Less than half of the participants stated that the quality of the provided theoretical educations was satisfactory. The results indicate the lack of proper medical emergency preparedness among the studied dentists. It seems that periodic theoretical and practi-cal medical emergency training courses are necessary for dentists during education and, more importantly, after graduation.

The combination of natural and unnatural resources exporting has a great importance for the economic improvement of countries,so that if natural resources exporting is replaced by unnatural resources exporting, amount of exporting will be unchanged, but production will reduce in unnatural resource exporting part.on the other hand if natural resources exporting income is spent for importing, some parts of unnatural resources exporting will be damaged. Because of topicʼsimporting, some parts of unnatural resources exporting will be damaged. Because of topicʼs importance, in this article the effects of natural resources exporting on unnatural resources exporting and importing is studied in 18 countries which have fuel, metals and minerals and in 2000-2016. As results show in those countries which their economic has a great dependency on natural resources exporting, the natural resources exporting will reduce unnatural resources exporting and will increase importing, although in countries with low incomes, in undeveloped countries and in countries with powerful government, the natural resources exporting will reduce the unnatural resources exporting,but in countries with powerful government the affect is less and natural resource exporting will reinforce unnatural resources exporting.

Awareness of the overall status of incidents and accidents and also the relevant causes can be extremely fruitful in preventing them. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of incidents and accidents in Dayyer, Province of Bushehr, Iran.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 838 incident cases obtained from the registered data from the accidents and incidents registry of Dayyer health care system in 2015. The data were collected using a checklist. Then, the data were analyzed using descriptive (prevalence and percentage) and inferential (chi-square test and t-test) statistics.
Out of 838 registered incident cases, the overall rate of incidents was 15.1 in 1000 individuals; the rates among men and women were 22.6 and 7.3 in 1000, respectively. The highest rate belonged to men (n = 637; 76.0%) and the age range of 20-29 years (n = 201; 24.0%). The highest rate of accidents has been reported in urban regions (n = 661; 78.9%) which occurred at home (n = 340; 40.6%) and in autumn (n = 236; 28.2%). The highest rate of incidents belonged to trauma (25.4%), motorcycle crash (22.6%), and snakebite and scorpion sting (13.4%).
The highest occurrence rates of incidents and accidents were observed among men and the young compared to other groups in Dayyer. Thus, it is necessary that the appropriate programs be prepared for the public, particularly the young, via mass media regarding observing traffic codes and helping self-protection.

Self-motivation is an acquired power that drives you to do things or avoid doing anything, Without affecting the opinions of othcters or living conditions. Since the Quran and Nahj al-Balaghah are necessary to achieve such a powerful and influential force in order to achieve human prosperity and the true perfection which God has placed upon him, they have stated some practical ways in which each one is the cause of self-inductance in humans. The first factor is belief in God''''''''''''''''s sake of God toward man as his creator, which manifests many manifestations in human life, and each one helps mankind in achieving self-motivation. The second factor is purposefulness in life; the goal is to act as a stimulant in human life, which, depending on its type and its choice, is effective in creating and sustaining self-motivation. The third is self-esteem because it is not possible to master human self-motivation when it comes to controlling the self-fulfilling needs. The fourth factor, linked to the type of human attitude, is the perception of man''''''''''''''''s knowledge and knowledge of the smallest details of the periphery of the world. The last factor is human modeling, so that by choosing the right pattern and according to its purpose and following it, one can go faster and faster with the path to self-motivation. In this research, after explaining the concept of self-motivation, we have identified and analyzed the factors influencing it, based on its teachings and Nahj al-Balaghah.

Oral health is an important aspect of general health and well-being for children. Understanding the viewpoint of mothers about children's oral health provides a basis for the development of interventions to improve oral care and disease prevention. The purpose of this study was to explore the perception of Iranian mothers regarding the oral health of their children.
This descriptive qualitative study was the first phase of an exploratory mixed method design and collected data from April to May 2015 in Tehran, Iran. The qualitative data were collected through seven focus group discussions and three semi-structured interviews. The participants were 58 Iranian women who had a first grader. Data were analyzed using conventional content analysis.
The main themes identified from the data were: (I) the definition of oral health, (II) the importance of maintaining oral health and dental treatment, (III) the effect of nutrition on children’s oral health, (IV) the role of oral health behaviors, (V) the causes of dental caries and malocclusion/crowding, (VI) the symptoms and causes of gum disease, (VII) the causes of halitosis.
According to the mother's perception, the main factors influencing children's oral health were: nutrition and oral health behaviors such as daily tooth brushing and flossing. The results of this study can be used to develop a model of oral health education and a prevention program for improving oral health among Iranian school-children.

Contraceptive Pills Are Accepted Around the World. Since the Introduction of the Pillstheir Use Increases the Risk of Venous and Arterial Complications, but There Are Doubtson Whether Low-Dose (LD) Estrogen Pills Could be a Risk factor. This Study Aimed to Examine the Lipid Profile in Women Exposed to (LD) Oral Contraceptives Compared to Unexposed Women.
In This Mix Cohort, 100 Women Aged 20-35 Years Old Referring to Health Care Centers in Yazd, Iran Were Conducted Through Face to Face Interviews by the Researcher Who Asked for Demographic and Anthropometric Characteristics and Also Took Blood Samples for Measurement of Lipid Profile. The Data Were Analyzed using SPSS Version 21 and Chi-Square Test as Well as T-test.
In the Exposed Group Total Cholesterol (180/7 ± 38/28 mg dl-1), Triglycerides (129/82 ± 47/92 mg dl-1), LDL (101/42 ± 30/66 mg dl-1) Were Significantly Higher than the Unexposed Group (Total Cholesterol 159 ± 30/26 mg dl-1, Triglycerides 93/60 ± 44/01 mg dl-1 and LDL 84/84±24/70 mg dl-1). However, HDLof the Exposed Group (56/46 ± 8/42 mg dl-1) Did not Showa Significant Differencein Comparison to the Unexposed Group (56/18 ± 8/91 mg dl-1 ).
Conclusion : LD Pills Increase Levels of Cholesterol, Triglycerides and LDL, so Taking these Pills may Cause Dyslipidemia.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among all cancers worldwide and also one of the helth priorities in Yazd. Continuing deaths from this disease among the Iranian females is mainly because of the low use of screening behaviors and late diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the women’s knowledge, attitude, and preventive behaviorse of breast cancer in Yazd, Iran in 2015.
This study was a cross-sectional study. The participants were 384 women referring to health centers of the city of Yazd selected in 2016selected by the cluster sampling method. Data were collected by a quesstionarre and designed by SPSS (version 16) (t-test, ANOVA and Chi-Square).
The mean age of the participants was 30.31±7.97 years. The mean score of the knowledge and attitude of the subjects was 52.53 out of 78 and 36.29 out of 50, respectively. And, the mean score of preventive behaviors of the cancer was 12.03 (out of 24). According to the Pearson's correlation test, a significant positive correlation was detected between the practice of breast diagnostic examination and the knowledge (P = 0.001, r = 0.177) and attitude score (p = 0.0001, r = 0.257).
Since the mean score of the women’s behavior is lower than the average level, an education intervention plan should be designed and implemented to motivate women to use the screening methods.

Accidents are one of public health challenges and the most important causes of children mortality in the world and Iran. Considering the vulnerability of children, cognition of accident patterns can provide appropriate strategies to prevent accidents. The present study aimed to epidemiologically investigate accidents in children under six years of age.
This descriptive-analytical study was of cross-sectional studies. The information of 300 children under six years of age was collected by the Quota sampling from mothers reoffering to the health centers of Azadshahr in fall 2011 with a check list through interviews. The data were analyzed with the Chi-square test (SPSS version 21) after encoding.
The mean age of the studied children and mothers were 5.30 and 26 years, respectively. The results showed that 78.4% of the children have had an accident. Physical injury (50.7%), burn (15.3%), fall (12%), poisoning (11%), traffic accident (10.3%) and drowning (0.7%) were the reasons for children accidents. The children of employed fathers and parents, who had higher education, had fewer accident and this difference was statistically significant (P The rate of accidents in Azadshahr is a higher figure in comparison with that of relevant studies. Therefore, it is suggested that preventive measures like parent training can be applied to reduce accident rates in children.

According to the growth of photocopier usage in workplaces, the potential risk of occupational exposure to the airborne chemicals has been raised up. Hence, monitoring the photocopy worker's respiratory functions seems to be necessary. We aimed to evaluate the respiratory health on photocopy and printing workers so that a reliable description can be made about their occupational hygiene.
This study was performed in Shiraz, southwest Iran in 2014 and a group of 150 photocopy and printing workers were surveyed as exposed group in addition to a group of 114 office staff as unexposed group. The respiratory standard questionnaire was used to evaluate the prevalence of respiratory symptoms among the selected staff. Pulmonary function indexes including VC, FVC, FEV1 and the FEV1/FVC ratio were calculated. Finally, t-test, Chi Square and multiple logistic regressions were conducted.
VC, FVC and FEV1 in photocopy and printing workers were lower than the unexposed group of which these differences for FVC and FEV1 were statistically significant (P The prevalence of excess respiratory symptoms along with pattern of pulmonary restrictive sings in photocopy and printing workers revealed that the workplace conditions can result in occupational respiratory diseases.

Published data on the effects of essential oils (EO) on in vivo nutrient digestibility in sheep are contradictory. In 2 experiments, the effect of thymol and carvacrol on nutrient digestibility was studied in sheep fed with high (70%) or low (52%) concentrate diets, using incomplete Latin Square designs. The essential oils were mixed with the concentrate portion of the diet at the rate of 0.0, 0.3, or 0.6 g per kg dry matter (DM) diet. Supplementation of thymol had no significant effect on digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). The main effect of thymol on neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ether extract (EE) digestibility and on nitrogen balance (NB) was significant (P<0.05), but within each level of dietary concentrate no significant differences were observed for these measurements. Overall, ruminal ammonia concentration was higher (P<0.05) in both HCD and LCD lambs receiving 0.3 mg thymol per kg diet. Supplementation of carvacrol had no significant effect on nutrient digestibility. The main effect of carvacrol on ruminal ammonia levels and NB was significant, but within each level of dietary concentrate no significant differences were observed in ammonia levels and NB. Inclusion of 0.3 g/kg diet DM of carvacrol or thyme was more effective than 0.6 g/kg diet DM in terms of NB but neither dose affected nutrient digestibility. Future research should determine the long-term effects of essential oils on digestibility and performance in sheep, before recommendation can be made for their use under practical husbandry conditions.

Abstract
Investment is an important component accessory to production in the economy of every country. Hence, investment is one of the fundamental necessity for improving economically in every country. Because in developing country governmental investment is generally numerate as political implement, there is a belief between diplomats and economists of these countries that governmental investment is  an effective stimulant for the investment of private sector and as a result it is a powerful implement for growth political and economic consistence, but it should be considered that governmental investment reduces from private sector’s resources for investment, moreover ,it also leads to decreasing of private sector’s investment in case that it is used for production of goods that compete with private sector’s production. In the other word crowding in happens. This article has been done in order to survey the relation between governmental investment and private investment and the VECM method in econometrics has been used.