zahra najafi

The study of "considered concept"(Itibariat) in Jurisprudence and Interpretation is a fundamental study. It aims to explain the nature and elements of "Itibariat" from the point of view of Interpretation and Jurisprudence. The exchange between these two sciences in the employment of "considered concepts and findings" in inference and ijtihad is based on the explanation of the nature and elements of the Itibariat.In the analysis of the nature of Itibariat, despite the differences, there are many commonalities between commentators and jurists. The commentators in "Ayat al-Ahkam" have used jurisprudential findings to understand the ultimate meaning of the verses. The jurists also use different aspects of Itibariat and metaphor in attribution to Quranic verses and reasoning. For the development of jurisprudential understanding, they benefit from the commentators’ Itibariat considerations and attitudes.Many differences in viewpoints and differences in interpretive and jurisprudential attitudes are due to differences in Itibariat, especially the theoretical foundations of the formation of Itibariat; As far as many misapprehensions in the interpretation of Ayat al-Ahkam have been influenced by interpretive sources and foundations. The scope of these differences, without being criticized and analyzed, enters jurisprudential inference and ijtihad. Whereas the influence of jurisprudential sources on commentators is minimal. However, in the late centuries and the current era, due to the theoretical progress of jurisprudence analysis, in many cases, commentators have also been influenced by the opinions of jurists.

The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of psychological toughness training on sexual satisfaction and marital conflicts in couples with emotional divorce. This research was a semi-experimental design. The statistical population of the research was all couples applying for divorce in Tabriz city in 2022, and 30 of them were selected. In order to collect information, sexual satisfaction and marital conflicts questionnaires and psychological toughness protocol were used. The collected data were analyzed with the help of descriptive statistical methods of mean and standard deviation and inferential statistical methods of multivariate covariance analysis using SPSS software. The results showed that psychological toughness training can increase sexual satisfaction and reduce marital conflicts in couples with emotional divorce, which is significant at the P<.1 level. 

Kuwait, a small country in littoral of the Persian Gulf because of its geopolitical position, it has always been one of the important actors in the west of Asia and including the countries affecting the relations of three Islamic governments Iran, Saudi Arabia and Iraq. In the events the fifty- seven revolution, This research study is done by descriptive- analytical to answer this question, what is the role of this sheikhdom in the process of the collapse of Pahlavi regime and the formation of the Islamic republic Iran? The main purpose of this paper is to explain the impact of Islamic revolution on the political community of Kuwait since the start of the Imam Khomeini movement until the end of the Iran- Iraq war. Discoveries and historical evidence of this paper indicates that Kuwait as the Confluence of the three ideologies of Shiite, Wahhabism and Sunnism; a relatively soft approach of the opponents of the Pahlavi regime, as it has been a strong approach to Iranian political activists and provides a proper platform to spread the thought of the revolutionaries. In the form of the Islamic republic of Iran and The statement of the important issue of the issuance of the revolution, the opponents of Al- Sabah and at the head of the Shiite protest of Kuwait, spread their campaign movements and influenced the teaching of Islamic revolution, which led to a strong response from the Al- Sabah and at the head of the Shiite protests, the opponents of Al- Sabah government. The suppression of Shiite movements such as the Shaaban Mosque uprising by the Kuwaiti security forces, the denial of the citizenship of a number of opponents in the Sheikdom by the end of Al- Sabah with Iraq in the war against Iran must be interpreted in this regard.

In 2008, Iran acceded to the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (CRPD), including the right to health and rehabilitation. However, the goals of this convention have not yet been achieved in Iran. This study provides solutions for implementing articles 25 (health) and 26 (rehabilitation) CRPD in Iran.

This was a qualitative study conducted through content analysis. A total of 21 individuals were selected via the purposive sampling method. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The interviews continued until we reached information saturation. Data analysis was performed manually using the MAXQDA software version 10.

After the interviews, 860 initial codes were obtained. After removing the unrelated codes and merging the codes by overlap, 725 codes remained. The concepts were classified into four main categories and 15 subcategories: Development of a comprehensive rehabilitation program, culture and education, capacity building, and compliance with legal requirements.

According to the results, because of severe problems in the field of health and rehabilitation of disabled people in Iran, taking necessary measures to solve these problems is essential. Hence, a comprehensive plan should be developed. Meanwhile, proper education, culture building, talents, and opportunities should be considered more carefully. Also, by facilitating services for people with disabilities and paying attention to the importance of being demanding, we can build capacity in the country. The findings of this research will provide a bright way for policymakers, administrators, and planners of the country.

The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between investor sentiment, research and development (R&D) investments, and firm performance. The statistical population of this study consists of 152 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) during the period from 2013 to 2021. The results show that optimistic investor sentiment, which facilitates low-cost equity issuance, prevents underinvestment in R&D and improves firm performance. Optimistic investor sentiment does not drive managers to waste low-cost resources on R&D projects that harm firm performance. Additionally, pessimistic investor sentiment, which encourages share repurchases and undermines R&D investments, reduces R&D spending and damages firm performance. However, if companies increase their R&D investments after announcing share repurchases and in the presence of pessimistic investor sentiment (negative relationship between firm performance and R&D expenses), they do not experience worse performance. Finally, the results indicate that managers who control investor sentiment likely invest in R&D projects that do not decrease firm performance. Based on the findings, it can be stated that investor sentiment affects equity financing conditions under various circumstances, which in turn affects the motivations of firms for R&D investments and consequently firm performance. Accordingly, this study discusses the impact of R&D on firm performance when investor sentiment affects stock prices and demonstrates that R&D generally improves firm performance during optimistic periods and decreases it during pessimistic periods.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the main form of dementia, is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease, and several hypotheses have been proposed for its pathogenesis. Among them, cholinergic hypofunction is the main reason and plays a significant role in cognitive impairment. According to this theory, ChE inhibitors improve the performance of the cholinergic system and increase memory function. Thus, this study investigated a novel series of 2-amino-pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline-3-carbonitrile derivatives bearing benzyloxy phenyl moiety as ChE enzyme inhibitors.

The synthesized compounds 6a-o are divided into three series based on benzyloxy phenyl moiety. The structure of all compounds was identified by the NMR (1H and 13C) and IR spectra. Then, their inhibitory activities against ChE enzymes were evaluated by Ellman’s spectrophotometrical method. The kinetic and molecular docking studies were performed for compound 6l as the most potent butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitor.

The 2-amino-4-(4-((4-fluorobenzyl)oxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-oxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrano[3,2-c] quinoline-3-carbonitrile (6l) demonstrated the best anti-BChE activity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration value of 1.00 ± 0.07. The kinetic and molecular docking studies confirmed that 6l is a mixed inhibitor and binds to both the anionic catalytic site and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of BChE. In silico study approved that the methoxy group on the middle phenyl ring has a significant role in interacting with the PAS of the enzyme.

These findings indicated that 2-amino-pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline-3-carbonitrile derivatives bearing benzyloxy phenyl moiety have therapeutic potential as BChE inhibitors in the last stages of AD.

With the increase of international interactions and the use of similar production technologies at the international level, intra-industry trade between countries has become a subject of interest for economic theorists, and paying attention to a non-oil product that has a comparative advantage can have a high contribution to the commercial growth of countries. be One of the practical and effective industries in Iran's commercial growth is the cement industry. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting trade within Iran's industry with selected business partners in the cement industry in the years 1388-1401 with the combined data method. The influencing variables include Linder index, carbon dioxide emissions, added value of the industry sector, geographical distance and real exchange rate.According to the results, the carbon dioxide emission index has a negative effect on the trade within the cemen industry for Iran and its trading partners, and it has the largest coefficient among all the investigated variables. Also, the relationship between trade within the industry with the added value of the industry sector and geographic distance was positive, and the variables of Linder and exchange rate also have a non-significant effect on trade within the industry.

Providing optimal rehabilitation services for people with disabilities has always been recognized as a major concern of health systems in all countries. Stewardship is one of the biggest challenges to provide rehabilitation services to people with disabilities in Iran. We advocate the Ministry of Health & Medical Education (MoHME) to take the lead as a steward of rehabilitation services in Iran, while the dedicated sections in the MoHME need to be determined, with a clear list of responsibilities and affiliations.

"Intentionality" is a central concept in the philosophy of mind and contemporary philosophical discourses. How it is possible and also how to determine the mental content are among the important issues in this regard, the explanation of which differs based on different philosophical principles. For this reason, this article explains intentionality from the perspective of Mohammad Hoseyn Tabatabai and the contemporary philosophers namely Fodor, Dartsky, and Millikan. Philosophers, who believe in the causal and ultimate theories of content in explaining intentionality, try to naturalize intentionality and mental content based on physicalism in their opinion. The author believes that according to Tabatabai's philosophical foundations, a new answer can be found to the problem of the possibility of intentionality and determination of mental content. This answer, which is a kind of causal statement, is not possible without denying the materialist view of science. In this article, we have shown that the proposed response derived from Tabatabai's principles can be reconstructed by a kind of integration with content theories, and it can be said that the mechanisms explained by content theories are material processes that play a preparatory role in determining content and intentionality.

Studies suggest that sulfur may react with plants or monocellular organisms, such as fungi, to produce toxic agents. It has been theorized that sulfur enters cells and affects their respiration. This study reports on a phototroph development that leads to the diminution and/or production of sulfur and release of hydrogen sulfide from public ponds.

This study was conducted in anoxic stabilization ponds at a dimension of 1×0.25×1 (m), with a hydraulic retention time of 6 days. The ponds’ water was tested during the dark and light cycles. The experiments were carried out by factorial design and measured three variables: volumetric organic loading, sulphate concentrations and temperature.

Cyanobacteria and Rhodobacter species were the most abundant phototroph cellular organisms. The mean value of total sulfur and un-ionized hydrogen sulfide concentration were 74 mg/L and 21 mg/L, respectively, at the volumetric organic loading of 100 g BOD5/m3 per day. The efficiencies of biochemical and chemical oxygen removal were 71.9% and 59.1%, respectively. The mean proliferation rate of photosynthetic sulfur bacteria was 3.4×106 cells/ml.

photosynthetic sulfur bacteria significantly reduced the sulfur concentration generated in the ponds. The illumination of bright light enhanced the sulfur reduction by the photosynthetic sulfur bacteria in the wastewater of the anoxic stabilization ponds.

Microbial resistance due to antibiotics overuse can endanger the general health of society. Various factors play a role in mothers' overuse of antibiotics for their children. This study aimed to investigate mothers' attitude and behavior about the use of antibiotics in children under five years old in Yazd City.

In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 302 mothers with children under five years old were included in 2019-2020; a questionnaire of mothers' attitudes and practices regarding antibiotic use was completed. Then, the obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 and P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The mothers' attitude level was poor, moderate, and good in 60 (20%), 180 (59.5%), and 62 patients (20.5%), respectively. Furthermore, mothers' practice level was poor in 55 (18.2%), moderate in 210 (69.5%) and good in 37 (12.3%). The level of attitude (P = 0.000) and practice (P = 0.007) in mothers with a higher level of education was significantly higher. With increasing the number of children, mothers' attitude (P = 0.03) and practice (P = 0.02) were significantly lower.

The study results showed that most mothers have a moderate level of attitude and practice in using antibiotics in their children. A significant number of them also mentioned antibiotic use without a prescription. Therefore, to reduce the improper use of antibiotics, it is recommended to pay attention to educational programs with proper planning by the public media. It makes sense to train physicians, monitor their performance and closely monitor the sale of antibiotics in pharmacies to reduce their use without a doctor's prescription.

The main aim of this study was to validate organizational solidarity scale in public schools of Iran.

The scale consists of social-emotional and Structural -instrumental as two sub scales and 18 items with a Likert spectrum. Statistical population included all primary (3958 individuals) and secondary (5350 individuals) school teachers in Shiraz of whom 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method (based on the educational course) and Cochran’s formula. To measure the validity of the questionnaire, two methods of cluster analysis and first order and second order confirmatory factor analysis were used and also Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure its reliability. 

Results of the item analysis indicated that each items have a significant correlation with the sub-scale of corresponding dimension.   Result of the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis showed that each Items had a high degree of validity for explaining the corresponding dimension and organizational Solidarity.  Also, based on the Cronbach's alpha values, the reliability of the scale and the corresponding sub-scales is desirable.

Overall, the obtained results approved the applicability of the prepared scale for field studies in this subject area.

The International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is the most important International Document for recognizing the rights of persons with disabilities, including the right to health and rehabilitation.   Islamic Republic   Iran acceded to the Convention in 2008, but still has a long way to go to achieve its desired status and in line with the objectives of the convention. This study aimed to identify the barriers to the implementation of articles 25   and 26   of the CRPD in Iran.

This study was performed using conventional content analysis. Twenty-one individuals were recruited by purposive sampling with maximum variation and were continued until saturation. Data were gathered through in-depth, semi-structured interviews from June 2018 to May 2019.   MAXQDA version 10 was used for analyzing data.

The resulting data analysis yielded 860 initial or open codes. The concepts were categorized into 27 subcategories and 7 categories. Main categories were included: "Structure inefficiency", "lack of comprehensive rehabilitation program", "inadequate awareness", "neglected economy of people with disabilities", "weak access to services", "cultural challenges" and "disregard for new technologies".

The findings showed that the executive structures in the country have a lot of problems with health and rehabilitation programs for people with disabilities. It seems understanding the barriers to implementation of articles 25   and 26   of the international CRPD empowers officials in the field and improve services by providing a better view of the disabled. Nevertheless, it is recommended for policymakers to consider rehabilitation   as a main element of the health system.

This study aimed to model the structural relationships of leadership worldview and Power of Response to Environment with the Mediating Role of Organizational Solidarity. The research method was descriptive - correlational. The study statistical population included all primary and secondary public school teachers of Shiraz which 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method and based on Cochran's formula. Research instrument included a short-form of the leadership worldview scale, a short-form of the organizational solidarity scale, and a short-form of the power of response to environment scale which were distributed and collected between research sample after calculating their reliability and validity. To analyze the research data, AMOS software and structural equation model test were used. The research findings showed that the schools power of response to environment is directly predicted by a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.18), networking (β=0.25) and regulatory (β=0.19). Also a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.27), communitarian (β=0.33), networking (β=0.30) and regulatory (β=0.30) indirectly predicted the power of schools to respond to environment through organizational solidarity. Therefore, school administrators and leaders can focus on leadership worldviews to improve the power of response to environment and utilize the organizational solidarity to facilitate this process. This study aimed to model the structural relationships of leadership worldview and Power of Response to Environment with the Mediating Role of Organizational Solidarity. The research method was descriptive - correlational. The study statistical population included all primary and secondary public school teachers of Shiraz which 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method and based on Cochran's formula. Research instrument included a short-form of the leadership worldview scale, a short-form of the organizational solidarity scale, and a short-form of the power of response to environment scale which were distributed and collected between research sample after calculating their reliability and validity. To analyze the research data, AMOS software and structural equation model test were used. The research findings showed that the schools power of response to environment is directly predicted by a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.18), networking (β=0.25) and regulatory (β=0.19). Also a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.27), communitarian (β=0.33), networking (β=0.30) and regulatory (β=0.30) indirectly predicted the power of schools to respond to environment through organizational solidarity. Therefore, school administrators and leaders can focus on leadership worldviews to improve the power of response to environment and utilize the organizational solidarity to facilitate this process. This study aimed to model the structural relationships of leadership worldview and Power of Response to Environment with the Mediating Role of Organizational Solidarity. The research method was descriptive - correlational. The study statistical population included all primary and secondary public school teachers of Shiraz which 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method and based on Cochran's formula. Research instrument included a short-form of the leadership worldview scale, a short-form of the organizational solidarity scale, and a short-form of the power of response to environment scale which were distributed and collected between research sample after calculating their reliability and validity. To analyze the research data, AMOS software and structural equation model test were used. The research findings showed that the schools power of response to environment is directly predicted by a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.18), networking (β=0.25) and regulatory (β=0.19). Also a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.27), communitarian (β=0.33), networking (β=0.30) and regulatory (β=0.30) indirectly predicted the power of schools to respond to environment through organizational solidarity. Therefore, school administrators and leaders can focus on leadership worldviews to improve the power of response to environment and utilize the organizational solidarity to facilitate this process. This study aimed to model the structural relationships of leadership worldview and Power of Response to Environment with the Mediating Role of Organizational Solidarity. The research method was descriptive - correlational. The study statistical population included all primary and secondary public school teachers of Shiraz which 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method and based on Cochran's formula. Research instrument included a short-form of the leadership worldview scale, a short-form of the organizational solidarity scale, and a short-form of the power of response to environment scale which were distributed and collected between research sample after calculating their reliability and validity. To analyze the research data, AMOS software and structural equation model test were used. The research findings showed that the schools power of response to environment is directly predicted by a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.18), networking (β=0.25) and regulatory (β=0.19). Also a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.27), communitarian (β=0.33), networking (β=0.30) and regulatory (β=0.30) indirectly predicted the power of schools to respond to environment through organizational solidarity. Therefore, school administrators and leaders can focus on leadership worldviews to improve the power of response to environment and utilize the organizational solidarity to facilitate this process. This study aimed to model the structural relationships of leadership worldview and Power of Response to Environment with the Mediating Role of Organizational Solidarity. The research method was descriptive - correlational. The study statistical population included all primary and secondary public school teachers of Shiraz which 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method and based on Cochran's formula. Research instrument included a short-form of the leadership worldview scale, a short-form of the organizational solidarity scale, and a short-form of the power of response to environment scale which were distributed and collected between research sample after calculating their reliability and validity. To analyze the research data, AMOS software and structural equation model test were used. The research findings showed that the schools power of response to environment is directly predicted by a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.18), networking (β=0.25) and regulatory (β=0.19). Also a variety of leadership worldviews entrepreneurial (β=0.27), communitarian (β=0.33), networking (β=0.30) and regulatory (β=0.30) indirectly predicted the power of schools to respond to environment through organizational solidarity. Therefore, school administrators and leaders can focus on leadership worldviews to improve the power of response to environment and utilize the organizational solidarity to facilitate this process.

 Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL) is a multifactorial disease that affects 1-3% of couples. Since Human Leukocyte Antigen-G (HLA-G) gene is involved in fetal maternal immune tolerance, mutations in the HLA-G gene can affect the success rate of pregnancy.

 The present study aims to investigate the haplotype effect of rs1736933 and rs2735022 polymorphisms found in the HLA-G gene on the RPL.Methods In this case-control study, participants were 100 women with RPL and 80 women with normal fertility in northwestern Iran. The HLA-G gene promoter was amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method and sequenced. The genotype and allele frequencies of the two polymorphisms were compared between the two groups by using t-test in SPSS software version 22. Haplotype analysis was performed using PHASE 2.1 and Haploview 4.2 applications

 C allele and CC genotype in rs2735022 polymorphism and the G allele and GG genotype in rs1736933 polymorphism showed a significant association with the RPL (P<0.05). Frequency of haplotypes AA, AC, GA, GC were 0.72, 0.23, 0.01, 0.03 in patients and 0.39, 0.01, 0.02, 0.59 in the control group (P<0.05). The linkage disequilibrium score was 94.

 Analysis of GC haplotype in rs2735022 and rs1736933 polymorphisms of the HLA-G gene can be helpful in genetic studies of women with RPL.

Factor Structure Analysis of Power of Response to Environment Scale in Public Schools of Shiraz The main aim of this study was to Factor Structure Analysis of Power of Response to Environment Scale in Public Schools of Shiraz. Research instrument of Torkzadeh and Nekoumand of Power of Response to Environment scale (2015) and consists of 19 items with a Likert spectrum, and includes three sub-scales; conceptual, structural and functional. population included all primary and secondary school teachers in Shiraz of whom 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method (based on the educational course) and Cochran’s formula. To measure the validity of the questionnaire, two methods of cluster analysis and first order and second order confirmatory factor analysis were used and also Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure its reliability. Results of the item analysis indicated that each items has a significant correlation with the sub-scale of corresponding dimension. Result of the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis showed that each Items had a high degree of validity for explaining the corresponding dimension and Response to Environment. Also, based on the Cronbach's alpha values, the reliability of the scale and the corresponding sub-scales is desirable. Accordingly, this scale can be used to measure schools' power of response to environment. Key words: Factor Structure Analysis, scale, Power of Response to Environment, public schools Factor Structure Analysis of Power of Response to Environment Scale in Public Schools of Shiraz The main aim of this study was to Factor Structure Analysis of Power of Response to Environment Scale in Public Schools of Shiraz. Research instrument of Torkzadeh and Nekoumand of Power of Response to Environment scale (2015) and consists of 19 items with a Likert spectrum, and includes three sub-scales; conceptual, structural and functional. population included all primary and secondary school teachers in Shiraz of whom 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method (based on the educational course) and Cochran’s formula. To measure the validity of the questionnaire, two methods of cluster analysis and first order and second order confirmatory factor analysis were used and also Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure its reliability. Results of the item analysis indicated that each items has a significant correlation with the sub-scale of corresponding dimension. Result of the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis showed that each Items had a high degree of validity for explaining the corresponding dimension and Response to Environment. Also, based on the Cronbach's alpha values, the reliability of the scale and the corresponding sub-scales is desirable. Accordingly, this scale can be used to measure schools' power of response to environment. Key words: Factor Structure Analysis, scale, Power of Response to Environment, public schools Factor Structure Analysis of Power of Response to Environment Scale in Public Schools of Shiraz The main aim of this study was to Factor Structure Analysis of Power of Response to Environment Scale in Public Schools of Shiraz. Research instrument of Torkzadeh and Nekoumand of Power of Response to Environment scale (2015) and consists of 19 items with a Likert spectrum, and includes three sub-scales; conceptual, structural and functional. population included all primary and secondary school teachers in Shiraz of whom 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method (based on the educational course) and Cochran’s formula. To measure the validity of the questionnaire, two methods of cluster analysis and first order and second order confirmatory factor analysis were used and also Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure its reliability. Results of the item analysis indicated that each items has a significant correlation with the sub-scale of corresponding dimension. Result of the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis showed that each Items had a high degree of validity for explaining the corresponding dimension and Response to Environment. Also, based on the Cronbach's alpha values, the reliability of the scale and the corresponding sub-scales is desirable. Accordingly, this scale can be used to measure schools' power of response to environment. Key words: Factor Structure Analysis, scale, Power of Response to Environment, public schools Factor Structure Analysis of Power of Response to Environment Scale in Public Schools of Shiraz The main aim of this study was to Factor Structure Analysis of Power of Response to Environment Scale in Public Schools of Shiraz. Research instrument of Torkzadeh and Nekoumand of Power of Response to Environment scale (2015) and consists of 19 items with a Likert spectrum, and includes three sub-scales; conceptual, structural and functional. population included all primary and secondary school teachers in Shiraz of whom 369 people were selected by random-stratified sampling method (based on the educational course) and Cochran’s formula. To measure the validity of the questionnaire, two methods of cluster analysis and first order and second order confirmatory factor analysis were used and also Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure its reliability. Results of the item analysis indicated that each items has a significant correlation with the sub-scale of corresponding dimension. Result of the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis showed that each Items had a high degree of validity for explaining the corresponding dimension and Response to Environment. Also, based on the Cronbach's alpha values, the reliability of the scale and the corresponding sub-scales is desirable. Accordingly, this scale can be used to measure schools' power of response to environment. Key words: Factor Structure Analysis, scale, Power of Response to Environment, public schools

Contamination of soil and water by heavy metals have accelerated since the beginning of the industrial revolution. So cleaning up and removing of the contaminants is one of the major challenges of human societies. There are different methods for remediation of contaminated environments and adsorption and immobilization of heavy metals by the adsorbents is one of them. In addition to being effective and fast, the immobilization technique is simple, inexpensive, and environmentally safe. In recent years, the use of polymeric composites, among the various adsorbents of heavy metals, has attracted the attention of many researchers due to their higher efficiency in comparison of pure adsorbents. Chitosan composites are among those polymeric composites that, due to their properties, can have a high ability to absorb heavy metals in contaminated environments. Chitosan composites have often been used to remove heavy metals from industrial wastewater, however, the efficiency of these composites in immobilization of heavy metals in soils has not been studied. Due to the great variety and environmental safety of these composites, this study aimed to investigate the efficiency of pure and chitosan coated adsorbents in immobilization of soil cadmium.

For this purpose, a pot factorial experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions using a completely randomized design and three replications. Factors studied were soil cadmium levels (0, 8, 25 and 75 mg/kg soil) and types of adsorbent including pure chitosan, biochar, zeolite and nanomagnetite and composites of chitosan- biochar, chitosan- zeolite and chitosan- magnetite and control (without adsorbents). Each adsorbent was applied to soil at the rate of 0.5% W/W. Uncontaminated soil samples were spiked with different amounts of cadmium sulfate and incubated for two months to achieve relative equilibrium. After two months the samples were treated with different adsorbents and incubated for another two months. Then the amounts of DTPA extractable cadmium and its different chemical forms were determined.

The results showed that the application of adsorbents to soil decreased the concentrations of DTPA extractable cadmium. The results also showed that chitosan composites had higher ability for immobilization of cadmium in the soil than the pure chitosan, biochar, zeolite and nanomagnetite and the highest cadmium immobilization ability was observed for the composite of chitosan- magnetite. Reductions in DTPA- extractable cadmium for pure chitosan, biochar, nanomagnetite, and zeolite were 26.11, 19.38, 18.00 and 7.71% and for composites of chitosan- magnetite, chitosan- biochar and chitosan- zeolite were 34.02, 32.04 and 30.56% respectively when compared to the control treatment. Sequential extraction at the contamination level of 75 mg Cd/kg soil also showed that the use of adsorbents significantly reduced the soluble + exchangeable and carbonate forms of cadmium compared to the control treatment and increased its more stable forms including iron and manganese oxide, organic matter and residue fractions.

According to the results, it can be concluded that coating the pure adsorbents with chitosan by creating more adsorption sites reduces the cadmium mobility in the soils and increased the efficiency of pure adsorbents in the immobilization of cadmium. It was also observed that among the composites that used in this experiment, the highest ability to reduce the cadmium concentration was related to the chitosan-magnetite composite.

Drug addiction is one of the major challenges in the international and Iranian level and relapse into addiction is considered an important factor. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychological, family and social factors affecting the recurrence of drug addicts.

The study was post-event. The statistical population was all addicts referred to addiction treatment centers in Yazd province in 1998 with a frequency of 520 who had relapse to drugs and 121 people were selected by convenience sampling method and surveyed with a researcher-made questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Friedman test.

The results showed that all three psychological, familial and social factors play a role in recurrence and in terms of order and prioritization, first social factor, then psychological and finally family factors affect recurrence. One of the most important components of the psychological factor is tempting thoughts and depression, the role of friends, peers and groups is one of the most important components of the social factor and family problems and disputes are among the most important components of the family factor.

Psychological, social and family factors with different degrees of importance cause relapse to addiction, which requires the design of studies on the causes of relapse and strategies to prevent it as the main problem of drug addiction.

 Lung cancer is one of the major causes of death worldwide, with more than a million deaths a year. Despite advanced surgical techniques and combined therapies, lung cancer is still a disease with poor prognosis. According to available reports, the number of patients with lung cancer among Iranian men and women is increasing. In a study, 4,361 deaths from lung cancer have been recorded in Iran, which are 9.80% and 6.07% of all cancer deaths among men and women, respectively.

 This study aimed at investigating the proteomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and comparing them with those of the healthy individuals to detect protein markers for the diagnosis of the disease in the early stages.

 According to the sample size estimation, the tissue samples of 30 patients with NSCLC were compared with 30 healthy tissues. Proteomics and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods were used. First, the tissue samples were collected under sterile conditions and then protein was extracted. Next, 2-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were performed. Finally, with proteomic analysis in patients and healthy individuals, differences in the proteomic pattern of healthy and cancerous tissue were examined.

 More than 40 differences were revealed in the proteomics pattern of the healthy and cancerous tissues, and 2 different spots were submitted for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS). Then cytochrome b5 reductase 2 (CYB5R2) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate1 were detected. It has been shown that these proteins down-regulated in cancer tissue compared to healthy tissue. It was also shown molecularly that the expression of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and cytochrome b5 reductase 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the cancerous tissue was 0.8 and 0.64 times less than their expression in healthy tissues, respectively.

 The result of this study, which deals with tumor markers of NSCLC, can be considered as a screening diagnostic test for diagnosis of the disease in the early stages. This research could provide the basis for further research to identify the critical effects of these 2 molecules cytochrome b5 reductase 2 and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate on tissue carcinogenesis. It is recommended to do more thorough research.

Given the fluctuations in world oil prices and the endless supply of this underground resource, the pharmaceutical industry is one of the attractive sectors of investment in intra-industry trade. Intra-industry trade refers to the simultaneous export and import of a group of similar goods, resulting in product differentiation in imperfectly competitive markets and the existence of economies of scale.The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting intra-industry trade with selected drug trading partners for 2018-2000 using hybrid data method. According to estimates, research and development expenditures as an indicator of innovation have the greatest impact and have a positive and significant impact on trade within the Iranian pharmaceutical industry and selected trading partners, as well as trade imbalances and differences in GDP per capita. According to the Linder index, they also have a negative and significant effect, and by reducing these variables, intra-industry trade in the field of medicine will increase. On the other hand, the effect of geographical distance variable and FDI based on the effect of alternative, on the trade index within the industry has been negative and non-significant. The effectiveness of membership in the anti-fraudulent trade agreement, as a control variable, has reduced the level of trade within Iranchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s industry with selected trading partners in the field of pharmaceutical industry.

The Social security of any society is one of the basic needs. Security in its objective sense is the measure of the absence of a threat to values; The purpose of this study is to investigate social security and social factors affecting it among women in Babol and its application.The present study is based on a survey method that the statistical population of young women aged 15-39 years in two urban areas of Babol and using the Cochran's formula, the sample size of a sample of 400 people was selected from the sample method. The questionnaire was used for data collection and the validity of the data was formal validity and its reliability was measured by Cronbach's. Analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, multivariate regression and factor analysis were used for the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The results show that there is a significant and direct relationship between the independent variables of social control, social support, social trust and the dependent variable of social security. Multivariate regression analysis shows that independent variables (0.22) explain the percentage of changes in social security.

The role of intra-industry trade has been emphasized in international commerce since the 1960s. Innovation and government size, which affect goods and services production and government presence in international commerce, have also been highlighted since then. This study examines the influence of these two factors on international trade and estimates their effects in linear and logistic transformation models from the years 2000 to 2016 using HS four-digit codes. This research focuses on 20 main import and export industries of Iran and selected commercial partners. The authors estimate the model using the bidirectional panel data method and analyze the data using Stata 15 software. Results indicate that in both models there is a U-shaped relationship (non-linear) between innovation and intra-industry trade. However, government size increases intra-industry trade in these models. Linder variables decrease intra-industry trade but GDP per capita increases intra-industry trade. Other control variables (geographical distance and membership in economic organizations) show the expected impact on intra-industry trade.

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of different chitosan composites on lettuce plant and mobility reduction of cadmium in the soil. For this purpose, a pot factorial experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions using a completely randomized design.The proposed factors were soil cadmium levels (0, 8, 25 and 75 mg/kg) and types of adsorbent (chitosan, biochar, zeolite, nanomagnetite and composites of chitosan-biochar, chitosan- zeolite,chitosan- magnetite and control). Each adsorbent was applied to the soil at the rate of 0.5% W/W. The results showed that the shoot height, the shoot and root dry weight and the concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, iron and zinc in the shoot of lettuce decreased but the cadmium concentration of leaf increased as the concentration of soil total cadmium increased. The results also showed increasing the amount of adsorbents to the soil decreased the toxic effects of cadmium by adsorpting the part of soluble cadmium. As, by application of 0.5% W/W of chitosan-magnetite composite, the concentration of cadmium in the shoot of lettuce decreased about 24.22 mg/kg as compared to the control treatment. But the shoot height and the shoot dry weight increased by 29.57 and 43.6% respectively, and the concentration of phosphorus, potassium, iron and zinc increased by 72.22, 98.78, 267.77 and 128.10% respectively, as compared to the control treatment.

The business income tax is major source of tax revenues due to its importance and size. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of mental accounting in shaping tax behavior of self-employed taxpayers. This is a survey research and the statistical population is comprised of individual taxpayers in Fars province in 2019. Hypothesis testing using R based on a sample of 184 small business owners revealed that self-employed taxpayers vary in how they use mental accounting and do tax calculations. They can be divided into segregators and integrators. Furthermore, the results revealed a significant difference between mental accounting of income tax and value-added tax (VAT). Taxpayers are more likely to segregate their mental accounts for VAT than they do for income tax. In addition, there is a positive relationship between tax knowledge and using mental accounting and a positive relationship between mental accounting and tax compliance. Therefore, it is important for the government to promote small business owners’ knowledge that can influence their mental accounting and, in turn, their tax compliance.