zinat nikaeen

The purpose of this study was to explain the security status of the infrastructures of Iranian football stadiums with emphasis on technology.

The present study was applied - descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the study was the experts in holding the matches of the Iranian Football Premier League, who in total, 120 people answered the modified questionnaire on the security of football stadiums by Faraji (2014). Data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics, one-sample T-test (p≤ 0.05) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) methods.

According to the results, stadium infrastructure (p< 0.05 and t = 8.82) is one of the important factors in securing football stadiums and technology (p< 0.05 and t = 10.81) and stadium design and construction (p< 0.05 and t = 9.27) with factor loads 0.84 and 0.75, respectively, are two sub-factors related to infrastructure that are effective in creating stadium security. According to the results, the status of infrastructure and technology factors was lower than average and the factor of design and construction evaluated as average.

Based on the results, the condition of the infrastructure of the country's football stadiums in terms of technology is not appropriate and it is suggested to football officials to prioritize the infrastructure of this sport in order to improve the security of football stadiums. Also, in the reconstruction or construction of new stadiums, pay attention to the design and construction of the stadium and the use of advanced security technologies in their construction, control and administration.

Achieving physical education goals in schools requires creative teachers, Hence the aim of this study was to examine The impact of Transformational leadership style of school principals on the creativity of physical education teachers with the role of mediator’s Job involvement and creative self-efficacy. The research method was descriptive-correlational, which was done using structural equation method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all physical education teachers of East Azarbaijan province in the academic year of 2019-2020, which included 1413 people that the sample size was determined by Krejcie and Morgan table equal to 303. Finally, after the distribution and collection of data, 291 questionnaires were used for analysis. To measure the variables, the Bass & Avolio (1994) Multifactor Leadership, Lodhal & Kejner (2001) Job involvement, the Beghtto (2006) Creative Self-efficacy, and Torrance (1974) creative questionnaire were used. That validity and reliability were confirmed. The findings indicated that transformational leadership style has an effect on creativity and creative self-efficacy of physical education teachers. Job involvement and creative self-efficacy affect the creativity of physical education teachers. The results also showed that transformational leadership style through job involvement and creative self-efficacy indirectly affected the creativity of physical education teachers. According to the findings concluded the transformational leadership style of school principals influences the creativity of sports teachers by providing a reliable and supportive environment in schools and increasing the sense of competence and value and increasing job involvement and increasing teachers' self-confidence and creative self-efficacy.

Innovation can play a significant role in explaining strategic and functional approaches in organizations, including sports federations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the application of innovation in the relationship between strategic thinking and organizational performance in sports federations. Participants were the employees and managers of 13 selected sports federations, of which 230 people were selected by random sampling. Measurement tools included Lopez-Nicolas Organization Performance Questionnaire (2011), Prajgo and Sohl Organizational Innovation Questionnaire (2003) and Jane Lidka's Strategic Thinking Questionnaire (1998). The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression at the first type error level of 0.05 with SPSS version 19 software. The results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between strategic thinking (r>0.001, p=0.67) and innovation (r>0.001, p=0.71) with organizational performance. Also, strategic thinking and innovation could directly predict organizational performance (ADJ.R2=0.55). According to the obtained results, Innovation and strategic thinking improves the performance of sports federations' employees and enables federations to manage organizational challenges and perform better.

Leisure experiences play a significant role in individuals' lives. Accordingly, the current study aimed to determine the impact of physical activity application product features on improving young people's leisure experiences.

Methods and Materials: 

This cross-sectional study was correlational. The research population included all youths in the northern and western areas of Tehran in 2021 who used the physical activity application (Samsung Health) on their mobile phones at least twice a week. The sample consisted of 410 individuals selected through purposive sampling and responded to personal information checklists and researcher-made questionnaires on physical activity application product features and leisure experiences. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in SPSS and SMART-PLS software.

Results showed that physical activity application product features and all three of its components, including perceived dynamism, usefulness features, and pleasure-seeking features, had a direct and significant effect on young people's leisure experiences (P<0.05).

The results indicate the effective role of physical activity application product features and all three of its components, including perceived dynamism, usefulness features, and pleasure-seeking features, in improving young people's leisure experiences.

Considering the increasing importance of international military competitions (SISM) at the global level, the need to improve the quality of hosting in these competitions is felt more and more. This research aims to explain the factors affecting the quality of hosting international military competitions by using the oral history approach and the descriptive-analytical research method. Based on the findings of the research, the responses of the statistical community of the research were focused on five components, which include security, location and accommodation conditions, socio-cultural conditions, political conditions and finally the opening and closing conditions of the games. Based on the answers of experts; Iran's conditions and performance in order to improve the security of all players and spectators have been evaluated as very favorable. In addition, the opening and closing conditions, as well as the accommodation of the athletes, and all the basic indicators in the location of the temporary residences of the players, were given due attention. However, one of the main restrictions on Iran's hosting conditions in Sizm competitions based on the response of the statistical community is the socio-cultural and political conditions governing the country, which are mentioned in detail at the end of the research.

The purpose of this study was to theorize and designing a model of physical activity of Iranian women in leisure time at different stages of life. The research method was Grounded Theory, systematic approach. Sampling was also theoretical. Data analysis was performed through continuous "questioning" and "comparison". In order to achieve saturation while reviewing about 300 research articles, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 136 Iranian women aged 7-78 who were regularly participate in physical activity in addition to 17 mothers and 6 fathers. At the end of the open coding stage, 12 main categories were identified and physical activity was selected as the central category. At the end of the selective coding stage, a conceptual model for the whole life stages and a diagram of the amount of physical activity in different stages of life were designed. The main differences between the conditions of Iranian women for physical activity in different stages of life were also identified. Findings showed that mother in childhood, father in adolescence, personal motivations in adolescence, fear in middle age and children in aging stage are the most important drivers of Iranian women to do physical activity. It was also found that the level of physical activity of Iranian women in different stages of life fluctuates for various reasons, so that at the end of childhood is at its highest and at the time of "reproduction and child care" and "old age" is at its lowest.

Background &

In recent decades, the sports industry, as one of the new industries in the international economy, has played a productive role and has been more influential for macroeconomic investments for every country. Strengthening physical health in the society, economic growth due to its effects on the soul and body of the workforce and creating security are other important dimensions that have caused economic activists to pay more attention to the category of sports. Basically, history expresses human's inner tendencies towards physical activities. There were no organized physical training programs in primitive societies or in ancient culture. But physical activities are an integral part of human daily life. Sports and people's participation in sports activities as a social phenomenon is worthy of investigation and reflection. One of the most important functions of this phenomenon is its important role in creating the health of society. This issue can be clearly seen through the impact of sports on the lives of people who participate in this field. In general, sport is ultimately a reflection of today's society. Through the promotion of sports, sports activities are a tool for the development of communities and peace in different cultures. In this regard, the development of sports is related to increasing participation and promoting the opportunities and benefits of participating in sports activities. Sports development is a holistic approach to helping people start, stay and succeed in their chosen sport. Sports development is defined as the systems, structures and processes that enable people of the society at all levels or specific or regional groups to participate in sports, recreation and entertainment and improve their performance to whatever level they want. Today, the role of education in general and physical education in particular is subject to constant changes. Educational sports aims to put all learners in healthy educational situations by providing the necessary grounds and creating the right environment and opportunities, and by responding to their needs, programs to strengthen the body, in sync with the principles and stages of growth and in harmony with education provide the soul Sports activity is effective on the development of individual and social health, but it has not been determined what the effective factors in this process are prioritized, so the purpose of the study was to determine the role of educational sports in the health of society.

The research method is applied. In this research, there are two groups of statistical population: a) professors and faculty members of the university (physical education field and with doctoral education) whose number is about 30 people and the number of participants in this research was about 12-15 experts. b) Sports professors and coaches at Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran branch, and school, whose number is 81, and due to the low number of participants, all 81 were used to distribute and collect the questionnaire. A researcher-made questionnaire containing 9 items was used to collect data.

The results showed that educational sports play a significant role in the health of society, and the sub-criterion of "developing physical literacy" has the highest weight. The sub-criterion of "increasing awareness and familiarity with physical abilities" has the lowest weight.

The findings of this research show that educational sports are effective in the health of society and performing correct movements under the supervision of sports experts, reducing the rate of non-communicable diseases in the country, creating movement opportunities for children, teenagers, and students, finding talent in sports, identifying movement weakness and skeletal problems in students. Teaching how to perform sports movements correctly, even for beginners, increasing the mental health of students, the tendency to team building, and increasing the spirit of coordination and unity were among the components of sports on the health of the society, with the sub-criterion of "performing correct movements under the supervision of sports experts" the most weight and the sub-criterion of "practicing" "Theory concepts" had the lowest weight. Universal sport by the Council of Europe's Sports Development Committee is a term meaning providing opportunities for people interested in exercising in their free time to participate in sports activities without any restrictions due to social status. Race and disability are defined. What is inferred from this definition is that all people should benefit from exercising and exercise is the right of everyone. Public and recreational sports refers to physical training activities and sports of members of the society, which are done regularly, by individuals or formal and informal groups, to meet physical and mental needs, to ensure people's health and vitality, and improve their social relations consciously. Parts of this sport can be done irregularly, unorganized, and in various ways. Many countries have shown that increasing the budget for championship sports can lead to an increase in winning medals in the Olympic Games. Nevertheless, despite the increase in competition and the homogeneity of championship sports systems, the optimal strategy for success at the international level is still unknown. Undoubtedly, the lack of an internationally defined system in championship sports has the most profound effect on the macro-level management of sports; because management is the frontline of implementing strategies. In general, it can be concluded that sports education has an important and effective role in the development of the health of the people of the society, so the officials and those involved in the health field should pay attention to the development of educational sports in their big plans—the findings of this research help to gain a better understanding of the development and its influencing factors. Much research has been done on educational sports, but many models have not been proposed based on the country's situation. The existence of long-term and binding policies and programs for the development of physical education in schools, increasing coordination and carrying out structural changes in the education system and universities in such a way that the need for coordination between different units is considered, the need to provide a local model to explain the role of educational sports in the development of the country requires In this research, questions were raised in the form of interviews and questionnaires, and finally, some effective factors were extracted, then a combination of these factors and factors identified from past researches were ranked. According to the results, practical and managerial suggestions have been recommended to the managers as planners in the organization according to each factor. Research on each of the development indicators should be done separately, the factors should be identified and finally, the consequences of each and the factors affecting it should be prioritized and investigated. It is suggested to identify and rank the dos and don'ts and educational goals of the physical education organization and the field of education according to each province. Researchers are suggested to investigate the position and impact of strategic alliances in educational sports and their improvement. Due to the limitations of the research tools (interviews and questionnaires), this research also faced problems such as not having enough time to answer, and not providing personal opinions due to the lack of trust in the questioners. One of the limitations of the current research is that it is cross-sectional, because the research was conducted at a certain time, its results cannot be generalized to all times and known definitively for all conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct longitudinal research.

The purpose of this study was to identify the dimensions of nostalgic feeling among Iranian national football fans. The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population of the present study consisted of all experts in the qualitative section of the research area who were selected through purposeful sampling of 12 persons in the qualitative section. The statistical population of the study included all the supporters of the Iranian national football team in the quantitative section. According to Morgan table, 384 individuals were selected as the sample. The research tools included interviews and questionnaires. According to the results of the qualitative section, it was found that nostalgic feeling among fans of the Iranian national football team has three general dimensions including nostalgic acquaintance, nostalgic affectivity, and nostalgic arousal. These identified dimensions were examined and validated in most of the research model.

The aim of the current research was to examine the fit of the presented model in the context of the causal relationship between religious attitude and organizational effectiveness with the mediating role of organizational justice, organizational trust and job satisfaction in sports managers of the Islamic Republic of Iran's armed forces. Methodology The current research was descriptive and causal (structural equation). The statistical population included sports managers of armed forces organizations, numbering (N=560). The number of samples (n=234) were selected as a statistical sample by stratified random sampling. To measure the religious attitude, Glock and Stark's Religious Attitude Questionnaire, organizational justice dimensions from the Niehoff and Moorman Organizational Justice Questionnaire, organizational trust from Elonen et al.'s Organizational Trust Questionnaire, and job satisfaction from the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) were used. AMOS 23 and SPSS 23 software were used for data analysis.According to the developmental characteristics of the model fit and the indices obtained, it was found that the fit of the model is at an optimal level, and as a result, the predicted conceptual model was confirmed.Possession of religious beliefs motivates a person to work and work with self-sacrifice and dedication, as a result of the existence of a religious attitude, it increases the effectiveness of the organization. This means that strengthening the religious foundations and religious attitudes of individuals can help to spread justice and trust in the organization, which can positively and directly lead to an increase in effectiveness in the organization.

The aim of this study was to design a model of behavioral brain systems on social loneliness and leisure boredom with a moderating role of physical activity education in the elderly in Tehran. The method of the present research is based on the paradigm of meta-positivist research, in terms of descriptive-survey strategy and in terms of data collection method is among the studies of correlation with the structural equation approach that has been conducted in the field. The statistical population of the study consists of the elderly who participate in parks and are present in physical activities. The statistical sample of the study based on the sample size formula of structural equations and in a cluster method from different regions of Tehran consisted of 189 people. The research instruments included five questionnaires,. SPSS version 25 and Smsrt pls version 3 were used to analyze the data. The results showed that behavioral brain systems and its components do not have a significant effect on social loneliness of the elderly participating in physical activity. Finally, the findings indicated that physical activity education is not considered as a moderating variable in the causal relationship of social loneliness, but in the causal relationship of behavioral brain systems has a positive modulatory effect on social loneliness

Although the physical activity of young women in Iran is very important, but this phenomenon is less known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design a conceptual model of physical activities of Iranian young women.

The methodology of the research was a qualitative method, Grounded Theory (systematic approach). The study population consisted of Iranian women aged 20 to 40 years’ old who were participating in physical activities. Based on the methodology of research, sampling method was theoretical sampling method and theoretical saturation was obtained after conducting 27 Semi-structured interviews with Iranian young women participating in physical activities and review specialized texts (articles, books, websites and so on). The data analysis methods were continuous questions and comparisons.

In the open coding stage, seven main categories in the process of participating sports activities of Iranian young women were identified: (1) Personal Motivations, (2) Promotional Measures, (3) Barriers, (4) Sports Facilities, (5) Trainer, (6) Safety & Security, and (7) physical activities Benefits. Findings also show that "personal motivations" and "promotional actions" are the primary motivators for young women to engage in physical activity, but "facilities", "barriers", "trainer" and "safety and security" play vital roles in decision-making and participation in physical activity, and if conditions are good, young women will continue to participate in physical activities.

Given that Iranian young women face many barriers, only those with very strong personal motivations participate in physical activities

Health promotion should be done in all age groups, because it can reduce the risk factors and prevent or treat the diseases [2, 8]. Sport activities in leisure time play an important role in improving health and fitness. The attempt to develop these activities are considered as a challenge at international level [9]. Low participation in physical activities can cause health-related problems including overweight among children and adolescents, which is a major concern [10]. Evidence indicates a decrease in regular physical activity in late adolescence, which is one of the public health problems in the world. Adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood and many life habits such as regular physical activity naturally start and continue in this period [11]. The use of behaviorist theories related to health-promoting issues such as physical activity is of particular importance. This study aims to evaluate the effect of an educational program regarding how to spend leisure time based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on male school students’ attitude towards physical activity and their intention to participate in sports activities.

In this quasi-experimental study, 40 male high school students (aged 13-17 years) were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (n=20) and control (n=20). To develop the educational package, all theories and studies related to teaching how to spend leisure time on physical and sports activities were first reviewed. Then, based on the literature and TPB, the items affecting the education in adolescents were collected. The opinions of some professors in sports management were used to evaluate the validity of items. To design the educational package, the results of educational programs used in the studies by Wang and Wang (2015), Tölkes and Butzmann  (2016), Reysen et al. (2018), and Ramchandani et al. (2017) were also considered. The intervention was provided at 10 sessions. Two 18-item questionnaires of TPB related to attitude towards physical activity and intention to participate in sports activities were used. To check the homogeneity of demographic characteristics between the two groups, chi-squared test and independent t-test were used. To examine the research hypotheses, analysis of covariance, independent t-test, and paired t-test were used. Before conducting the analysis of covariance, its assumptions were examined. 

Results :

The results of chi-squared test showed no significant difference between both the two groups in terms of educational grade and favorite sport (P>0.05). Based on the results of independent t-test, the homogeneity of the groups in terms of attitude and intention regarding physical activity was approved (P>0.05). The paired t-test showed no significant difference in the mean score of intention to participate in sports activities before and after the intervention in the control group (P=0.322), while there was a significant difference in the intervention group (P=0.001). Moreover, the results of independent t-test comparing post-test scores between the two groups showed that in the intervention group, due to teaching how to spend leisure time based on the TPB, the intention to participate in sports activities increased significantly (P<0.001). The value of Eta squared coefficient in analysis of covariance showed that the educational program explained 45.8% of changes in the intention to participate in sports activities (P=0.002). Therefore, it can be said that the educational program based on the TPB had a significant effect on the student’s intention. Regarding their attitude towards physical activity, the value of Eta squared coefficient showed that the educational program explained a 23.8 % of changes in attitude towards physical activity.

Discussion :

The present study showed that the educational program based on the TPB had a significant effect on high school students’ attitude towards physical activity and intention to participate in sports activities. One major barrier to have physical activities is the lack of knowledge of the benefits of these activities and sports [21]. people’s perceptions and attitudes towards the barriers and benefits of participating in sports activities are important factors that can affect their participation in a regular and health-oriented activities [20, 21]. Therefore, evaluation of students’ perceptions and attitudes towards physical activity have received great attention [13]. There is a gap between intention and participation in an activity. Factors such as knowledge, ability, access, cooperation and unpredicted conditions can fill this gap. However, behavioral intention can be the most important factor in one’s participation in a sports activity. A comprehensive educational program based on a TPB regarding how to spend leisure time on physical activities can increase the physical activities and, as a result, cause an active lifestyle in adolescents and improve their quality of life and health.

The aim of this study was to validate the productivity model of specialized women's sports programs in the Iranian sports network. The research method was mixed (qualitative-quantitative). The qualitative data collection tool was through in-depth interviews. After conducting 16 interviews with experts, the codes reached theoretical saturation. Data were analyzed simultaneously using the Strauss-Corbin approach. By performing a three-step coding process (open, pivotal, and selective), 114 non-duplicate initial codes were obtained, which were classified into 25 concepts and 5 categories. These concepts were then placed in a researcher-made questionnaire based on qualitative work and provided to 360 research samples, which included women athletes, women sports program audiences, and sports management students. The face and content validity of the research instrument was confirmed by a group of expert professors and its construct validity was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis based on the structural equation model. SPSS Sample Power software version 25 was used to determine the sample size in quantitative part and SPSS software version 25 and AMOS version 23 were used to analyze inferential statistics The results of measurement model fit indices showed that the productivity model of specialized sports programs in Iran has favorable conditions. Finally, the results of structural model fitting indicated that all variables "causal, contextual, intervening, strategies and consequences" confirm the model fit. Finally, it can be said that the productivity of the sports channel in the field of women increases the promotion of women's sports, so it is necessary for the researcher to consider the identified cases for the preparation of sports programs in the field of women's sports.

The need for change in all areas, especially information technology and its management is one of the basic conditions for the success of organizations, especially education. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of innovation in accepting the change of physical education teachers in the schools of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The statistical population of this study consisted of 1600 physical education teachers in Tehran that the sample size based on Morgan table 384 people were selected by simple random sampling. The research measurement tools included 2 questionnaires: 1- Antonik et al.'s Innovation Questionnaire (reliability 0.94), and 2- Bioretic and Leotin organizational change questionnaire (reliability 0.92) were used. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate the validity of the structure. Reliability was also obtained by Cronbach's alpha test. To analyze the data, structural equation path analysis and linear beta regression coefficient were used to prioritize the components, which was done using SPSS and LISREL software. Findings showed that innovation at the rate of 0.61 in accepting change has created incremental and positive change Based on the results, it can be concluded that innovation and all its components have a significant effect on accepting the change of physical education teachers. Were in acceptance of change.

 According to research, exercise is effective in various fields. Reports from international activities show that sports in areas such as personal development, health promotion and disease prevention, promotion of gender equality, social integration and social capital development, peace building and conflict prevention/prevention, post-disaster / injury relief and normalcy Life-building, economic development, communication, and social mobilization have had the greatest impact, and are also linked to the Millennium Development Goals. But it does not seem to be able to achieve these eight alone. These goals include; Eliminate extreme poverty and anxiety, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and women's empowerment, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, fighting AIDS, malaria, and other diseases, ensuring environmental stability, and ultimately creating a global partnership for development. Undoubtedly, sport is an important tool in the hands of governments and governments to guide people towards the planned goals, because the most important means of public education in the current contemporary society in industrialized countries is a sport. The lack of scientific evidence and the underlying theoretical framework for how exercise can be used for social change indicates a significant gap between theory and practice. The educational system of the country is one of the most important systems in the country and its management requires difficult and effective management due to the presence of nearly 15 million students, 1100,000 administrative and educational staff, 716 educational districts with wide and diverse goals and communication with all Iranian families. Education seeks to provide the necessary conditions and create the right environment and opportunities, to put all students in healthy educational situations, and by responding to their needs, programs to strengthen the body in line with the principles and stages of growth and in harmony with the development of the spirit of supply. Slowly, In addition, educational sports, due to benefit from the large volume of society, especially children and adolescents at basic ages, can be a powerful potential for improving the situation in the country in various dimensions such as social cohesion, physical and mental health, etc. and in turn effectively help Show the development and progress of the society. But in the meantime, there is no complete research in which the impact of various sports categories on the development and progress of the country has been comprehensively examined to determine the extent to which various institutions and organizations have used this powerful tool. Based on this, the researcher intends to measure the impact of exercise on the dimensions of health to: What is the role of exercise in the development of health with the presentation of the model?

The method of the present study is applied. In this research, there are two groups of statistical population: (a) Professors and faculty members of the university (physical education and doctoral studies) whose number is about 30 people and the number of participants This study was about 12-15 experts who collected data until the information was saturated. (B) Professors and sports instructors in several universities and schools, whose number was 81 people and due to the low number of participants, all 81 people were used to distribute and collect questionnaires and the number of participants in this study was about 12-15 experts from the organization. Data collection has been done until information saturation is reached. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data.

To conduct the interview, the researcher communicated with 12 experts (fear of theoretical saturation) within ten days. By appointment, he had a meeting with each of the experts for about 30 minutes. In these sessions, the researcher has asked two questions in the field of research. The researcher recorded the words of the organizational experts during the interview. The interview was open and in it, the researcher tried to control the interview by asking two questions to achieve the research goal. After obtaining the open codes, in the next step, due to the axial coding, similar and different codes were identified and similar codes were merged. In the combined stage, the identified indicators are presented through a review of the research background and a model derived from the results of interviews with each other, which finally extract the main factors. The results showed that exercise has an effective role in the field of sports and health, disability and social cohesion in the field of health, performing correct movements under the supervision of sports experts and in the field of social cohesion, social development of pupils and students and in the field of lack of standard sports facilities for individuals. The disabled person has the most weight.

The findings of this study show that there is interest in sports and physical education among students, a long history of sports and physical education in schools and universities, the existence of sports at the university level, and the interest of some principals and experts to develop educational sports in schools. And Azad University is the most important strength of educational sports in the country. It should be noted that the most important weaknesses of educational sports are the inadequacy of physical education specialists in schools and universities, weak policy-making and macro-planning for educational sports, lack of effective communication with educational sports centers in the world, and improper and unplanned use of training hours. Physically pointed. About specialized manpower, according to management researchers, specialized and skilled manpower is the most important pillar and factor of development. Today, countries in the process of planning and formulating, and implementing strategies benchmark themselves and using real, self-made, and standard indicators and criteria, compare their country with other countries and their strategic planning based on achieving the desired situation. They are characterized by indicators and criteria, they direct. In Iran, due to the importance of managerial components such as planning, strategy, and managerial attitudes, and by correcting and improving them in the country's sports management, many weaknesses about educational sports in the country can be corrected and can become strengths for this sector. But the fact is that in many indicators of development, especially in the field of the disabled, the use of sports as a factor for social cohesion, livelihood, and economic issues has not performed well, and this is due to the lack of attention of some decision-makers to the basic contribution of physical education in school sports. And not paying enough attention to the fundamental importance of sports and physical education of universities in the national program. Neglect and lack of a detailed program in university and school sports and neglecting it can have disappointing results for sports, because all over the world, school and university sports to find talent and eliminate gender discrimination, creating a suitable environment to help people with disabilities. , Used to spread peace between ethnicities and nationalities. Because it is the basis of championship and professional sports. The limitations of the research are due to factors such as the structure of society, people's moods, political, social norms, and some other factors, and the achievements of this research should be used considering the limitations. And effective internal imposes constraints on the researcher that are uncontrollable. Hence, it can have a significant impact on the conclusion. Among the limitations that the present study faced, the following can be mentioned: Due to the limitations caused by the research tools (interview and questionnaire), this research also has problems such as not having enough time to respond, not providing personal opinions. Due to the lack of trust in the questioners. One of the limitations of the present research is that it is cross-sectional, because the research was conducted at a specific time, its results can not be generalized to all times and can be considered definitive for all conditions. Therefore, longitudinal research is recommended.

 Quality of life is a subjective and dynamic issue, that is, it is different at any time compared to another time, which is the position of each person in life about his goals, expectations, and individual concerns, not only under the influence of the type and extent of the created problem. Quality of life is considered a basic indicator of health, and since the quality of life includes many dimensions such as physical health, mental health, social relations, family life, emotions, physical functions, spirituality, and professional life of people, paying attention to it is of double importance. Among the intermediate periods of human life, "adolescence" is considered one of the most important periods of life. The conditions governing adolescence indicate the need for the adolescent for more mental peace, in addition to that, the adolescent needs to be understood by others; in adolescence, sports and games as leisure activities can play a decisive role in maintaining the physical and mental health of children and adolescents. Sports and physical activities are an important and inseparable part of teenagers' lives in the school environment and even outside of school. Students also form a large part of society and as future professionals, they will take on important responsibilities in society, so their health is of particular importance in all fields. The computer is one of the phenomena that cannot be ignored of the physical and psychological effects of its use. The computer sometimes fascinates and influences the younger ones more than the older ones. Computer games are a type of entertainment that is played with devices equipped with an electronic processor. Games, especially electronic games, can help maintain mental health due to their capabilities and functions. They are also considered one of the factors affecting the child's growth, personality, and socialization. The desire of young people to use computer games has led to the creation of an active and healthy lifestyle, especially at the school level. However, research on the use of computer-motion games in schools is limited and mostly laboratory research. The basis of the current research on the quality of life is a holistic approach. In this approach, physical health, mental health, social relations, and the quality of the living environment are among the constituents of the quality of life. Since, according to the review of related research backgrounds, no special research was observed about electronic games and non-electronic sports with the quality of life and their mutual effects, the present study seeks to answer the question of whether electronic sports and non-electronic sports affect the quality of life and related indicators. Does it affect physical fitness skills?

The statistical population of this research was made up of 900 female students in the twelfth grade of the second high school in the 2nd district of Ray city, of which 60 were randomly selected and classified into 4 groups according to the number of sports and electronic sports. Became Each group consisted of 15 people. The research method is descriptive and semi-experimental, which was implemented in the field. Standard quality of life questionnaire (SF-36) was used to measure the quality of life of the subjects and evaluate the effect of this study on it. To analyze the data, descriptive indices and statistical tests of analysis of covariance were used in SPSS software.

The results showed that there is no significant difference between the mental health of students of different groups in the mental health post-test. Regarding the variables of physical fitness, the results showed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test and the post-test variables of agility, ball throwing, reaction, shoulder raising, and bar fix.

Sports and physical activities are considered suitable options for improving the physical fitness factors in students, and by improving these factors, we can hope to improve their quality of life. In a general summary of the research results, it should be mentioned that achieving physical fitness and maintaining it affects all aspects of life, and besides strengthening health, it is also effective in increasing work efficiency. Prepared people have more energy, which affects work and intellectual efficiency, makes recreational and leisure activities useful, increases resistance to fatigue, and ultimately improves physical activity and sleep patterns. Therefore, sports and physical activities are considered suitable options for improving the physical fitness factors in students, and by improving these factors, we can hope to improve the quality of life in them, because a major part of the quality of life is physical health and the ability of people to do everyday things in a good way. Efficient and effective returns. However, many exercises can lead to the development of a person's physical fitness, and two types of these exercises are traditional sports exercises and sports exercises using electronic games, and it seems that electronic games if used correctly and Used in a limited period, it can be the basis for the development of physical fitness. But in general and according to the results obtained, it seems that the best form of training is the combination of two types of traditional sports training and electronic games because, in most of the findings, the results of the combined group were better than other groups, and therefore it is suggested that students To develop their physical fitness and improve their quality of life, Shahrari secondary schools should use combined exercise programs so that they can get the best possible results.

The aim of this study was to identifying and analyzing the factors affecting the reduction of delays in sports Construction projects, which was conducted qualitatively and phenomenologically. The study population was experts aware of the research in the Ministry of Sports and Youth, Sports Facilities Development and Equipping Company and sports management professors, 13 of whom were selected as a sample using the snowball method. In order to have a deep and comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting the reduction of delays in sports development projects, the semi-structured interview method was used. To ensure the validity of research, measures include; Participatory research, adaptation by members, and to confirm the reliability of the research, the researcher himself recoded, the percentage of agreement within the topic, and the use of qualitative analysis software using Nvivo 10 software. According to the research results and based on the initial and axial coding, 53 factors in 10 groups; financial, engineering, estimation, infrastructure, human, legal, support, supervising, natural and managerial were identified as effective factors in reducing delays in sports development projects. Among these factors, managerial, engineering, supervising and financial factors were more important. Therefore, by view of these important factors, the officials in this field can provide the reducing delays in construction projects and developing sports and its benefits at the community.

It is very important to know exactly how middle-aged women's physical activity in the country in order to plan and implement measures for its development. Therefore; the purpose of this study was to design a model of physical activity for middle-aged Iranian women. The research method was Grounded Theory, systematic approach. Sampling was theoretical. Data analysis was performed through continuous "questioning" and "comparison". In-order-to achieve theoretical saturation, Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 35 middle-aged women (40-65 years old) who regularly participated in physical activity, while reviewing specialized texts. At the end of different stages of coding, 128 important concepts, 30 subcategories and 9 main categories were identified. Physical activity was determined as the axial variable. At the end of the selective-coding stage, a conceptual model was designed in which "Advices and promotions", "knowledge and awareness", "fear and prevention" and "physical therapy" affect "motivation". Middle-aged women participate in physical activity according to the level of "motivation", "facilities" and "challenges", and subsequently experience the "benefits of physical activity". The "experience of the benefits of physical activity" causes the process to be repeated and the cycle of continuing physical activity to be formed. "Diseases and physical problems" of middle-age is the most important issue for Iranian women at this stage. Therefore, fear of getting or treating these diseases and physical problems is the most important concern of middle-aged Iranian women. According to the most important research findings; increasing awareness, increasing perceived threats, and promoting physical activity among middle-aged women at the community level are necessary.

The present study was descriptive and in terms of implementation path was survey type and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study included all physical education teachers in Tehran, equivalent to 1600 people, the sample size was 384 and the sampling method was random. The research instrument consisted of 3 questionnaires: 1- Organizational self-branding questionnaire, 2- Anthony et al.'s Creativity and Innovation Questionnaire, and 3- Bioretic and Leutin organizational change questionnaire, which was validated by experts and reliability by Cronbach's alpha test for analysis. The data are used from the structural equation model, which will be obtained using SPSS and LISREL software. Findings showed that there is a significant relationship between self-improvement and acceptance of teacher change and also innovation is effective in accepting teacher change. Based on the results, it can be concluded that branding and innovation itself have a significant effect on accepting the change of physical education teachers.

Students worry about how others will assess their physical appearance during exercise. The purpose of this study is to investigate participatory and competitive teaching on sports participation of female students with social physique anxiety. From 120 middle school students, cluster sampling and then randomly divided into three samples of 40 people. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and covariance with repeated measures and paired t-test, Box, Greenhouse-Geiser and Machley. In the pre-test and post-test, all individuals completed the Sports Motivation and Social Anxiety Questionnaire. After 14 sessions, a post-test was performed. The selected samples participated in a pre-test that included physical and motor fitness factors. Both competitive and participatory teaching methods were effective on students with limb anxiety, but the effect of participatory teaching is positive and stable. Although the competitive approach led to increased sports participation, it also increased anxiety. Collaborative teaching is more effective than competitive teaching in reducing social anxiety and increasing sports participation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of happiness in watching sports matches on mental health with the moderating role of sports fans. The present research in terms of applied purpose and research method and  implementation path was quantitative. The statistical population of the present study is the people who followed the Asian Cup (2019) matches in the UAE through mass media such as television, radio and the Internet, which were selected by random sampling. In order to estimate the sample size, SPSS Sample Power software was used, considering the maximum independent variables affecting the dependent variable involved in the research regression models and the significant level of 0.05, power above 0.80 and effect volume of 0.05, the sample size was estimated to be 370 people. In order to collect data, the questionnaire of Kim et al. (2018) was used. This questionnaire measures 12 questions, including happiness caused by watching matches (5 questions), mental health (4 questions), and sports fans (3 questions). The effect of happiness on mental health and the role of fan moderator at the level of 5% error was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and Smart PLS software version 2.3.6. The results showed that the variable of happiness affects mental health. The results also showed that sports advocacy plays a moderating role between happiness due to watching sports and mental health. Watching sports matches for the fan can be one of the factors that have a positive effect on its mind and health, which is suggested to provide a platform for the matches of popular teams to be broadcast in a better way and live.

Nowadays, engaging in sports activities has become widespread in all societies and the number of people who engage in all kinds of sports as a competitive sport or as a recreational sport (leisure) is increasing every day. Optimal leisure time plays an important role in educating the community and prevents individual, social, economic, and cultural problems. Leisure is an activity through which members of society, regardless of the constraints of the environment and the requirements of life, develop their talents and develop their personalities. How to spend leisure time is a reflection of the social, economic, and cultural conditions of any society that the optimal use of this time can have a significant impact on improving the quality of social and economic life of society. Physical activity in leisure time is one of the things that make leisure time enjoyable and useful and has a tremendous effect on the physical and mental health of human beings and can have a great contribution in filling leisure time and positive social, economic and Have someone with you. Sport has a special place in the division of leisure time and is in the line of recreation and includes the active production of leisure experience in which the participants have some control over the work process. Leisure physical activities are sports and recreational activities that are performed for the purpose of pleasure, competition, building social relationships, and gaining physical fitness in leisure. Low participation in physical activity causes physical problems such as for overweight and obesity among children, adolescents, and young people, which is a major concern. Studies have shown that with age, physical activity decreases. Since attitude affects behavior and has a cause-and-effect relationship with behavior, the study of attitude to motor and sports activities is the source of conscious behavior to achieve well-being and well-being goals and is very important. Undoubtedly, building a healthy and vibrant society depends on the mental and physical health of the members of the society and owes to the efforts of healthy, efficient, and thoughtful human resources. The results of various researches indicate that people with different perspectives and attitudes engage in sports activities. At the same time, the theory of planned behavior is one of the well-known models of behavior change and In fact, it can be said that the planned behavior model can change the behavior and attitude of people, especially students, towards sports activities. The main purpose of programs and sports activities at the level of schools and educational institutions, while filling part of students' leisure time, helping to grow and develop their moral, psychological, physical, championship and cultural aspects of education in parallel It is another science and technology, so that the future creators of the country can make their progress and excellence and that of society possible. Undoubtedly, research on such a subject can be effective in many leisure programs and is of great importance. Especially in Iran and in schools, even the sports bell is often considered a time of recreation, and as it should be, a careful scientific view of adolescents' physical activities during these hours as well as in leisure time should not be considered, so it is necessary to Codified training to create interest and change the attitude and tendency of as many students as possible and increase the hours spent on sports and the continuation of their interests should be taken seriously. In this regard, in this study, an attempt has been made to apply the theory of planned behavior as a theoretical framework for research and education based on exercise, predictors of behavior tend to physical activity among adolescents and students.

In this quasi-experimental study, the statistical population consisted of male high school students in Chalous city. The number of statistical samples was 40 through random sampling and these people were divided into two groups of 20 intervention and control. Research tools include a designed educational package (which lasted ten sessions) and Jandaghi Physical Activity Trend Questionnaire (2017) with 18 questions and 5 components of Physical Activity Attitude Questionnaire (6 questions), Awareness (3 questions), Abstract norms (3 questions), perceived behavioral control (4 questions), behavioral intention (2 questions). Independent t-test and sample pairs were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the scores of students' tendency to physical activity before and after the intervention within the intervention group (p = 0.001). Also, the results of the independent t-test showed that in the intervention group, due to leisure training based on the model of planned behavior on the tendency to physical activity in students, an increase was observed that the difference between before and after the intervention was 8.1. The mean increased from 42.2 to 53.3.

According to the research findings, the difference between before and after the intervention is 8.1, which the average has increased from 42.2 to 53.3. In planned behaviors, a range of individual attitudes changes as his or her awareness increases, cognition of and abstraction of abstract norms improves, and perceptions of behavior and control increase. A person's behavioral intent eventually develops. On the other hand, rapid industrial changes and transformations are associated with many social and economic consequences and have important effects on how people spend their leisure time, which results in turning to cyberspace in their leisure time, which causes many physical and mental problems. Individuals can take a big step in improving the health status of society by changing the mental approach of individuals and the tendency to do physical activity in their spare time. The findings of this study showed that the attitude to exercise improves the tendency to physical activity and exercise. Attitude towards behavior means to what extent the desired behavior is desirable, pleasant, useful, and enjoyable for the person, which depends on the person's judgment about the effects and consequences of the behavior. In fact, attitude is based on the consequences of individual experience, behavior, or surrogate experiences through learning to observe others. Because of the direct experience of a behavior, positive beliefs about the consequences of the behavior are reinforced and then act as a motivation to continue. Attitude also refers to the emotions caused by the behavior, the experience of these pleasant emotions can affect its promotion and continuity. In fact, using the rain of thoughts and discussing the consequences of behavior and physical activity by the target group, and experiencing the positive physical and psychological benefits resulting from it affects the tendency of students to physical activity. On the other hand, one of the important obstacles in engaging in physical activity is the lack of awareness about the benefits of physical activity and also the lack of sufficient information about the levels and scope of physical activity and exercise. In general, it can be said that the implementation of an educational program based on the theory of planned behavior can affect the promotion and inclination of students to physical activity.

Academic burnout in university students results from several factors such as socializing in a larger community than school, new rules, different expectations, assignments and projects, high costs and living expenses, family expectations, and a vague plan for future job. In psychology, academic burnout refers to tiredness due to academic demands and requirements and a decrease in the sense of self-efficacy. Various factors can lead to academic burnout, one of which is stress. Stressful situations can reduce levels of academic commitment and satisfaction and impair academic performance. Students experience constant stress due to academic, social, and financial pressures. One factor affecting a person's adaptation to new conditions in the university is the psychological variable of life expectancy. Hope is defined as a positive expectation to achieve a goal and has a supportive role in controlling adverse emotions. So, this study aimed to predict the academic burnout of the final-year undergraduate students in the humanities based on perceived stress and life expectancy.

The current research is a correlational study. The statistical population comprised the final-year undergraduate humanities students at Tehran Azad University in 2019-2020 academic year. Of whom 220 students were selected by a convenience sampling method. The study data were collected from Academic Burnout Questionnaire (Bruce et al., 2007), Life Expectancy Scale (Snyder et al., 1991), and Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al., 1983). The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and frequency percentage) and inferential statistics (the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression) at the significance level of 0.05 in SPSS software version 19.

The results showed a positive and significant correlation between perceived stress and academic burnout (r=0.559, p<0.001). Also, there was a significant negative correlation between life expectancy and academic burnout (r= -0.453, p<0.001). Also, perceived stress (β=0.45, p<0.001) and life expectancy (β=-0.28, p<0.001) could directly predict academic burnout. Adjusted R2 was 0.37, showing that perceived stress and life expectancy predicted 37% of the variance of burnout.

According to the results, by reducing perceived stress and increasing life expectancy, academic burnout among students decreases.

The quality of life is one of the variables that it'sinvestigate is very important and it seems that the presence in thesports-recreational places of parks has an effective role on it.Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the impact ofstudents' presence in the sports-recreational places of parks on thequality of life through the mediation of socio-economic status.

This study was descriptive from type ofcorrelation. The research population was the students using thesports-recreational places of Tehran city parks in 2021-2022academic years. Among them, number of 450 students were selectedas samples by random cluster sampling method. The data werecollected by researcher-made questionnaire of students' presence inthe sports-recreational places of parks, quality of life inventory(Varni et al., 2001) and socio-economic status questionnaire(Ghodratnama et al., 2013) and were analyzed by the structuralequation modeling method in SPSS-25 and Smart PLS-3 software.

The findings showed that the model of students' presencein the sports-recreational places of parks on the quality of lifethrough the mediation of socio-economic status had a good fit. Also,the students' presence in the sports-recreational places of parks hada direct and significant effect on the quality of life and socioeconomic status and socio-economic status had a direct andsignificant effect on quality of life and the students' presence in thesports-recreational places of parks had an indirect and significanteffect on the quality of life through the mediation of the socioeconomic status (P<0.001).

The findings of the research indicated the direct effectof students' presence in the sports-recreational places of parks on thequality of life and its indirect effect through the mediation of socioeconomic status. Therefore, in order to improve students' quality oflife can provide the basis for improve their students' presence in thesports-recreational places of parks and socio-economic status.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of organizational policy on employee creativity by hiding knowledge: the moderating role of job characteristics. The statistical population of the present study was 1171 employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth. Finally, 350 people were selected randomly. This study was descriptive and correlational studies. The research instruments were four questionnaires related to personal information, organizational policy of Naqshbandi and Mirani (1398), creativity of employees George and Zhou (2001), concealment of knowledge of Serenko and Bontis (2016), job characteristics of Hackman and Oldham (1979). The validity of research instrument was confirmed by a group of expert professors and its construct validity was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation model. SPSS, SPSS Sample Power and Amos software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that organizational policy has a negative and significant effect on employee creativity. Organizational policy has a positive and significant effect on hiding knowledge. Hiding knowledge has a negative and significant effect on creativity. In addition, it was found that organizational policy has a negative and significant effect on employee creativity by hiding knowledge. Finally, the results showed that job characteristics can act as a moderator in the relationship between organizational policy and hiding knowledge on the creativity of the staff of the Ministry of Sports and Youth. Based on the results obtained, managers are advised to encourage employees who share their knowledge and increase the professional commitment of employees