zohreh mahmoodi

Migration from rural areas and smaller cities to bigger cities has caused the disorderly and unbridled growth of urbanization, which is the consequence of this situation of the challenge of marginalization. This issue causes the emergence of many problems and social problems for the health of teenagers. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the causes, contexts and consequences of marginalization on the health of adolescents in the marginal areas of Karaj city. This research was carried out in a qualitative and grounded theory method in the marginal areas of Karaj city. The research community consists of 18 people who are well-informed in the field of social harm and health. Sampling was purposeful and with maximum variety based on semi-structured interview format, data analysis and output was done through MAXQDA 20 software. The categories of “economic poverty”, “abandonment of children” and “family disorder” as causal conditions, the categories of “low accountability of institutions” and “cultural heterogeneity” as background conditions, “severe population displacement” and “being influenced by the peer group” were determined as intervention conditions. Supporting the marginalized by professional voluntary groups, creating financial funds to provide the minimum living standards of the marginalized families and providing job opportunities for the  marginalized were identified as the strategies of this research. Teenagers have  faced consequences such as “depression”, “disease spread”, “despair”, “social resilience”, “spread of corruption and prostitution”, “harm to the new generation” and “low level of neighborhood health”. The central category of the research is called “marginalization as double deprivation”. The results of this study indicate the frequency of social harms in marginalized areas and the teenagers of these areas are facing many problems in the psychological, social, health and health fields. Therefore, planning to solve problems and empower marginalized teenagers to reduce social damage and improve their health is an important necessity.

Social factors and health-related behaviors, including physical activities and nutrition, play an important role in status of cognitive abilities in the elderly. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of social isolation, physical activity and nutritional habits in predicting age-related cognitive decline and executive function failure in the elderly. The research design was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population in this research included all elderly men and women in nursing homes in Tehran in 1401, from which 258 participants were selected based on Tabachnick and Fidell's formula by convenience sampling, and they were asked to the Folstein et al’s Mini Mental State Exam, Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale, Lubben Social Network Scale, Washburn et al.'s Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, and Guigoz et al.'s Mini Nutritional Assessment. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis with SPSS-26 software. The results showed that physical activity and nutritional habits have a negative and significant relationship with cognitive decline and executive function deficiency (p<0.001). Social isolation did not have a significant relationship with cognitive decline and failure of executive functions (p>0.05). In addition, the physical activity predicted the cognitive decline of the elderly by 20% and the nutritional habits by the amount of 14% predicted the failure of the executive functions of the elderly (p<0.001). It is concluded that proper physical activity and having a good nutrition pattern can be associated with the reduction of cognitive deficits in the elderly. This result contains implications in developing preventive and intervention programs to improve the cognitive ability of the elderly.

Domestic violence is recognized as a global health problem. In recent years, understanding the factors affecting violence against women has become one of the most prominent issues.

This study aimed to identify the relationship between the structural determinants of health and domestic violence against pregnant women.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 560 volunteer pregnant women, aged 28 - 35 weeks, who were referred to healthcare centers affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran, during 2021 - 2022, using a multistage cluster sampling method. The data collection tools used in this research included questionnaires on demographic and gynecologic/obstetric factors, socioeconomic status, and domestic violence. The collected data were analyzed by measuring descriptive and inferential statistics using the chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Based on the results, more than 50% of women were subjected to domestic violence during pregnancy (66.3% emotional violence, 10.2% physical violence, and 9% sexual violence). Domestic violence showed a significant relationship with the majority of the structural determinants of health (P < 0.005). Based on the logistic regression model, demographic/obstetric and socioeconomic factors explained 73% and 85.3% of the variance in domestic violence, respectively. Certain structural social determinants of health acted as protective factors against domestic violence toward pregnant women, as the possibility of domestic violence was lower in women with high school education, working spouses, and high income (OR = 0.310, 0.217, and 0.255, respectively).

This study showed that more than half of Iranian women experienced domestic violence during pregnancy. To prevent adverse maternal and neonatal consequences, it is necessary to identify these women and introduce them to support centers

Pregnancy is one of the most stressful periods in a woman's life. Several factors, such as spiritual health, can affect mothers' adaptation to these conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between stress during pregnancy and spiritual health.

The present descriptive study was conducted in 2021 on 352 eligible pregnant women referring to selected centers of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. Sampling was performed via the convenience method and continued until data saturation. The information was collected by two questionnaires and a checklist, including a social personality checklist, Poltsen-Ellison spiritual health questionnaire, and Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ). The data were analyzed in SPSS  statistical software (version 25) using a linear regression test to examine the relationship between pregnancy stress and and spiritual health.

Based on the present findings, the mean age of participating women was 28.6±1.8 years, the spiritual health score was 104.3±14.9, and the pregnancy anxiety score was 37.2±20.8. The results of the ANOVA test demonstrated that spiritual health was correlated with the number of pregnancies (P=0.012). Pregnancy stress showed a significant relationship with gravida (P<0.001), parity (P<0.001), and the number of children (P<0.001). Moreover, based on the linear regression results, spiritual health (B=-0.216) had a significant relationship with stress and was a negative predictor. In other words, an increase of one score of spiritual health decreases stress by 0.302.

Maternal health has been one of the most important health issues in countries. The present study confirmed the relationship between spiritual health and pregnancy stress. Accordingly, this experience can be used to help mothers manage pregnancy stress and anxiety.

The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of maternal blouse in the postpartum period based on social determinants of health of the World Health Organization (WHO) model.

This cohort study was conducted on 449 postpartum women who were referred to healthcare centers of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The sampling method was a multi-stage random method. The tools used in this research were demographic and gynecological characteristics questionnaire, socio-economic status questionnaire, depression anxiety and stress scale-21 (DASS-21), multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) (multidimensional scale of perceived social support [MSPSS]), domestic violence questionnaire (DVQ), unhealthy behavior questionnaire. Postpartum blouse was also measured based on the Stein’s questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 24.

The information of 449 pregnant women participating in the study was examined. The mean age of women was 26.96±4.46 years and their husbands’ mean age was 32.17±5.6 years. The path analysis results demonstrated that among the variables related to maternal blouse (one-path test), in the indirect path analysis, socio-economic status had the most negative effect on the maternal blouse and also in the direct path analysis, DASS21 showed the most negative effect on the maternal blouse (B=-0.19) and the unfortunate event had the most positive effect (B=0.18). Violence had the most positive effect on the maternal blouse (two-path test) (B=0).

Considering the importance of the role and the high prevalence of maternal blouse in the mental health of women after childbirth, it seems necessary to pay attention to these factors for prevention and screening in terms of timely diagnosis and necessary measures.

To investigate the direct and indirect effects of demographic characteristics, relationship satisfaction, and psychological factors on female sexual distress (FSD) using path analysis.

This study was conducted in two stages. Initially, we obtained the FSD predictor factor's conceptual model through a literature review and expert panel. In the Second stage, a population-based cross-sectional study on 207 non-pregnant and married women (without any age restriction) in Zanjan, Iran was conducted. FSDs-R, FSFI-6, DASS-21, and GEMREL Standard questionnaires and the demographic researcher-made questionnaire were used in this study.

Sexual function (SF) had the strongest relationship with FSD from the direct path (β = -.49) and overall effect (β = -.58). The highest indirect effect belonged to depression-anxiety-stress level (β = .284) mediated by SF (β = -.42) and relationships satisfaction with spouse (β = -.20). Age difference (β = -.13) and relationships satisfaction with spouse (β = -.19) had only a direct effect on FSD. Marriage Duration had only indirect effect on FSD through mediating role on SF (β = -.26) and depression-anxiety-stress level (β = -.15).

Among the predictor factors investigated in this study, sexual dysfunction is the most important predictor of FSD. In addition; men older than their spouses, longer marriage duration, relationship dissatisfaction with the spouse and higher rate of depression-anxiety-stress have positive correlation with SD. Therefore, we should offer a combination of the mentioned factors in providing care for women with SD.

The present study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the comparative causal relationship of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression with Iranian parents' coping behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on parents with children born during the COVID-19 pandemic, who referred to selected comprehensive health centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences for one year. The sampling method was stratified and then quota. The study tools were Beck depression questionnaire, post-traumatic stress disorder questionnaire in mothers and fathers, and coping strategies questionnaire. For statistical analysis, the path analysis method was used using LISREL software.

The study was conducted on 203 mothers and 206 fathers. According to the in the group of mothers, the post-traumatic stress disorder score had the highest positive causal relationship with the substance abuse domain and the most significant negative relationship with the emotional support domain . In this group, depression score had a positive causal relationship with substance abuse area and the most significant negative relationship with active coping .In fathers group the depression score had the most positive causal relationship with the substance abuse domain  and the negative relationship with the active coping domain.

According to the results of developing support measures and appropriate therapeutic interventions, including awareness of active coping strategies in parents and the side effects of drug abuse, can play an effective role in the process of caring for a baby.

Childbearing is an important phenomenon in demographic movements and the basis of sustainable development in countries with low replacement fertility rates. The present study was performed with aim to summarize the existing knowledge about the effectiveness of structural factors of social determinants of health on childbearing of Iranian women.

In this systematic review, observational Persian and English studies published from 1/1/2010 to 23/1/2022 were included in the study. Studies were searched in Magiran, SID, Embase, google scholar, Scopus, web of science, and PubMed databases using related keywords including: Reproductive Behavior, Childbearing, Socioeconomic Factors, Ethnic Groups, Culture, Structural Determinants of Health and Iran. The Newcastle-Ottawa tool was used to evaluate the quality of the articles.

In this review study, 36 studies which met the inclusion criteria were included in the study, and health structural factors (education, income, occupation, ethnicity, and culture) on women's childbearing were examined. Women's childbearing is related to these structural factors of health. In this review study, the highest frequency was related to women's education; so that 18 articles showed the negative effect of education on childbearing.

The results of the present systematic review showed the effect of structural social determinants of health (education, income, occupation, ethnicity, and culture) including women's education on childbearing. This confirms that if population policies can implement programs that make the mother's role compatible with the continuation of women's education after marriage, they can be much more effective.

Educational status affects all aspects of life, including sex life. Regarding the relationship between women’s sexual satisfaction and their education level, contradictory results have been obtained so far. This systematic review aimed to summarize the existing knowledge in this area.

In this study, three electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for all the related articles published from 1 January, 2000 to 28 June, 2022. The MeSH keywords including “educational status”, “education”, and “sexual satisfaction” were combined with Boolean operators of AND and OR. There were no geographical constraints in this study. Inclusion criteria were all observational articles evaluating the relationship between the educational status of heterosexual, nonpregnant, and non-sick women with sexual satisfaction. The quality of articles was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) and the data were analyzed qualitatively.

Out of a total of 4984 retrieved articles, nine studies with a sample size of 10488 women were included in this systematic review (2003-2021). In subjects with sexual dysfunction and mental health problems, as well as those affected by economic pressure, sexual satisfaction was predicted by the mentioned factors and not by the education level. Generally, in the studies where it was possible to compare the participants with all levels of education (illiterate to academic) and there was no sexual dysfunction, mental health problems, and economic pressure, women’s level of education was the predictor of their sexual satisfaction.

According to our results, education was the most effective predictor of women’s sexual satisfaction in stable conditions without sexual dysfunction. Education can improve women’s educability, knowledge, and attitudes towards sexual issues, thereby increasing their sexual satisfaction. However, for a more definite conclusion, high-quality and larger studies are needed to measure the relationship between sexual satisfaction and women’s education.

Currently, in addition to the undeniable impact of cultural factors on mental health problems’ diagnosis and treatment methods, the use of rapid, short, and intervention-based instruments can be effective in the accurate diagnosis of mental health problems, especially in the health system of developing countries.

This study aimed to validate an instrument developed for screening patients with common mental health problems using item response theory (IRT).

The study was conducted in Semnan province (with Persian ethnicity), Iran, from August 2017 to February 2018. A 101-item tool consisted of district common mental health problems (i.e., depression, anxiety, and obsession), along with a functional checklist. The development of the instrument involved a pilot study and psychometric testing. The IRT-based analysis was used as the item-reduction method to evaluate the shortened tool as an appropriate screening tool. The participants were healthy individuals and patients with depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The data were analyzed using Stata software (version 15.1).

The study participants were 160 individuals (58.2% male) with a mean age of 36.3 ± 11.2 years. All item impact factors were within the range of 1.8 - 5. The mean values of clarity, simplicity, relevance, and scale-level content validity index/averaging calculation method of the instrument were 96.73 ± 0.70, 97.64 ± 0.61, 98.2 ± 1.9, and 97.09 ± 0.63, respectively. Cronbach’s alpha and internal consistency coefficient were 0.88 and 0.7. Moreover, 13, 5, and 12 items were excluded using IRT from depression, anxiety, and OCD dimensions based on the threshold criteria, respectively.

Iranian screening tools for mental health problems can provide qualified information with the least error and the most precision in appropriate early diagnosis and decrease the burden of mental health problems in the national healthcare system.

Postponed childbearing is a social phenomenon in Iranian families. There is a controversy about its effect on mental health. Therefore, this study was conducted aimed to determine the role of childbearing in the rate of depression, stress, and anxiety in Iranian women of childbearing age.

This cross-sectional study was performed in 2021 on 581 eligible non-pregnant married women from 31 provinces of Iran. Non-random available sampling was performed as electronic form in virtual space. Data were analyzed by Demographic and Medical History Questionnaire, Sleep Quality (adapted from LSQ), Marital Satisfaction (EMS), Perceived Social Support (MSMPSS), Socioeconomic Status (Ghodratnama Questionnaire), and Stress-Anxiety-Depression (DASS-21). Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) and Independent t-test, Chi-square, and binary logistic regression. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Female and spouse education (P <0.001), female employment (P = 0.004), and higher socioeconomic status (P = 0.04) were significantly higher in women without children. The marital satisfaction (P = 0.061), social support (P = 0.13), sleep quality (P = 0.58), history of chronic disease (P = 0.64), and place of residence (P = 0.058) were not significantly different between the two groups. After adjusting the data, the rate of depression in childless women is twice that of women with children (AOR=2.06 95% CI: 1.11-3.82). Stress (P = 0.38) and anxiety (P = 0.9) were not significantly different between the two groups.

Having children not only does not increase the rate of stress and anxiety, but also protects women against depression. Therefore, encouraging childbearing seems to promote the mental health of women in Iranian society.

Postpartum hemorrhage is the most leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide; prevention of it can be effective in reducing mortality and complications. Studies have shown the contractile and anti-inflammatory properties of Urtica dioica and its effect on reducing menstrual bleeding, so the present study was performed aimed to determine the effect of Urtica dioica drops on postpartum hemorrhage.

This triple-blind randomized clinical trial study was conducted in 2019 on 100 women referred to Kamali Hospital in Karaj (Iran) for vaginal delivery in two groups of intervention and control. The intervention group received 10 drops of Urtica dioica and the control group received 10 placebo drops after delivery. Bleeding was measured using PBLAC chart up to 24 hours after delivery. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were measured at arrival and 6 hours postpartum. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 20) and independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, Fisher, Chi-square and repeated measures ANOVA. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic and obstetric variables (p>0.05). The mean of bleeding in the first 24 hours after delivery was 55.94±11.55 ml for the intervention group and 71.48±12.45 ml for the control group, which was significantly different (p=0.001). Also, the mean decrease of hemoglobin (p = 0.006) and hematocrit (p = 0.001) level was significantly lower in the Urtica dioica group than the control group.

Urtica dioica drop have a significant effect on reducing bleeding and reducing hemoglobin and hematocrit after childbirth and is helpful in reducing postpartum hemorrhage.

 The emergence of the coronavirus disease of the 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Iran has markedly affected lives and taken a toll on Iranians’ mental health, especially in women. The current study investigated factors that contributed to both perceived stress and quality of life (Qol) among women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Karaj, Iran.   

 A cross-sectional online survey study was conducted between November 30, 2020, and January 30, 2021. A researcher-made questionnaire with 4 subscales, including information seeking, social support, primary appraisal, and secondary appraisal, was used.  Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), and 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) questionnaires were also applied. A total of 581 participants completed the study. The convenience sampling method was used in this study. Multiple mediation analyses were applied using pathway analysis.   

 The mean age ± SD of the participants was 38.57±7.68 years, and 40.8% had a higher education than a high school diploma. Based on the final fitted model, higher perceived stress had a direct impact on mental QoL (β = 0.47). The Comparative Fit Index  (CFI), Incremental fit index (IFI), and  Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) were calculated as 1, and χ2/df was 4.87.Educational level and social support from both the direct and indirect pathway affected QoL. Social support affected both information-seeking behavior and secondary appraisal (β = 0.50: 95% CI, 0.38-0.59). Furthermore, information-seeking behavior and  secondary appraisal affected perceived stress. Perceived stress followed by educational level had the strongest and primary appraisal had the poorest indirect association with mental QoL.   

 In conclusion, primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, social support, educational level, perceived stress, and information-seeking behavior were correlated with higher levels of mental QoL among women. Social support and improving the situation appraisal can provide appreciated support to manage stress induced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Further assessment is needed to determine the vulnerable groups such as illiterate people.

Pregnancy is a complex and vulnerable period that causes some challenges including the development of postpartum psychiatric disorders (PPDs) for women. Identifying the factors associated with these disorders can be effective in reducing maternal symptoms and supporting mother, child and family. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between postpartum mental health and mediating social determinants of health in Iran.

In this systematic review, the Persian and English observational studies in Iran were obtained through advanced search in online databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, SID, Magiran, Psycinfo, and Google Scholar search engine in the period of January 2005 to August 5, 2021 using the following keywords: social determinants, mediating factors, social support, mental health, risk factors, postpartum, Iran, and their English equivalents through Mesh. Articles were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and quality assessment of articles was performed using the standard Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).

Out of 42 eligible articles (total sample: 39216), 40 articles examined the relationship between postpartum depression and 2 articles studied the relationship of maternal grief with some mediating social determinants. In general, these factors were classified into five categories, including midwifery and pregnancy-related factors, psychosocial conditions, factors related to postpartum status, behavioral factors and material status or conditions, and health care.

Mothers' mental health is affected by many underlying factors; Therefore, identifying the risk factors associated with mental disorders in this population based on the model of the WHO (World Health Organization), especially in the mediating area (Material and environmental conditions, Psychosocial, Behavioral factors, Health system) due to the extent of this area is very important.

To investigate the effect of perceived stress and coping strategies among adults during COVID-19 outbreak (May and July 2020) in Karaj, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 792 adults (aged ≥18 years) using convenience sampling method. The relationship between age, general health, perceived stress, primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and coping strategies as independent variables, and social functioning and emotional health as dependent variables was evaluated using pathway analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS-19 and Lisrel software.

The mean age of the participants was 38.87±8.73. Among the variables directly associated with emotional wellbeing in men, emotional coping has the most positive association (B=0.13) and problem coping has the most negative relation(B=0.022) and secondary appraisal has the most negative association indirectly (B=0.04). The perceived stress has the most effect on the social function in men indirectly (B=0.21), and secondary appraisal has the most positive relationship with social function in men indirectly (B=0.11). Further, perceived stress has the most negative association with social function among women in direct route (B=0.088) and general health has the most positive relationship in this regard (B=0.014).

The perceived stress should be noticed and managed effectively to improve mental health. The emotion-focused coping can positively affect the emotional wellbeing and problem-focused coping negatively influences it.

The issue of social harms and their prevalence among adolescents has become one of the main concerns of families, health system, education and society. The aim of this study was to identify and rank the relationship to high-risk behaviors among students based on the method of hierarchical analysis.

This research was conducted in a survey method on 60 adolescents aged 19-14 years and 60 knowledgeable people in the field of social injuries, including (principals, counselors and teachers) in secondary schools in the 4th district of Karaj in 1399. Is. Sampling was a multi-stage method and data were collected using a pairwise comparison questionnaire and a checklist of demographic-social characteristics and analyzed using Excel software.

Respondents were equally 50% male and 50% female. Male adolescents are exposed to high-risk party and friendship behaviors with 34%, movies and cyberspace with 19%, industrial drug addiction with 18%, light drug addiction with 17% and violence with 12%, respectively. Female adolescents are also exposed to high-risk party and friendship behaviors with 43%, movies and cyberspace with 25%, industrial drug addiction with 17%, light drug addiction with 10% and violence with 5%, respectively. Also, based on gender, the vulnerability of girls is 12% higher than boys.

The results of pairwise analysis of the findings indicate that the prevalence of high-risk behaviors among girls and boys follows a similar pattern and the priority of injuries is the same, but the prevalence of each injury is based on gender. Is different. Therefore, planning to prevent social harm is considered an important necessity for people exposed to high-risk behaviors.

Recognizing the predictors of fathers' worry about maternal health, maternity pregnancy, and infant health and personal- familial issues is the first step in counseling them. The present study aimed to determine the predictors of fathers' worry about high-risk pregnancy of their wife. This cross sectional study was conducted on 294 eligible fathers from four health centers and a hospital of Gorgan, Iran. Data collection tools were checklist of demographic and midwifery characteristics, psychological symptoms checklist (SCL-25), mothers' and fathers' worry questionnaire, and a social-familial support scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS and LISREL software 8.8 full version.  According to results of the path analysis, mothers' worry (B= 0.31, p=4.78) among the variables, which were related to fathers' worry from both paths, had the highest positive relationship. The maternal mental health indirectly had the most positive association (B = 0.12, p=3/48) and duration of marriage indirectly had the most negative association with fathers' worry (B = -0.22, p=-3.14). In a direct path, the fathers' mental health was positively related to the fathers' worry (B= 0.3, p=0.000). Mothers' worry, fathers' mental health, duration of marriage, and maternal mental health had the highest association with fathers' worry. The factor was both directly and indirectly related to the mother's worry through association with the maternal mental health. According to findings, on this basis, it is important to pay attention to supportive and counseling programs for fathers.

Teacher evaluation is an essential and useful tool for decision making and determining appropriate teaching policies, especially in universities. The present study aimed to compare the teacher evaluation indices from the perspective of students and teachers at Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.

The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2013 on 34 faculty members and 418 students at Alborz University of Medical Sciences in Karaj, Iran. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire on demographic characteristics, target group, appropriate time for teacher evaluation and opinions of faculty members and students about the twenty indices of teacher evaluation. The data were analyzed with SPSS 16 using descriptive statistics, mean test and Pearson correlation coefficient.

The most effective target groups for teacher evaluation from the perspective of teachers were elite students (58.9%) and normal students (20.6%), while the most effective target groups for teacher evaluation from the perspective of students were normal students (42.1%) and teachers (14.1%).

Based on the results of the present study, we suggest using the criteria agreed by the teacher and students, revising the teacher evaluation forms, not limiting the evaluation process to the students' opinion, conducting self-evaluation by the teachers, conducting continuous evaluation at different times of the semester, a survey of teachers in preparing forms and summarizing and concluding the evaluations.

As a vulnerable social stratum, female heads of households are exposed to all kinds of psychological, social and economic harms. The present study aimed to determine the effects of resilience skills on psychological well-being and self-efficacy in female heads of households based on the Henderson and Milstein model.

This quasi-experimental study with an interrupted time-series design was conducted on 34 female heads of households presenting to local facilitation and development centers in the suburbs of Karaj, Iran, in 2020-2021. Once the eligible individuals were identified, data were collected using a self-efficacy questionnaire, a psychological well-being questionnaire and a resilience scale. The study variables were measured at three time points: Before, immediately after and three weeks after the intervention. On each measurement occasion, the data of each individual was compared to her own data from the other occasions. Using the resilience training program by Henderson and Milstein (1996), all the individuals were given eight 75-minute sessions. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 21.

According to the results, participants’ mean age was 37.91 ± 6.81 years and their resilience score was 47.26 ± 5.05. The results of the repeated-measures test revealed the effect of the intervention on the mean scores of self-efficacy and psychological well-being over time(P<0.001). The effect of the resilience training program was 69.6% on self-efficacy and 52.6% on psychological well-being.

By developing emotional capabilities, promoting spirituality and creating a sense of hopefulness and optimism in life, resilience training programs can be effective in improving individuals’ psychological health and self-efficacy.

Parents act as a role model for children in showing health behaviors. This study investigated factors affecting the preventive behavior in elementary school students’ parents based on protection motivation theory (PMT).

This cross‑sectional study was conducted in Tehran (Iran) in 2020. Multistage sampling was used to choose 660 elementary school students’ parents. The data collection instrument was a multi‑sectional questionnaire, including sections on demographic characteristics, PMT constructs, self‑reported health, and information sources related to COVID‑19. In this study, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and analytical statistical methods (Pearson correlation and path analysis) were used to analyze the data. The range of Cronbach’s alpha of the study instrument varied from 0.71 to 0.97.

The results of the current study revealed significant association between all PMT constructs and preventive behaviors. Knowledge from both direct and indirect paths was related to preventive behaviors (B = 0.76). Preventive behaviors had the strongest, direct relationship with age (B = 0.76). Based on the final fitted model, knowledge had the greatest impact on preventive behaviors through indirect and direct routes.

Knowledge was the most important variable which influenced preventive behavior, and it should be noticed in prevention programs.

Postpartum weight retention (PPWR) is a factor that causes permanent obesity and subsequent chronic and noncommunicable diseases. The relationship between depression/stress/anxiety and PPWR has been studied in some articles, but there is no definitive conclusion in this regard. The present systematic review was conducted to investigate the relationship between depression/stress/ anxiety and PPWR. An extensive search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran, Irandoc databases using Medical Subject Headings terms (or their Persian synonyms) from 2000 to 2020. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used for articles selection. The quality of the selected articles was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Out of 371 reviewed articles, 24 articles were selected. The total sample size was 51,613 (range: 49–37,127). The mean of PPWR ranged from 0.5 kg (standard deviation [SD] = 6.49) to 6.4 kg (SD = 8.5). There was a statistically significant relationship between depression/stress/anxiety and PPWR in 12 of 23, 4 of 6, and 3 of 8 studies. This review demonstrates the relationship between depression/stress/anxiety and PPWR. Time of depression/stress/anxiety assessment is an important issue, as well as different measurement tools. Prevention of the mothers’ psychological problems through educational and supportive programs may help to limit PPWR

During pregnancy and postpartum, women bet more concerned and dissatisfied with their bodies. Primiparous women face more physical and mental health problems in the postpartum period.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a midwife-based counseling program on the quality of life in women with body image concerns during postpartum.

This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 64 primiparous women with body image concerns who had been referred to the health centers in Alborz Province, Iran,in January 2019. The convenience sampling method was used for recruiting the study participants. Then, the samples were assigned to the intervention and control groups by random number table allocation. Next, the intervention group received a three-session counseling program.The data gathering questionnaire in this study included a Multi-Dimensional Body Self-Relation Questionnaire (MBSRQ) and a 36-item short-form quality of life questionnaire.  Questionnaires were completed before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention.The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Chi-square test, Fisher exact test, and repeated measures test.

The mean ±SD age of the study participants was 26.4 ±5.4 years. Also, 94%of the samples had wanted pregnancy, 54%had a vaginal delivery,and 59.4%were overweight.There was no statistically significant difference between the control and intervention groups before the intervention regarding their demographic characteristics. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures test indicated that the length of time affected the total scores of multi-dimensional body self-relation (P= 0.001). Also, the repeated measures ANOVA results showed that time significantly impacted the quality of life score (P= 0.001).

The study results showed that a midwife-led counseling program could affect the score of quality of life in women with body image concerns in postpartum.

Fear and stress caused by COVID-19 increases the feeling of insecurity in children and adolescents, and if not taken timely action, will cause serious mental health problems in them. The aim of this study was to determine the mental health status of girls aged 12-17 years in Aran-Bidgol City, Iran, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: 

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 390 girl students of Aran-Bidgol in 2020-21. Data collection tools were demographic/family information checklist and of child health questionnaire (CHQ), spiritual health, social support, and measuring the long-term effects of the accident on children's mental health, which were completed electronically. Data were analyzed using SPSS software with independent t, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression tests with a significance level of 0.05.

65.10% of girls received a score of 25-50 from the Mental Health Questionnaire, which indicated a mild mental health problem. 34.40% got a score of 50-75 and none of them got a score above 75. The regression model showed that two patterns of family communication (dialogue and compliance) and girls' existential health predicted the girls' mental health score (P < 0.05).

The results showed that the patterns of family communication and existential health in adolescents had effect on adolescents' mental health; so it is suggested to identify the best regulatory model and family function with an emphasis on existential health, to improve their mental health by gaining the ability to positive valuation.

Postpartum psychiatric disorders are a key concept in maternal-infant mental health, and determining the related factors is necessary. We aimed to determine the relationship between postpartum mental health and social-structural determinants of health in Iran.

In this systematic review, all Persian and English observational studies in Iran carried out through advanced search in online databases such as Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, SID and Magiran, as well as the Google Scholar between 2005 and 2020, using keywords of social determinants, structural factors, socio-economic status, risk factors, mental health, postpartum, Iran, and their English equivalents were obtained from MESH. Article quality was assessed using the standard Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).

Out of 56 eligible articles (sample size: 36,515), 49 articles reported the prevalence of postpartum depression and one article reported the prevalence of postpartum psychosis. The lowest and highest prevalence of postpartum depression was between 4.8-68.5% using the Edinburgh tool in 2014-2017 and using the Beck tool between 3-78.27% in 2013-2014. Structurally significant effective factors on postpartum depression were identified including mother's age, mother's education, father's education, mother's job, father's job, family economic status (income adequacy), ethnicity and race, social class, culture, and religion, and in the field of postpartum psychosis, age, level of education, and mother's job. The most common structural determinant related to postpartum mental health was education and the least factor was related to social class.

Due to the effects of numerous related factors on common postpartum mental disorders, it is suggested that longitudinal studies be conducted to investigate the role of all the known factors, especially Intermediate factors, on postpartum mental health.

 The family, as the smallest and the most influential unit of society, plays a pivotal role in the development of personal, social, and human values.

 The current study aimed at developing and psychometrically evaluating the successful marriage factors questionnaire in youth.

 The current methodological study was designed in two stages. In stage one, a qualitative conventional content analysis was conducted successful couples and experts in marriage-related fields. By using the obtained results, a 129-item instrument was designed. In stage two, the qualitative and quantitative face and content validity, as well as the convergent and construct validity, were measured, and the reliability of the instrument was assessed. Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest reliability were employed to determine internal consistency and estimate the stability, respectively.

 After assessing face and content validity, 129 items were reduced to 80; then the construct validity was performed using the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and then a 62-item successful marriage factors questionnaire (SMFQ) was formed. The convergent validity of the tool was measured by the 47-item ENRICH marital satisfaction scale (EMS), and a significant correlation was found between the total score of the 47-item EMS and its dimensions and those of constructs and entire SMFQ. In the third stage, the internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) and stability of the instrument were estimated, which were 0.969 and 0.962, respectively. The total minimum and maximum scores of the questionnaire are 62 and 310, respectively.

 A 62-item SMFQ was developed and psychometrically evaluated in the present cultural context of Iran, and it was a valid and reliable scale for the evaluation of factors affecting the successful marriage.