zohreh moradi

In the field of medical literature, autism was first conceptualized by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler as a sign of childhood schizophrenia. Leo Kanner, an American-Austrian psychiatrist, described this concept as a distinct disorder in 1943. During the 1960s and 1970s, research on this new syndrome became increasingly prevalent, but there was still much confusion surrounding it. Only a few individuals, even those working in the medical field, were aware of this condition, and only a handful of cases of autism had been documented. Some researchers and physicians still interpreted it as a form of childhood schizophrenia, while others considered the characteristics of autism to be related to brain dysfunction, mental retardation, or child psychopathology.In the 1980s, systematic research on autism increased, and researchers introduced biological factors such as deficits in theory of mind and mirror neurons as the primary causes of this abnormality. Autism was then officially classified as a distinct and diagnosable disorder within the wide spectrum of cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions in the DSM-III. It was separated from childhood schizophrenia, and the term "Asperger's syndrome" became commonly used. However, it was still thought to be a very rare occurrence.In the 1990s, more precise assessment criteria for this abnormality were formulated in the DSM-IV, and autism was described as a lifelong condition (lifetime) in individuals, classified under mental disorder number 299, and characterized by the triad of symptoms: weak social interaction, communication deficits (both verbal and non-verbal), and the presence of repetitive, stereotyped, and restricted behavioral patterns. Awareness of autism increased during the last two decades of the twentieth century. This trend grew to the point where autism became the most rapidly spreading among all developmental disabilities worldwide and turned into a global public health concern. So much so that in the DSM-5 (2013), the triad of autism symptoms was consolidated into two categories: "communication-social disorders and restricted, repetitive behaviors," Asperger's syndrome was removed from the manual, and autism was included as a wide spectrum of cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions, officially referred to as "Autism Spectrum Disorder.This definition of autism fits within the medical mode of disability. In this model, autism is considered a global neurocognitive disorder with consistent biological foundations, characterized by core symptoms and features (lack of eye contact, repetitive movements, etc.) based on deviations from normal and normative behavior. By officially recognizing autism as a new category of "developmental disabilities," a new institutional matrix was formed, comprising social therapy, specialized education, and intervention programs. Social institutions, particularly psychiatry and psychology, played a role in shaping the hegemonic discourse that labels autism primarily as a deficiency, disorder, and illness, which will ultimately be identified and treated through continuous efforts by scientific experts. However, the approach to these individuals was not that of treating an illness but rather leaned towards "rehabilitation," emphasizing empowerment and capacity-building. Thus, various interventions were deemed necessary for two purposes reducing autism symptoms and improving essential communication skills, social skills, and behavioral functioning. Art therapy is one of these interventions.On the opposite pole of the medical model is the social model of disability, which is created by disabled individuals themselves and looks at the barriers created by society in terms of the full participation of disabled individuals in everyday life. According to this model, disability is not only located in the body but is created by social and material conditions that render various minds and bodies "disabled" in terms of full participation. With this model, autism can be seen as a personal, family, and social experience. It also acknowledges autistic individuals as having emotions, feelings, and social relationships that are influenced by the cultural values of the societies they live in. In this way, the individual is viewed as disabled by societal shortcomings, and instead of focusing solely on autism as an illness, it examines the individual as a human, social, and cultural phenomenon. Therefore, it not only seeks to amend and treat the person but also employs various methods, including art in addressing the definitions of autism within the medical model in expressing their identity.In recent years, autism spectrum disorder has gained attention as a social and medical issue within the realms of scholarly and critical studies on disability. One of the primary branches of these studies focuses on the intersection of art and disability, which can be examined through two distinct perspectives: art therapy and disability arts.This article explores the complex intersection between art, rehabilitation, and disability, as well as how art interacts with disability from the perspectives of both the medical and social models. When we talk about intersection, we are referring to a discourse that relates an individual's life, artistic practices, and power relationships. This form of intersection and relationship shapes ideas about what disability is and how it should be addressed. By juxtaposing art therapy alongside the principles of neurodiversity and disability art, the differences between them and their approaches to individuals within the autism spectrum become evident.Based on this, the authors aim to move away from art therapy and the medical model, considering the social model to answer the following questions: How can disability art break down boundaries such as othering, power imbalances between the therapist and the client, and ableism perpetuated by art therapy? Additionally, how does art respond to the repetitive behaviors and stereotypies considered as core symptoms of individuals within the autism spectrum?This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze the concepts presented in critical disability studies and investigate the intersection between art therapy and disability art. Information is gathered through library resources, including written and online sources, translations of books and articles, and it emphasizes the concept of neurodiversity - which presents neurological disorders not as disorders but as diversity in human understanding - in exploring how these two artistic frameworks differ in their encounters with individuals within the autism spectrum.The results obtained from examining the conflicting relationship between the two frameworks, art therapy, and disability art, using critical disability studies in the context of individuals within the autism spectrum, demonstrate the following: On one side, there is the medical model that attributes all problems to the individual with disabilities and, based on the concept of empowerment, directs the disabled individual towards an ideal and normative world for acceptance by society. In this model, art therapy is used as an intervention and tool for improving and ultimately curing individual and behavioral deficiencies. Healthcare professionals, particularly psychologists, play a central role in this field. They view their primary task and objective as empowerment, improvement, and the elimination of autism symptoms such as social interaction deficits and repetitive behaviors. However, since the relationships established between the individual and the expert are based on the doctor-patient model and aimed at treatment, in most cases, the individual is considered as the other, and power relations between them are formative.On the other hand, disability arts aim to dismantle all the boundaries created by art therapy using the social model. It presents an autistic individual as a distinct identity. Unlike art therapy, it illustrates how autistic identities offer valuable insights into reimagining and expanding ideas related to "normalcy" or cognitive abilities. In contrast to medicalizing disability-related art and art therapy programs, which often solely provide art education and do not consider professional training for participants, disability arts transform the signs and characteristics of an autistic individual (considered deficits in the medical model) into strengths. In other words, art therapy is a systematic and therapeutic approach to art that is often conducted in clinical settings, with a focus on improvement and rehabilitation. In contrast, disability arts represent a recognized and accepted form of art within the artistic community, displayed in galleries, exhibitions, museums, etc. The artist's work and abilities are acknowledged with the label of disability. In essence, while art therapy seeks rehabilitation or "normalization," disability arts, which belong to disability studies, challenge this perspective by using a new paradigm called "neurodiversity." This paradigm does not see conditions like autism as disorders to be fixed but as alternative ways of living. In this context, the autism spectrum represents a range of cognitive styles and ways of experiencing the world. Disability arts, originating from lived experiences, challenge societal norms and resist dominant narratives, attempting to shift the conversation from "curing" or "overcoming" disability toward acceptance, empowerment, and celebration.

Neck pain is a common problem among teachers. This study aimed to design and evaluate an instrument for measuring occupational neck pain preventive behaviors among teachers.

Method and Materials: 

This study was conducted from August to December 2020 among high school teachers in Tehran, Iran. In qualitative phase a purposeful sample of teachers (30 participants) were interviewed to generate an item pool. Then content and face validity were performed by which an initial questionnaire was sent to 25 teachers of the target community to be examined in terms of simplicity, importance, relevance, and clarity. Then, a cross sectional study with 146 teachers with mean age 36.7 ± 8.92 years was conducted by which, exploratory factor analysis was done to obtain the factor structure of the questionnaire. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was calculated to assess reliability and Intra Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) to assess stability.

Based on analysis of the exploratory factor, 8 factors with 43 substances, that together accounted for 65,25% variances were obtained. The correlation matrix in the case scale to establish the validity of the questionnaire showed satisfactory results. The results of face validity showed that 4 factors were not approved and were removed from the questionnaire. Reliability evaluation with internal consistency method (Cronbach's alpha) showed excellent compatibility (0.87). The ICC reliability assessment showed that the questionnaire has satisfactory stability (0.92).

This instrument could be applied to evaluate unhealthy behavior due to their neck pain and so improve these risky behaviors.

With the increasing number of individuals diagnized with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), various interventions have been developed to improved their condition. This systematic review aimed to investigate art intervantions for ASD.

analyze relavant articles from domestic and foreign journals, theses, dissertations, and domestic books published between 2001 and 2021. Sixteen studies were analyzed using the “COAT” model.

showed art interventions with individuals with ASD is a supportive and therapeutic including music therapy, rhythmic movements, drama, painting and pottery. The majority of studies focused on music therapy, while the least were on pottery therapy. These children were initially unable to properly use their artistic tools and express their emotions, but in the end, they were able to do so. Art therapist play a faciliative and supportive role. The goals of art interventions are consistent with the results in two main areas: improving communication and social skills and reducing behavioral problems such as stereotyped, limited and repetitive behaviours.

Based on limited descriptive evidence of participant characteristics, art therapists, and workspace, extensive research is recommended on the process of art therapy with individuals with ASD .

The genus Malva (family Malvaceae) includes species of herbaceous plants which are often pluriannual and very common in borders and boundaries of cultivated fields, making them proper reservoirs for plant pathogens. They are most commonly used as ornamental plants, although they may be used as a food resource and remedy for various diseases. Common mallow (Malva sylvestris) is the most important Malva species which is used as garden flower as well as widely recognized for food and medicinal purposes.  Malva sylvestris are reported to be affected by several viruses from different genera including malva vein clearing virus (MVCV, Potyvirus), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV, Alfamovirus), malva-associated soymovirus 1 (MaSV1, Soymovirus) cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, Cucumovirus), and cotton leaf curl Gezira virus (CLCuGeV, Begomovirus). In this study, we attempted to identify important viruses infecting mallow plants and compare mallow isolates with other sequences in the GenBank.

In 2022-2023, twenty samples of mallow plants with viral-like symptoms on the leaves were collected from the urban landscape of Golestan province. Total RNA was extracted by DENAzist Total RNA Isolation Kit from fresh, infected mallow leaves. All samples were analyzed by RT-PCR with specific primer pairs for the detection of CMV, AMV, and MVCV. The amplified fragments in expected size of coat protein (CP) gene of each virus were visualized under UV light in agarose gel after electrophoresis, then amplified fragment of one isolate of each virus was bi-directionally sequenced. Obtained sequences were compared to data available in GenBank. The phylogenetic trees of viruses were constructed based on the nucleotide sequences of the coat protein gene using the neighbor-joining method by MEGA11.

All three viruses were detected in some symptomatic samples collected from Golestan province. The most typical symptoms in positive samples were mosaic, vein clearing, and leaf malformation. Of a total of 20 sampled plants, MVCV, CMV and AMV were detected by RT-PCR in nine, five and two samples, respectively. An amplicon of each virus was selected and sequenced in both directions. BLASTn analysis of the sequenced data confirmed that the PCR-amplified fragments belonged to MVCV, AMV, and CMV. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequence of CP gene of MVCV (n=21) including Iranian and GenBank isolates showed that all isolates are divided into six groups: G1 to G6. All Iranian isolates along with the isolate from the Netherlands were placed in group G5. The phylogenetic tree placed the CMV sequences (n=51) into two distinct phylogroups I and II; the obtained isolate CMV-IR-Ma clustered together with isolates from Iran, Netherlands, South Korea, Japan, China, Hungary, Australia, France and the USA into group II. According to the results of this study, AMV isolates (n=17) can be divided into two groups, I and II. Group I which includes isolates from Canada, China, Italy, Spain, Argentina, Australia and the USA, was divided into six subgroups. The obtained isolate AMV-IR-Ma was clustered in subgroup IB with a Chinese isolate (HZ) and forms a common branch with isolates (Ir-VM, Ir-WS, and Ir-WS2) from Iran. This is the first report of mallow (Malva sylvestris) infection with CMV and AMV in Iran using RT-PCR. In addition, mixed infection with two (MVCV+CMV and MVCV+AMV) or all three viruses (MVCV+CMV+AMV) was also confirmed in some samples. The phylogenetic trees showed that most of the viral isolates were not grouped according to their geographic locations. This suggests the dissemination and spread of these viruses through infected seeds. In Iran, M. sylvestris is a common weed found in fields, waste grounds, roadside verges and gardens. Considering the potential non-persistent aphid transmission as well as mechanical transmission, virus-infected mallows can act as a natural reservoir, thereby posing a threat to other ornamental plants and crops. Since the studied viruses were not detected in the other symptomatic plants, the observed symptoms can be caused by physiological disorders such as nutrient deficiencies, the presence of different viral strains, or other unknown and undetected viral species.

This study provides new knowledge on the diversity and molecular characteristics of viruses in mallow plants (M. sylvestris) affected by the viral disease. The information obtained from this study can be helpful in improving management strategies for disease caused by these viruses in Iran. Albeit M. sylvestris is a host of these viruses, but more comprehensive research on other viral species that may infect this plant need to be conducted. Weed management could be an effective way to eliminate inoculum sources of these viruses.

Today, urban development has led to the use of dense and compact urban land, the impact of which on the quality of urban environments is very important. As a result, one of the methods used in urban design is the space layout method, which to some extent has the ability to measure and analyze urban spaces in the present and future. The purpose of this study is the effect of spatial arrangement of high-rise buildings in improving the quality of life of residents in District 9 of Mashhad Municipality. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and survey nature and is based on quantitative methods in data analysis. In this regard, in order to collect data, library studies, documentary research, scientific articles and databases of urban development projects have been used. The data was simulated using UCL Depthmap and ArcGIS Desktop 10.8 software. The results show that in region 9, there are 3 types of typology (checkered-organic and lattice) that checkered texture has a better quality level than the other two types to provide services to citizens. Therefore, by knowing the type of texture arrangement, the quality level of the area can be examined, and according to a set of quality indicators, it can be decided whether or not to create tall buildings.

Several viruses affect iris plants worldwide, and are major constraints in commercial production due to serious economic losses. The first genomic sequences of two potyviruses, namely, Iris Severe Mosaic Virus (ISMV) and Iris Mild Mosaic Virus (IMMV) from naturally infected iris plants (Iris versicolor) in Iran were determined using RNA deep sequencing and RT-PCR followed by sequencing of amplicons. Both viruses (ISMV-Ir and IMMV-Ir) had a typical potyvirus genetic organization, with a large open reading frame translated as a polyprotein, including nine autocatalytic cleavage sites, and a putative smaller protein P3N-PIPO. Phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons revealed close relationships between ISMV and members of group Onion Yellow Dwarf Virus (OYDV) of the genus Potyvirus. The ISMV-Ir showed > 92% nucleotide (nt) identity (> 96% amino acid (aa) identity) to the three previously reported ISMV isolates, the highest with the Japanese isolate J (94.10% nt identity, 97.41% aa identity) and the lowest with Chinese isolate BJ (92.73% nt identity, 96.77% aa identity). IMMV-Ir belonged to the Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus (ChVMV) group of potyviruses, had 82.36% nt identity (91.25% aa identity) with the BC32 isolate, and 75.55% nt identity (83.59% aa identity) with the WA-1 isolate from Australia. The genetic distance among IMMV polyprotein-coding genomic sequences or gene-specific sequences indicated a high genetic divergence of these isolates. Our analysis indicated that natural selection has contributed to the evolution of isolates belonging to the two identified potyviruses. The information on genomic sequences presented in this study will improve our understanding of virus function and pathogenicity leading to better control of the disease.

Toothpastes and mouthwashes contain chemicals that may be harmful to oral tissues. This study assessed the cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of toothpastes and compare the Iranian and foreign toothpastes and mouthwashes available in the Iranian market in this respect.

Twenty samples (13 toothpastes and 4 mouthwashes) were selected. The cytotoxicity of 1, 10, and 50 mg/mL of toothpastes and 0.05, 2 and 10 µL of mouthwashes was measured after 1, 15 and 30 min of exposure to human gingival fibroblasts, each in triplicate. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used for cytotoxicity testing. The serial dilution method was utilized to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each sample against Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test were used for data analysis.

A significant difference in cytotoxicity was noted among different products (P=0.00). The difference in cytotoxicity of each sample was not significant at 1, 15 and 30 min (P=0.08). The obtained MIC for all toothpastes and mouthwashes was between 0.0039 mg/mL and 0.0156 mg/mL, except for Sensodyne toothpaste and Oral B mouthwash.

Some brands of toothpastes have higher cytotoxicity due to their composition, and their cytotoxicity should not be overlooked. The antibacterial activity of the samples was almost equal when they were in contact with L. acidophilus and S. mutans except for the Irsha mouthwash, Sehat, Darugar and Bath toothpastes. The antibacterial effect of toothpastes and mouthwashes increased with an increase in exposure time.

Beet virus Q (BVQ) is a soilborne pomovirus (family Virgaviridae) associated with rhizomania syndrome in sugar beet. In the present study, BVQ was investigated in sugar beet farms of 12 provinces in Iran by RT-PCR. Thirty-five out of 214 root samples resulted in a positive reaction to BVQ (16.3%). Moreover, 501-bp- long fragments of the coat protein gene of 11 Iranian isolates were purified, cloned, and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis using the 501 bp fragment of 17 BVQ isolates (11 from this study and six retrieved from GenBank) showed that all isolates clustered in two main groups. Iranian isolates belonged to group I alongside isolates from France (AJ810289) and Germany (AJ223597). Iranian isolates shared 98.80–100% nucleotide sequence identity (98.19–100% amino acid identity) and 97.21–99.60% nucleotide sequence identity (96.99–99.40% amino acid identity) with the corresponding sequence of six other BVQ isolates available in the GenBank. Iranian isolates displayed the highest nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities of 98.80-99.60% and 98.19-99.40%, respectively, with the French isolate FP71 (AJ810289). To our knowledge, this is the first molecular characterization of BVQ in Iran. This information can be used in plant breeding to obtain virus-resistant plants.

Due to the review of general dental courses, it was necessary to assess the students' satisfaction with this curriculum. The aim of this study was the assessment level of students’satisfaction with the new educational curriculum of the Ministry of Health at the department of restorative dentistry of Tehran university of medical sciences in 2019-2020.

In this descriptive cross-sectional trial,72 sixth year dental students of Tehran University who passed the restorative dentistry courses based on the new curriculum were studied. A questionnaire was developed and for validity content assessment, it was presented to 5 professors and then revised. For reliability approval of the questionnaire, test-retest approach was used. The questionnaire was given to the 30 students of the main pilot group in one session and two-week later and agreement percentage and Kappa index were calculated.  After conducting the "test" process and re-testing, the "questions" were statistically analyzed using STATA software.

The most level of satisfaction regarding to practicality of subjects was found for fundamental of restorative dentistry including principles of amalgam class I cavity preparations and restorations on the dentic (81.94% and 76.39% acceptable respectively) and the principles of amalgam classII cavity restorations on the dentic (72.22%). The least satisfaction levels were obsereved in the first and second theoretical restorative courses including tooth-colored restorations (47.22%), onlays and inlays (47.22%) and tooth-colored classII cavity preparations and restorations (48.61%). The amount (P-value or error of the first type) was reported in all questions>0.001.

Despite the limitation of this study, final-year dental students’ satisfaction of theoretical restorative dentistry courses was medium, while it was high for the fundamental and practical restorative courses of 2017 educational curriculum.

I’lāl rules in Arabic morphology which refer to the pronunciation of mu’tal words (words that have a semivowel as one or two of their three-consonantal roots) linguistically constitute part of the morpho-phonology of Arabic. Traditional grammars refer to letters when expressing rules and as writing does not always reflect pronunciation, understanding and learning such rules becomes difficult. While correct stress placement is as important as the pronunciation of individual consonants and vowels in recitation, stress has also been neglected in traditional grammars as it is not represented in writing. In this study, we have looked at the I’lāl rules of Ajwaf verbs (verbs that have a semivowel as the second root consonant) linguistically in order to show the simplicity of the morpho-phonological processes involved and to show the main role that stress plays in the pronunciation of such verbs. By phonetically transcribing the examples of these rules and analyzing the observed stress patterns within the framework of Metrical Stress Theory (Hayes,1995), we have shown that the I’lāl rules of Ajwaf verbs refer to nothing more than deletion, compensatory lengthening, and lengthening due to stress and that concentrating on sounds rather than on letters prevents the many complexities of traditional grammars.

City and climate are two human made and natural systems that influence each other. The city that influences greenhouse gas emissions leads to global warming as a result of climate change. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of urban development on the climate change (a case study of Mashhad metropolis). The research method in this study is descriptive and analytical, in which by referring to library studies and field-based studies a theoretical framework is obtained; also, by determining evaluation options according to the negative effects and consequences of urban growth and development of Mashhad metropolis in recent decades on social systems, physical, functional, transportation and access are examined. In this study, the Iranian Leopold matrix method and rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) as well as Microsoft Excel, Arc GIS and Google Earth software have been used. Findings in this study indicate that the functional system with the range of letters -E and number -5 has the most destructive effects on climate change in this metropolis and the physical system with letters -B and number -2 has the least effects on the process. With the increase in population in the metropolis of Mashhad, urban growth and development is extended to villages and agricultural lands, and as a result, the change of use from agriculture to urban use occurs, leading to more greenhouse gas emissions and the creation of urban heat islands. So, in order to control such things, appropriate solutions in the system should be presented.

Statement of the Problem:

 Adequate compressive strength is an important characteristic for an ideal liner.

This study aimed to assess the compressive strength of several commonly used liners.

This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 120 samples fabricated of Dycal, Calcimol LC, Vitrebond, Activa Bioactive, and TheraCal LC (n=24) liners according to the manufacturers’ instructions. The samples were fabricated using a cylindrical stainless steel mold with 6±0.1 mm height and 4±0.1 mm internal diameter. Half of the samples in each group (n=12) underwent compressive strength test immediately after completion of their primary setting while the other half (n=12) underwent compressive strength test after 24 h. During this period, the samples were immersed in deionized water (grade 3) and incubated at 37±1°C and 100% humidity for 24 h. The compressive strength was measured using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test.

The compressive strength of the five liners was significantly different (p < 0.05). Calcimol LC showed maximum compressive strength both immediately after setting and after 24 h. The compressive strength at 24 h was significantly higher than the primary compressive strength in all groups (p < 0.05).

Within the limitations of this study, it seems that Calcimol LC, Activa Bioactive Liner, and TheraCal LC have adequate compressive strength and can be used alone to provide adequate support for the restorative materials.

Enoxolon is a natural licorice and its formula is similar to cortisone. The aim of this double blind randomized match control clinical trial, was to analyze the effect of Arthrodont toothpaste containing 1% Enoxolone on dental plaque, gingival inflammation, and bleeding indices.

40 patients who had gingivitis were selected. They were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily for three minutes then massage the gums with pastes for one minute and then wash their mouths. The patients were divided into two groups: The Arthrodont toothpaste containing Enoxolon, was given to the study group and the Crest toothpaste free of Enoxolon, was given to the control group. At the beginning of the study and after 21 days, plaque, gingival, and bleeding indices were measured. The statistical analyses were done by Paird T test, T test and nonparametrical analysis of Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney.

In both groups, the three indices decreased significantly. Comparing between the two groups, the gingival and bleeding indices had significantly decreased in the study group (Arthrodont toothpaste) compared to the control group (Crest toothpaste). However, no significance difference in the plaque index between the two groups was found (P=0.143).

The results of this clinical study showed that Enoxolon had anti-inflammatory effect on gingivitis.

Toothpastes and mouthwashes contain ingredients that may be toxic for oral mucosal tissues. This study aimed to assess the cytotoxicity of the ingredients of commonly used toothpastes and mouthwashes.

This experimental study was performed on 16 toothpastes and four mouthwashes widely available in the Iranian market. First, the concentration of six main ingredients of these products, namely sodium fluoride (NaF), sodium lauryl sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine, zinc lactate, paraben, and sodium benzoate, was determined. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of these materials for human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). The MTT assay was performed at 1, 15, and 30 minutes following exposure to five concentrations of each material in triplicate (according to the concentrations obtained in the isolation step). Data were analyzed using three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

The difference in the cytotoxicity of the materials was statistically significant (P<0.001). Cytotoxicity was time- and concentration-dependent; by an increase in the concentration of the materials, their cytotoxicity increased over time. The cytotoxicity of sodium lauryl sulfate and cocamidopropyl betaine was >90%. The cytotoxicity of NaF varied from 25% to 70%, and the cytotoxicity of all concentrations of zinc lactate and sodium benzoate was <50% for HGFs.

To decrease the cytotoxic effects of toothpastes, sodium lauryl sulfate and cocamidopropyl betaine should be replaced with safer detergents, and the concentration of fluoride should be decreased to 400 parts per million (ppm). Alternatively, fluoride may be replaced with other antibacterial and cariostatic agents.

Tooth hypersensitivity is among the most common patient complaints caused by the response of exposed dentin to external stimuli. No definite treatment has been suggested so far for dentin hypersensitivity (DH). This study aimed to compare the efficacy of the diode laser alone and in combination with Gluma and chromophore in occluding opened dentine tubules and the treatment of DH.

This in vitro study was conducted on 30 extracted human third molars kept in 0.1% thymol solution. The teeth were mounted in transparent acrylic resin and the buccal enamel was cut to expose the outer third of dentin. The samples were then divided into 6 groups of negative control (no smear layer removal), positive control (smear layer removal with 6% citric acid application), 810 nm diode laser irradiation (energy density 55.55 J/cm2, 1 W for 20 seconds in a continuous mode), chromophore (1 mg/mL indocyanine green, ICG) plus diode laser irradiation (1 W, 20 seconds), Gluma plus diode laser irradiation, and Gluma + chromophore + diode laser. Dentinal tubules were evaluated under a scanning electron microscope at x2000 magnification. The mean percentage of the obstruction of dentinal tubules was reported as mean and standard deviation. Considering the normal distribution of the data, two-way ANOVA was applied to compare the efficacy of treatments, and an independent-samples t test was used for pairwise comparisons at P<0.05 level of significance.

The highest mean percentage of the obstruction of dentinal tubules was noted in the diode laser/chromophore/Gluma group (65.68±12.31%) while the lowest value was noted in the diode laser/Gluma group (24.33±5.90%). Pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences between all groups (P < 0.05) except for the difference between the laser/Gluma/chromophore and laser/chromophore groups (P = 0.20).

It seems that chromophore increases the efficacy of the diode laser for the obstruction of dentinal tubules.

One of the common elements of textual language is the element of "narration", so that narration as a means of expression has served different literary and artistic forms. The historian uses the narrative to express the message in the film and the painter in order to express the events of history, the views and the hearings. In fact, each of the linguistic types uses the narrative as an adjunct to its own purposes. In the English language, the term narrative is used to describe any narrative that has an incident, personality, quotes, speech, and actions of characters, whether it is a discipline or a prose. Jaap Lintvelt is one of the contemporary thinkers who takes narrative as a common expressive tool in different types of literary and artistic works. The important uses of narration is in any literary genres and in different kinds of art. He, in his book, "Aspects de la narration: thématique, idéologie et identité", considers each narrative constituting three position-takings; narrator position, actor position and audience position. The conflict between narrator and actor shapes two types of narratives: similar narratives and dissimilar ones that each include some subcategories and follow a certain pattern of narrative. This theory has only been used in the literary context; however this article tries to examine narrative types and Jaap Lintvelt’s structural project at the same time in poetry and illustrated the stories of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him and his progeny). The method used in this project is descriptive- analytical and date-gathering is relied on library and poems of famous poets such as, Attar Neyshabouri , Zholideh Neyshabouri and Rainer Maria Rilke. Also this paper depictions of the books, Jami 'al-tawarikh (The Compendium of chronicles) Rashid-al-Din Fazl Allah Ṭabib Hamadāni, vizier to the Mongol Il-khans Ḡāzān (r. 1295-1304) and Öljeitü (Uljāytu; r. 1304-16), Majma' al-Tavarikh Hafiz-i Abru or ʿAbd-Allāh Nur- b. Loṭf-Allāh b. ʿAbd-al-Rašid Behdādini (also Ḵᵛāfi or Haravi; 833/June 1430) ,Siyer-i-Nebi al-Darir ,(Ottoman Turkish: سیر نبی‎) is a Turkish epic about the life of Muhammad, in which the moment of descent of first divine verses by Gabriel to prophet Muhammad(Peace be upon him and his progeny), is described and visualized. The hypothesis of this project is a way of approving Lintvelt’s theory that does not confine narrative to literary texts, but it can be used to examine various arts including illustration. According to the theory, the result obtained from this research shows that, The poem “ Call of Muhammad” written by Rainer Maria Rilke is the narrator of the story world of heterogeneous (narrator ≠ actors), type narrative auctorial and narrative perspectives or the angle of view is "look-back" or "zero angle". Narrative perspectives in Attar Neyshabouri and Zholideh Neyshabouri’s poems are zero and at first, the lines are heterogeneous and auctorial but in Continuance it changed to the same story the narrator's world with narrative active type. In all illustrations, narratives are heterogeneous with narrative active type and narrative perspectives are the "look out" or "outside view".

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) is one of the most economically important viruses infecting cucurbits worldwide. Population genetic analysis of ZYMV was conducted based on the virus cylindrical inclusion (CI) gene sequences of 10 isolates identified in this study and 94 other isolates from different countries in six continents: Asia, Europe, Oceania, Africa, North and South America. The overall mean value of nucleotide sequence diversity among all isolates was 0.074±0.006. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ZYMV isolates fell into three main phylogroups with significant FST values (>0.55) and almost tended to cluster according to their geographical position. Group I was predominant and contained isolates originated from different parts of the world. Iranian isolates clustered into group I, sharing 87.7-99.7% and 92.5–100% nucleotide and amino acid identity, with other isolates of this group. Group II was a new group that included only Singapore isolates. Group III including East Timor, Reunion Island and Australia- Kununurra isolates which were genetically differentiated from other populations. ZYMV populations from different geographic origins were composed of multiple lineages. With exception of the Oceanian population which was strongly differentiated from the American population, most other geographical populations showed low to moderate genetic differentiation. There was moderate to high level of gene flow despite large separating geographic distances. Analysis of the synonymous-to-nonsynonymous ratio showed strong purifying selection in the CI gene. The analyses indicated that in addition to selection, random processes such as genetic drift and founder effects are important determinants for the genetic structure of populations of ZYMV.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is an important infection source in dentistry for different disinfectants to be used to prevent its transmission. Furthermore, a variety of chemical disinfectants are developed to remove bacterial infections from the dental care workers' hands and claims are made regarding their superiority in infection control, although all requires scientific investigations. The aim of present study was to compare the effects of chemical hand-disinfectants Micro Zed HD, Aseptoman and Decosept on MRSA (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus) in different periods of time. In this experimental study, the antibacterial efficacy of three hand-disinfectants on standard strain of MRSA (USA300: ATCC® BAA-1717™) was evaluated according to European standard of evaluating antiseptics (EN 1040:2005 CSN EN). First we prepared a 0.5 Mc Farland (108 CFU/ml) suspension of MRSA, and exposed to three disinfectants for 15, 30, 60 and 90 seconds. Then, they were transferred to separate plates of Mueller-Hinton medium and incubated in 37◦C for 24 hours. The plates were compared then with control plate to evaluate the efficacy of materials on bacteria by calculating the CFU/ml of plates. Three hand-disinfectants evaluated in this study had the maximum anticabterial effect on MRSA in the minimum time of exposure (15 seconds), and we found no trace of growth in any plates. The three hand-disinfectans (MicroZed HD, Aseptoman and Decosept) in the concentration suggested by their companies, showed no difference in efficacy to remove MRSA from hands.

In non-vital tooth bleaching, dentin is in direct contact with the bleaching agent, 1 to 3-week delay is needed to eliminate free radicals from tooth structure. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of irradiation of Er: YAG laser on immediate microtensile bond strength of bleached dentin to composite. Sixty sounds human teeth were collected and randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 15): no bleaching (NB), opalescence endo hydrogen peroxide (HP) gel bleaching, sodium perborate (SP) bleaching and laser bleaching with heydent gel (LB). The groups were divided into 3 subgroups (n = 5): no surface treatment, Er: YAG laser irradiation and 10% sodium ascorbate (SA). All samples were restored and underwent microtensile bond strength testing. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way and two-way ANOVA. Bond strength in NB-SA group had a significant difference with the NB group (P < 0.05) while no significant difference was noted between NB and NB-Er groups (P = 0.55). Application of SA and Er: YAG laser after bleaching with SP did not enhance the bond strength (P = 0.07). Application of SA and Er: YAG laser after HP gel bleaching significantly enhanced the bond strength. Application of Er: YAG laser after internal bleaching with HP gel could enhance the bond strength.

Color is the most important and complicated part of aesthetic dentistry. The tooth color matching of restorations is considered as one of the most difficult tasks in the restorative dentistry. The aim of this study to evaluate the effect of two training methods on the dental students’ ability in determining tooth color matching. In this study, 40 dentistry students participated which randomly allocated into two groups. The first group consisted of students who learned teeth color matching methods practically. In the second group, training booklet was used for learning. Using Vita Classic shade guide series, 4 color samples were chosen and the students of each group were asked to determine samples’ color, before, after and one month after the training. Booklet learning group was more successful in determining fourth color sample. However, in no studied group and no used samples, the results of one month after learning were not better than that of before learning. Also generally, no significant relationship was found between the color matching accuracy, using glasses, and sex of participants. The use of booklet learning was more effective than practical learning in color matching accuracy for dental students. Also, using glasses and sex were not effective on their color matching accuracy

The polymerization shrinkage of methacrylate-based composites is among the most important causes of failure of composite restorations. The manufacturers claim that bulk-fill composites have a lower polymerization shrinkage than conventional composites. This study aimed to assess the polymerization shrinkage of five bulk-fill composites in comparison with a conventional composite. In this in-vitro experimental study, composite discs (n=30) were fabricated using everX Posterior (EXP), Filtek Bulk-Fill Posterior (FBP), SonicFill 2 (SF2), Tetric N-Ceram Bulk-Fill (TNB), X-tra fil (XF), and Filtek Z250 conventional composite at the center of a metal ring bonded to a microscope slide and were covered with a coverslip. This assembly was transferred to a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT). Light-curing (1200 mW/cm2) was performed from underneath the slide for 30 seconds. The deflecting disc method and LVDT were used to assess the dimensional changes of the samples (indicative of polymerization shrinkage) at 1, 30, 60, and 1800 seconds following the onset of light irradiation. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test. The groups were significantly different regarding polymerization shrinkage (P<0.002). The polymerization shrinkage of the tested composites following the onset of light irradiation ranged from 0.19 to 3.03. EXP showed a significantly higher polymerization shrinkage than other composites at 30, 60, and 1800 seconds after light irradiation, while XF showed the lowest polymerization shrinkage at the aforementioned time points. The tested bulk-fill composites had a polymerization shrinkage similar to that of the conventional composite

Potato virus Y (PVY) is the type member of the genus Potyvirus, which is responsible for serious diseases in a wide range of plant species, mostly from the family Solanaceaesuch as potato, tomato, tobacco and pepper worldwide. The virus is transmitted by at least 40 aphid species (family Aphididae) in a nonpersistent manner. The level of damage to crop is determined by the strain of PVY infecting the plants, the viral load, the time at which infection occurs as well as the tolerance the host possesses toward the virus. Infection of a potato field with PVY may ultimately result in 10-100% loss in yield. Several distinct strains of PVY have been identified according to their biological and serological properties and their genome sequences. These include the ordinary strain (PVYO), the tobacco veinal necrosis strain (PVYN), the stipple streak strain (PVYC). In addition, two most prominent recombinant strains, PVYNTN and PVYN-Wi (PVYN:O) have been generated by recombination between PVYO and PVYN. Like other potyviruses, PVY has non-enveloped flexuous filamentous virions of 730-740 nm long and 11–12 nm wide, which encapsidate a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA molecule of approximately 10,000 nt long. PVY causes severe crop losses and consequently economic damage in the world as well as in Iran. Hence, identification of the virus in different regions of the country is a concern. The aim of this research was to study the existence of PVY in tomato fields of Mazandaran province and determining the type of the strain and finally finding their phylogenetic relationship. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate primers for conserved sequences of the viral genomes has facilitated the rapid detection of many potyviruses and enabled partial genomic sequencing. According to previous studies comparisons using the CI-coding region most accurately reflected those for the complete genome, and this region was deemed to be the most suitable for diagnostic and taxonomy purposes if the complete sequence could not be obtained. From July to September 2013, a total of 38 leaf samples of tomato showing virus symptoms were collected from different tomato fields in Mazandaran province. Total RNA was extracted from all samples. RT-PCR assay was performed using potyvirus degenerate primers corresponding to the virus CI gene. Expected PCR products were purified from 1% agarose gels, cloned into the pTZ57R/T vector and then sequenced. Sequences were compared to data available in GenBank. Multiple alignments of the nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) sequences were performed with Clustal W implemented in MEGA6 or in BioEdit v.7.2.5. Phylogenetic tree for grouping was constructed by MEGA6 using neighbor-joining method. An amplicon of the expected size (680 bp) was generated from 9 out of 38 plant samples. Specific amplification using the potyvirus degenerate primers in infected samples, but not from healthy sample, confirmed the presence of a potyvirus. All PCR-positive samples were cloned, sequenced and submitted to BLASTn to identify the best matching sequences recorded in GenBank. BLASTn analysis showed that the PCR-amplified fragments of four samples belonged to Potato virus Y strainC. The most typical symptoms in PVY-positive leaf samples were mosaic, mottling, distortion and rugosity. Among them two isolates namely GB and GRA were selected for further analyses. Phylogenetic tree based on multiple sequence alignment of 680 nt of CI gene divided 117 PVY isolates into three main groups: I, II and III. Group I included a wide range of isolates from Europe, Asia, Australia, America and Africa. Members of group I were divided into six subgroups. Iranian isolates (GB and GRA) were classified in the group IF with isolates nnp (Italy), Foggia (Italy), CN1 (Australia), PRI-509 (Netherland), LYE84.2 (Spain) and Tannat (Uruguay), which all were belonging to strain C. Isolate of GB showed the highest (96.5%) nt sequence identity with isolate LYE84.2 and the lowest (81.3%) with isolates T13 (Japan), Tu_660 (Canada), ME162 (China) and ID20 (USA). Also, GRA displayed the highest (95.7%) nt sequence identity with LYE84.2 and the lowest (80.9%) withT13 and Tu_660 isolates. The two Iranian isolates had the highest (99.1%) aa sequence identity with isolates LYE84.2, Foggia and Tannat and the lowest (93.4%) with T13. The identities between isolates GB and GRA were 98.4% and 100% at nt and aa levels, respectively. PVY is one of the most destructive and widespread plant pathogen. In this study, for the first time we reported the occurrence of PVY in tomato fields in Mazandaran province and determining its phylogenetic relationship with other isolates of the virus available in the GenBank. Also, to our knowledge this is the first report of PVY strain C in tomato in Iran. Because the use of CI is more accurate in defining orders in potyvirus taxonomy and in evolutionary relationships, detection of the virus was performed by RT-PCR using potyvirus degenerate primers based on CI coding region. Phylogenetic analyses based on CI gene indicates that the Iranian PVYC isolates are much close to European isolates plus one Australian (CN1) and one Uruguayan (Tannat) isolates. One possible explanation for such sequence similarities is that most of seed potatoes in Iran originated from seed tubers imported from Europe, and not directly from its original habitat, South America. So, it is possible that the Iranian C strain originated potentially from an ancestral European PVY strains and then spread in the country via aphid vectors from infected to healthy plants. Resistance to PVY infection by hosts is low in many cases. On the other hand, PVV is transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner, which makes the control of the virus vectors inefficient. Therefore, cultivation of resistant varieties is the most suitable approach for control of the virus. The data obtained in this study will be beneficial to improve control strategies for this virus in Iran. Further studies on PVY isolates from different geographic regions and hosts of Iran and genetic diversity evaluation of the virus will be useful for breeders to make more efficient and durable resistant cultivars.

According to many uses of MTA in different treatments, studying about its properties like the setting time, is of great importance. The aim of this study was to compare the initial and final setting time of an Iranian MTA and a foreign MTA.
Seven samples were in each group; for measurement of initial and final setting time of MTAs, a mold with dimension of 2×10 mm was prepared. The cements after mixation were put into an incubator with temperature of 37ₒC and humidity of 90%. After mixing of cements, a Gilmore needle with a weight of 100 gr and active tip of 2 mm was used vertically on the surface of MTA for measurement of the initial setting time. Setting was measured by the start of cement mixation to the time the tip of the needle didn’t penetrate to the surface of MTA. For measurement of the final setting time a Gilmore needle with a weight of 456 gr and active tip of 1mm was used vertically on the surface of MTA. The ANOVA test followed by Tukey test was used for comparison of the mean setting time between an Iranian and foreign MTA. The statistical difference was considered significant at the level of 0.05.
Resultes: The mean initial setting time Angelus and Root MTAs were 13.57±0.91 and 11.14±0.92 min, the mean final setting of Angelus and Root MTA, were 48.93±1.54 and 37.86±1.5 min while the initial setting time of Angelus MTA lasted for 0.53±43.2 more min than Root MTA (P=0.001). The final setting time of Angelus MTA took longer for 110.7±0.82 min than Root MTA (P=0.001).
The initial and final setting time of the Iranian MTA was shorter than the foreign one and thus it could a more alternative option in this respect.

One of the main disadvantages of light cured composite resin materials is polymerization shrinkage upon curing. This leads to the microleakage of restoration and finally failure of the restoration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two types of light curing devices with different modes on the microleakage of posterior composite filling in Cl II restorations.
In this experimental study, 30 extracted sound molar human teeth were collected. All specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups of ten: Standard LED irradiation, pulse curing LED irradiation and QTH irradiation. All samples were prepared with mesial and distal boxes and composite fillings were done with three different light curing patterns for 20 s. After thermocycling, the specimens were kept in 2% methylene Blue solution for 24 h for microleakage test. After sectioning, the samples were evaluated by a stereomicroscope. For data analysis one-way ANOVA and Kolmogorov-Smirnov were used. P The quantitative tests showed that there were no statistical difference between study groups (P>0.05).
The results showed that both light curing devices were effective and no significant difference between different modes of LED light curing device on microleakage of class II composite restorations was found.

Myths, legends and marvelous creatures constitute an integral part of cultural, his-torical and literary heritage of all nations. Myths and legends are the subjects of studies in various fields such as literature, psychology, linguistics, folklore, etc. yet they have not been discussed in detail in the field of ichthyology. This paper is an attempt to review available information on what is considered as fish in myths and manuscripts including a historical text, Qazwini’s book (published in 1263 A.D.), those which are available in the museums around the world and those obtained during the fieldwork carried out in 2015 in some regions of Hor-muzgan Province, Iran. It seems that aquatic creatures, especially fishes, have been at the cen-ter of human thought for thousands of years, considering them as a blessed or hated creatures having a variety of forms with different faces resembling a human, snake, owl, cat or other animals, which are oriented with human beliefs, cultures and traditions.