جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "آرمانگرایی" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

The inherent revolutionary optimism, along with the idealistic enthusiasm resulting from the creation of new revolutionary structures, brings global dreams and perspectives to the revolutionaries and is introduced in all the actions and thoughts of the revolutionary leaders as the main goal of every revolution. On the other hand, there are necessities and limitations besides the mission defined in the process of issuing the revolution, which play a very important role in building a new revolutionary identity. Examining elements such as geography and geopolitical limitations, international pressures, public interests, structural necessities, ethnic and national issues, and their role, and examining the dimensions of this influence and effectiveness is one of the goals of this research. The author tries to use the theory of constructivism to address the most important influencing factors in the Russian revolution, focusing on the export of the revolution, and to explain how the identity components influence and play a role in the export strategy of the Russian October Revolution. In this research, we want to investigate the process and why of this rotation in an interactive process between the revolutionary structure and the revolutionaries and the external components of the identity sector. It seems that the Russian Revolution has been watching it slowly conquering its ideals and its heart with internal and external realities, and its only action has been a reluctant alignment of this interaction in favor of hard external components.

Sports is among the first three money-making and profitable industries in the world and can be the source of many economic effects. Considering the country's economic problems, this research was conducted with the aim of identifying and prioritizing jihadi management indicators with an economic approach in the country's sports. The research method was a descriptive correlation type, and in terms of data collection, it is field and non-experimental in terms of controlling variables. The statistical population of the research included sports management elites(members of the faculty of physical education, sports management of the universities of the Ministry of Science, heads of sports federations, as well as elected managers and expert experts of the Ministry of Sports and Youth in the number of 450 people, who were selected using the stratified random sampling method and total of 152 people were selected as a sample. To collect data, after reading texts and articles as well as interviewing sports management elites, a researcher-made questionnaire was developed and used, the content validity of which was confirmed by relevant professors and its reliability was 0.94. was obtained. The findings showed that the main indicators of Jihadist management in sports in the country include spiritual, managerial and cultural components. According to the general results of the research, it is suggested that from the research results and indicators identified in the development of sports based on jihadi management should be used so that the development process of the country's sports can be done more easily.

Nostalgia is one of the most widely used words in literature, which is used in Persian to mean loneliness,return to the past. Due to the similar conditions of the twentieth century in Iran and Iraq, there are commonalities between their literary themes. Mohammad Reza Shabibi and Mirzadeh Eshghi; There are two prominent poets of Iran and Iraq in twentieth century who have many similar foundations in the thems of nostalgic literature. In the present article, based on the descriptive-analytical method and the American school of comparative literature,First, themes of nostalgic literature were extracted, then some results were obtained: Both poets, when they find it impossible to Realization of the positive values of society, they experience failure and death thinking and fell sense of nostalgia. In their view, a return to the historical past and an ideal society is the key to restoring the country's identity. Unlike Shabibi, Eshghi hopes for tomorrow in which peace and friendship will covers all the jars and oppression and hypocrisy will be dismantled.

Kant's idea of perpetual peace has long been the subject of much intellectual controversy; His realist critics, with the argument that the field of international politics is a place of power and anarchy, have come out against him and considered his idea as idealism. On the other hand, the idealists welcomed his idea and considered it as a goal that "must" be there, even though it is not currently there. The basic problem in Kant's idea is the relationship between domestic politics and international politics, which he himself tried to explain in a theoretical framework. In this article, the question has been raised that in the idea of perpetual peace, Kant has established a relationship between domestic politics and international politics? And what reactions have been encountered in the later theories of international relations? And which theories or schools have tried to use the idea of perpetual peace to establish a new relationship between domestic politics and international politics? The answer of this article to these questions is that Kant firmly believed that there is no possibility of perpetual peace without the relationship between domestic politics and international politics, and among the later theories, the critical theory of international relations and the approach of international society. By returning to Kant's idea, the international community has tried to use the theoretical possibilities of his thought to reconstruct this relationship. The method of this research is descriptive and analytical with a philosophical approach.

Idealism and Realism have always been under considerations by different fields of studies, inter alia, the law. While Idealism pays attention to the emergence of the ideals, Realism relies on the necessity of the acceptance of existent realities. International law from the prospect of its legal basis has been an obvious area of confrontation of this two schools of thought. The International community tries to reach far and unavailable goals persistently; but, usually has been stuck in the realities of the world order. Nevertheless, international law could also form some ideals as its legal rules. Thus, international law is the place where the two ideas meet. This article is an attempt to find the answer of the question that the legal order of international law depends more on which one of the foregoing schools of thought and by which it has been more impressed. Finally, it will be observed that the international law passes the way to reach its admirable ideals by always considering the realities of the international community.

Ethical orientation as a guide to the formation of individual beliefs and attitudes in dealing with ethical dilemmas can influence the of auditors' decision-making. Hence, in this research, the relationship between ethical orientations and the ethical sensitivity and moral intensity of auditors is examined.

The method of this research is descriptive survey. The statistical population includes auditors working in private audit firms and 186 members of the community were selected as a sample group. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using the structural equation modeling with using PLS.

The results of research hypotheses show that there is a positive and significant relationship between idealism ethical orientation with ethical sensitivity and moral intensity and there is a significant negative correlation between relativism ethical orientation with ethical sensitivity and moral intensity.

The results of the research show that auditors with a high degree of relativism, in comparison with the idealistic auditors, display undesired moral decision-making processes because, they are less sensitive to ethical issues. Therefore, this research shows the role of idealistic and relative ethical orientation in the decision making of auditors.

Objective Some ethically controversial behaviors within the companies have faced today marketing with the hallmarks of lying, deception, exaggeration, fraud, privacy violation and similar accusations. Therefore, creating and maintaining good relationships with the customers on one hand, and drastic lack of studies concerning the customers’ perception of ethical and unethical marketing have made it important to create such perception by studying ethical philosophies as a framework to explain the perception process, decision-making and the customers’ responding to ethical situation. The present research investigates the effect of ethical philosophies on perceived unethical marketing. In so doing, three ethical philosophies have been analyzed including realism – as the extent of someone’s desire to seek absolute true or false regardless of the conditions and the consequences of their decision-; egoism – provided that ethical standards are only acceptable if the they are approved by the individuals and therefore any ethical analysis is highly reliant on their own personal beliefs-; and materialism – claiming that material properties can be the biggest source of life satisfaction.

Methodology The present study is descriptive-survey research. The statistical population includes all the students of Management Department of Azad University of Tehran, the Central Branch and, according to Morgan’s table, a sample size of 375 students from among around 10000 were selected based on random stratified sampling. Finally, 400 questionnaires were distributed and 375 were collected. SPSS was run for confirmatory
factor analysis and AMOS18 was used to conduct structural equation modeling to analyze the relationship between the research constructs. Findings The results showed that customers’ idealism had no effects on their perceived unethical marketing, while egoism had a negative effect on their perceived unethical marketing related to P4. In addition, the more materialistic the customers are, the higher their perceived unethical marketing i.e. the materialistic customers are more sensitive to the ethicality of the activities and behaviors of the company.

Conclusion Provided that the ethical philosophy of egoism is proved to have no effects on Iranian customers’ perceived ethical marketing, it s noteworthy that there are many ethical philosophies capable of affecting individuals’ ethical judgments and their effectiveness is highly in line with the cultural and social contexts in the society. Considering egoism indexes, one can analyze that the egoistic individuals and societies only care for their own personal benefits and show less sensitivity to observing ethics by the companies. Hence, it is necessary to emphasize more on mixed strategies of marketing and to encourage the individuals to participate in social activities to maximize their personal benefits. The more materialistic people have shown higher sensitivity to the effects of the activities of the companies on their properties; so, they showed higher unethical perceptions because of the threat regarding their loss of their properties. Therefore, in such marketing environment, the companies should provide services to ensure protecting their customers’ properties and the safety of the transactions. In addition, materialistic consumers have an unethical perception of the companies’ marketing because they consider their efforts and behaviors as a means of their own benefits. As a result, the companies should propose the idea that the customers will gain more happiness and satisfaction if the materialistic customers get in touch with that company

English school approach or theory of the international society due to its simultaneous emphasize on the issues of power and politics and on international the rights norms is one of the combinational approaches regarding international relations. This approach does not rely on describing the international system and provide moral and normative guidelines to regulate relations between states. In this field of research, two political and legal approaches of realism and idealism have been combined with each other to provide an appropriate analysis of what is happening in the international politics. What is important for English school theorists is lack of inclination towards one of these approaches. In order to preserve the integrity and independence of the two main streams that eventually, English school theorists were divided into two groups, pluralistic and Solidarism. This research is a fundamental one and method used in it was a eplanatory approach.

The subject of conflict between shia and sunni is one of the most pivotal subjects in Islamic history and Islamic thought. This subject includes various aspects of religious, social and political and thereby many researchers using different tools and methods have addressed them based on their perspectives. One of these researchers is Dr. Ali Alwardi (1913-1995) , an Iraqi sociologist and historian who in this article we have addressed to his perspective and attitude on this phenomenon. Alwardi is a writer who has many fans in Iraq and other Arabic countries and also around the world and this further shows and clarifies the importance of his texts, since he has a great and deep influence on his society. In general perspective of alwardi,the main conflict and difference between shia and sunni is mainly because of the gap between idealistic and realistic manners in social and historical streams. In this way he has interpreted the many events at the commencement of Islam.In this article it has been tried to discuss his perspectives in these areas.

Futurology, as one of the fields of studies, is accountable for the mission to trace the future management of the world. On the same basis, world leaders set the documents as “the perspective” considering various factors (ideas, aspirations, opportunities, threats and talents) in order to achieve and determine future precisely. Accordingly, the “perspective” is an organized expression about moving from present to the future, and from current situation to the desired one. One of the needs of our religious community is compiling a cultural outlook based on Messianism. The outlook based on this belief, while it presents a desirable, aspirational and achievable picture of values and beliefs in front of the society, indicates a point that a future, based on justice and the rule of monotheism throughout the world, awaits us. The perspective document of Islamic Republic of Iran entailing its cultural, political, social and economic perspective has not observed Messianism and Messianic properly and imperatively and this deficiency can be compensated by compiling the cultural perspective document of Islamic Republic of Iran based on the Messianic vision. Tracing Messianic principles as a cultural perspective, in fact, promises the fulfillment of values expected to be fulfilled by the advent of Imam Mahdi (A.S), the most important of which are: human’s dignity and return to one’s true nature and true-heartedness, true freedom, the rule of moral values, and practical development…. In this direction, it is necessary a cultural meeting is held in the holy city of Qom and becomes responsible for developing the cultural perspective of Islamic Republic of Iran.

More than two decades after the acceptance of resolution 598 by Imam Khomeini, there are a lot of questions about this decision including, why Imam Khomeini compared the acceptance of the resolution to drinking poison, and why he finally accepted it? In other words, by accepting the resolution, did Imam Khomeini abandon his ideals? More generally, it can be questioned that whether Imam Khomeini was a realist leader or an idealist one? The hypothesis of this paper is that ideals in Imam Khomeini's thinking had different levels and by accepting the resolution only his minimal ideals were realized.

Because the income is one of the most important items that affect on investment decisions, so the consistence of ethical standards by managers has very high importance for accurate and reliable reporting. The review of available researches shows there is no domestic research that examines the effect of financial manager's ethical orientations on their reported earnings quality. For this reason, the purpose of presented research is the survey of extent and type of affection of financial manager's ethical orientations on the earnings quality of firms. This research is a applied research on the base of purpose and a descriptive-survey research on the base of the method of gathering data related to financial manager's ethical orientations and it is a descriptive research(to extract data from financial statements of firms) for data of earnings quality. In this research the gathered data of 85 firms listed on Tehran stock exchange was tested by using the structural equation model based on partial- List square (PLS) method and so the casual model of affecting Idealism ethical orientation on earnings quality was presented. The results of statistical analysis show that the ethical orientation of idealism ofmanagers has a positive effect on their reported earnings quality and it explains the 56% ofchanges in this variable. as results show, it is necessary that professional and responsible institutions pay special attention to the education of ethics in educational plan of accounting. Furthermore, the standard's setters should set the ethical professional rules and instructions that they are in accordance with the cultural atmosphere of our country by the way the ground is provided for more quality information in this profession.