جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « جنگ نامتقارن » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

In the confrontation between Iran and the US, preventing the development of Iran's military, political and economic power is one of the important challenges of American foreign policy. One of the controversial topics of this confrontation is the deterrence of Iran's missile power against the US; what capabilities does missile power have for Iran's security and national interests in the international arena? Therefore, in the framework of the theory of realism and emphasizing the concept of “soft power” by Joseph Nye and using the qualitative analysis of documents and texts, i.e. documentary method, this article tries to answer the questions why Iran has chosen missile power in order to increase its soft power and make deterrence and does missile power have the ability to strengthen Iran's soft power and create deterrence against the United States of America? The findings of studying the actual examples of the confrontation between Iran and the United States show that despite the superiority of the United States in terms of military, Iran has been able to create an asymmetric balance against it by the expansion of its missile power, which has led to increasing deterrence and international bargaining as two components of soft power.

The aim of this research is to identify and analyze the asymmetric warfare model in the security doctrine of the Islamic Republic of Iran in response to the potential threats in the Persian Gulf. This research addresses the question of what is the asymmetric warfare model in Iran's security doctrine in the Persian Gulf. Therefore, the research hypothesis is as follows: Due to the asymmetry in military capabilities in terms of quantity and quality between Iran and its adversaries, including the United States, in the Persian Gulf region, Iran has adopted an asymmetric warfare method as a component of its security doctrine, which involves using military tools such as speedboats, mines, and cruise missiles. Through this method, Iran seeks to achieve the necessary deterrence for itself. The findings of this research indicate that Iran has chosen this method of war due to its constraints and necessities, and that this method has resulted in deterrence, self-sufficiency, self-reliance, structural change, and ultimately a change in the enemy's strategy. In this research, the researchers have used the theories of "asymmetric warfare" as a theoretical framework. The study of books, articles, dissertations, and scientific and military documents available has also been utilized. The nature of this research is descriptive and partly explanatory, and the data collection method is documentary library.

Asymmetric war is a term that has opened its place in military literature and international humanitarian law texts in recent decades. The most important examples of such battles are conflicts between governments and terrorist or rebel groups. The implementation of the principle of distinction in these wars is one of the most important challenges in the field of humanitarian law. On the one hand civilians are victims of hostile acts of armed groups or retaliatory actions of government forces and on the other hand some civilians are directly involved in the operations of armed groups. The purpose of this article is to answer the question how long do civilians have support in asymmetric battles and under what conditions is this support taken away from them?

This research was done by descriptive-analytical method and data collection using library sources.

The findings of this research indicate that in many cases, violating the principle of separation is a basic strategy for the weaker party in asymmetric war, and one of its effects is the blurring of the border between combatant and civilian. Therefore, the traditional combatant-civilian division does not work in asymmetric conflicts. It seems that the legal protection of civilians active in conflicts depends on the type and extent of participation in the conflict as well as the level of organization of the relevant armed group. Also, it is necessary that the military operations of the governments are carried out with a justified legal justification based on the principle of separation, so that the least damage is done to the civilians. Undoubtedly, solving the existing ambiguities and gaps requires the development of humanitarian rights with the cooperation of governments and international organizations.

Far from the past, Iran has always sought regional hegemony and global acting, and these political goals have been pursued during the Islamic Republic of Iran. The purpose of this paper is by qualitative method and using library and Internet resources, answer this question that whether the military capabilities of the Islamic Republic of Iran have correspond with ideological expectations and military doctrines based on the mentioned political goals? In answer to the main question, the present article examines this hypothesis that Islamic republic of Iran has done well task of the codifications of military doctrine based on political goals; it has learned lessons and found that due to average global military capacity of Iran and less than its ideological expectations, Iran is currently unable to compete against the US military in direct warfare. The best thing that can be expected to achieve political goals is to impose costs on the US actions and the great will beyond the will of this counter to prevent Washington from achieving its goals in a possible war with Iran. The results of the research indicate that Iran has focused on the weaknesses of its enemies in order to shows the cost-benefit calculations of the enemies, undesirable and costly. According to political-military officials and the Iranian people, killing of the American soldiers have serious domestic political consequences for the US president than military fatality for Iran's political leaders, because the Iranian people have grown up in the school of self-sacrifice and martyrdom.

The 11-day Battle of the Quds sword ended while Hamas's military militants shot more than 3,000 missiles on the Gaza Strip, and despite the old Zionist attempt in full disarmament of Hamas and Gaza Strip eventually led to the victory of the resistance front. The secret of this Zafar was in using a creative and unique idea called a military tunnel, which led to changing global calculations. Military tunnels were merely part of the innovative capabilities of the resistance front in the face of the Zionist regime occupation, which occurred more vulnerability of this regime than any other time. This structure, as a valuable and unpreceded hide, minimizes the ability to obtain information, and extends the enemy calculations to a large extent, so that the advantage of the war, its advantage and equipment lacking equipment, drilled their bills. Military tunnels balances to overcome the opponents of the opponents. The importance and necessity of this research is since in spite of repeated use of military tunnels in the arena of conflict, so far, none of the laws of the rights of armed conflicts have been placed, and how their legal status is left to the international community. The main question of research is to investigate the legal status and the application of these facilities in the armed war of Hamas with the Zionist regime. The research hypothesis is that the legitimacy of the use of military tunnels depends on the construction of the methodology and method of using it in the battlefields, which itself represents the legal nature of this weapons. This paper examines the answer to the above question with the descriptive-analytic research method.

Israel's 33-day war against Hezbollah in 2006 from its earliest days, Not only did it intensify the conflict inside Lebanon between the forces for and against Hezbollah,but also a field for the conflicting interests of different countries. This war has been the focus of global attention due to its internal, regional and international complexities. The main question is: what are the Causes and the factors of Hezbollah victory in the 33-day war?In this article, uses descriptive-analytical method and library information collection method by examining the truth and factorsof Hezbollah victory in the 33-day war in 2006 based on Michael Bercher's crisis management model and using components The quadruple of this model (with emphasis on the third stage) has analyzed the desired data.The results of this article show that Israel,the full assistance of the United States and international nstitutions, pursues material and spiritual goals such as the disarmament of Hezbollah; the dissolution of Hezbollah and its complete domination of Lebanon and establishment of a like-minded government in Lebanon to advance the new US Middle East plan,The most important factor in Hezbollah Lebanon's victory in the 33-day war, according to the third phase of Michael Bercher's model, was the innovation of the asymmetric method of warfare, which prevented Israel from achieving its goals.

After the first Arab-Israeli war in 1948, in 2014, war broke out again between Israel and Palestinian groups. 2018 is considered to be the last Arab-Israeli war; However, it has had a number of implications, including a violation of Israel's complete deterrence. This war, which has been unequally waged between the two sides, is one of the asymmetric wars. The main question related to the subject of this study is whether Israel was able to achieve complete deterrence against asymmetric attacks by Palestinian groups in the 2014 war, despite the relative achievement of its goals? In answer to this question, the hypothesis is that Israel in the 2014 war, despite its relative achievement of its goals, was not very successful in creating a complete deterrent to attacks by Palestinian groups. Due to the nature of war, we chose the theory of asymmetric warfare as the theoretical framework of the article. The study will be conducted in the Israel-Gaza area and for a period of 51 days (July 8-August 26, 2014). Also, the first part of the article is descriptive-explanatory and the second part is analytical and the sources are collected based on the library-internet method.

the entry of non-governmental Emtities is one of the important indicators of contemporary wars that causes unbalanced structure of conflicts. In recent decades, rapid advances in weapons technology increased the gap between the warring parties in terms of military capabilities, the upsetting of the balance of power and divided them into strong and weak. As a result we have witnessed the innovation of Asymmetric, Non-structured war methods based on Unconventional using ofArmed tools and tactics, such as resorting to terrorist acts. The emergence of these methods has expanded the scope of military conflict to civil society and reduced the complience of the parties to basic principles of international humanitarian law as the only legal means to protect the lives of civilians and propert against military attacks. in the nature of today's wars and the shift to non-governmental conflicts with ethnic, religious and identity goals has led to the development of the battlefield and the entry of civilians as fighters, which has greatly blurred the line between military and civilian. Finally, the lack of international consensus on the definition of terrorism and its examples, the political approach of countries and sometimes,Hiring of terrorist groups, the monopoly of the application of humanitarian law principles on war situations while some terrorist acts take place outside the battlefield. .. are some of the factors that have intensified this challenge.

With the emergence of modern emerging threats in the military field (takfiri groups, use of new weapons, arms race of regional rivals, nuclear threats) the most important step in the field of human resource management of military organizations is to improve the knowledge, skills and insights of employees, especially military leaders. Training the required leadership skills in military organizations in the current situation has become one of the main concerns of the country's defense managers because the quality of equipping commanders with these capabilities will have a significant impact on success on the battlefield. Improving leadership capabilities in military organizations will be achieved using indigenous models derived from in-depth combined studies; Therefore, considering the current environmental conditions and the need to address the strategic issue of asymmetric warfare as an important part of emerging threats in the field of defense, researchers are constantly designing and evaluating the development model and leadership training in military organizations in line with emerging threats. And they have focused on asymmetric wars. This research is applied in terms of type of use and simultaneously mixed in terms of method and cross-sectional in terms of time horizon. In the first phase, a conceptual model was developed by reviewing the research literature and interviewing 15 AJA experts (by purposive sampling and content analysis) and validated by Smart PLS software. In the second phase, the methods of training and development of capabilities were extracted based on the research literature and prioritized by referring to the opinions of 12 experts (focus group). Finally, while ranking the dimensions and components of the model in the first phase, the development methods of each of the dimensions of the model are expressed in order of priority, followed by practical suggestions.

As Iran’s regional geopolitical power has increased since 2006 in West Asia’s political geography to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, we are witnessing the rise  of region’s geopolitical status in the international system and upsetting the balance of power resources. These have been realized in the form of deep systemic forces including economic (geo-economic), identity (culture and ideological) and political (geographical, military) forces in the Middle East order. Deep systemic forces, by evolving two concepts of order and patterns of behavior through the creation of processes and structures, have produced a systemic environment and a new international system in which conflicting interests of actors in various subject areas have led to the formation of divergent dynamics and acceptance of diverse roles based on geopolitical changes in order to create a balance of regional power. In this article, the researchers attempted to examine the main factors in the formation of anti-systemic groups such as ISIS in the Middle East. To answer the above question, the hypothesis is that the emergence of anti-systemic groups in the Middle East is due to the link between changes at all three levels (systemic, regional and government) and for balancing the power of political forces. In this context, we can first look at the structural-geopolitical developments of the new international system and the role of the great powers of the international system including changing US tactics from Bush’s “pre-emptive strike” and  “regime change” strategy to Obama’s “aggressive diplomacy” policy and waging asymmetric war through creating a regional coalition and planning to destabilize countries via geopolitical engineering in chaotic regions and turning them into “safe collapsed states”. Also, at the regional level, we can mention the feature of the unstructured order of the Middle East region along with the geopolitical identity conflict in the form of war inside the civilization. Finally, at the internal level, we can refer to factors such as the fragile state-nation-building process in the Middle East and the internal political structure that have led to the emergence of sub-government agents  such as religious extremists and micro-political factors in the form of nationalist and subversive minorities such as ISIS.

Islamic Republic of Iran has a high strategic and critical status in Middle East. The mission of I.R. Iran armed forces is to protect its independence, territorial integrity, and political system. Fulfilling such a mission will require combat readiness against counteract threats, and therefore, assessing factors and sub-factors of combat superiority, and their methods of application is an important task. Accordingly, this paper aims to assess these sub-factors with an asymmetric  threats approach. Factors and sub-factors are gathered from existing literature via document reviews, and interviews. Gathered data has been standardized and categorized by screening based on their importance. Results show that I.R. Iran armed force is in a good condition according to superiority sub-factors. Hence, by reinforcing sub-factors, it is possible to reach a higher combat readiness.

Defense diplomacy constitutes part of the state’s policies that plays a part in achieving the armed forces’ goals as an important means, that is aimed at providing optimal political, national, and international conditions to preserve and expand the country’s vital national values in the face of potential and actual enemies. One of the characteristics of defense diplomacy under the present circumstances is the fact that it is considered as a means of giving identity and legitimacy in countries' defence and strategic policies. After the victory of the Revolution in 1978, the Islamic Republic of Iran underwent a series of tensions with the international system, after which problems like military sanctions, war with Iraq and ... broke out. However, the Islamic Republic of Iran tried to resolve such problems by a few special defense diplomacy tactics in differing times. The main question in the present research is: Where does missile technology stand and function in IRI’s defense diplomacy, considering the ongoing military sanctions and threats in the region? Defense diplomacy serves as an influential means in advancing IRI’s objectives and policies as part of the process of building trust, easing tensions, building security, and generating power that has turned to indigenization and deterrence approach on the basis of missile technology as well as asymmetric warfare only to meet the regional threats and remove them. This article is of analytical-descriptive type and the contents in it have been collected with library method relying on the news and reports that have been gathered from news sites."

In its individual family and social dimensions, the religious leaders’ lifestyle goes rested on the doctrines of the Qur’an and hadith serving as a proper pattern for all members of the Islamic society. In order to have the lifestyle of religious leaders made the dominant discourse of the society, we should first introduce the value of the subject of the discourse and let that value be generally known through wisdom good advice and fair dispute (which all serve as sagely and logically explanation of a word). We should then render that subject a concern for individuals to think about it thus a peace of public belief and current idea. Next through the source navigation, we should go to the elite who can generate a new movement of thought in order to help all members of the society develop a new behavior from the heart of that belief. In the end when highlighted and repeated more and more, those behaviors may go changed into a new social culture. The strategy to make such discourse pervasive in the society is: proposing a clear definition, making use of parallel meanings, coining terms, institutionalization, creating qualitative indexes, introducing prominent figures, answering the counter-discourse, persistence with the message transfer, proposing the sound logic of the Islamic Revolution, and making use of public contribution to the creation of message and asymmetric measures. The research is of development kind, and the method of collection, classification, and analysis of data is descriptive-analytic.

Military doctrine play a crucial role at various levels (strategic, operational, and tactical) to describe and explain military approach of states such as how to mobilize and support involved forces, describe and illustrate the campaign, explain the best approaches to drive forces. Military doctrine with an agent centrality and approach is considered as the main core of forming practices of military operations on asymmetric warfare.
In this research, tried to have an antological approaching to agent-centered military doctrines phenomen and the functions of idealogy and social cultural context in it, on asymmetric warfare.
In this case two main questions are defined to initiate the research: a- What is the function of ideology factor in agen centered warfare?
b- What is the function of social cultural context factor in agent centered warfare?
According to phenomenology science and using mix method (qualitively & quantitively) employed professional’s opinion in final agreement.
Finally researcher introduce agent centered military doctrine as a phenomen, its main factors and transition journey strategies from ordinary paradigms, context, intrupter factors, to achieve desire outcome or to neutralizing it.

Essentially, the international system is divided into different groups, specially linear and non-linear systems. In modern times, the complex international system as a modern order framework has different dynamics. Power dynamics is one of the most important of these dynamics which- in a few settings, may lead into war. The evolvement of international system, and consequently, its power dynamics changes the models of war. So, the analysis of the relations between this dynamics and models of war inform the main interests in this article. On this basis, the fundamental question is " What are the models that power dynamics of complex and chaotic systems of war form in international relations?" To answer this question, the main hypothesis is that power dynamics as the most important dynamics in the complex and chaotic system is focused on stability and system stabilization. A state of strategic stability between units is formed due to the function of power dynamics where the units are unable in the process of imposing their will upon others. As a result, it is concluded that war between these units seems impossible. So, war infiltrates into other regions and system areas as a result of the characteristics of the system and the severe losses incurred upon the units in employing the models of direct war. Proxy, indirect and internal warfare is formed in order to balance, limit and even destroy the rivals. Here, the war distribution model in geopolitical regions has greater density. This research uses theoretical modeling on the basis of deductive reasoning, and then after that, it uses time-series method in order to consolidate the findings of the research.