جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "دوره نوسنگی" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

In order to understand the evolutionary process of agriculture and the diversity of plant species based on the Archeaobotanical studies obtained from the ancient site of Kor river basin in Fars region, this article has investigated and researched from the Neolithic period to the Bronze Age. The obtained evidences indicate the cultivation of cereals such as wheat (Triticum) and barley (Hordeum) in this region. In addition to seeds, the presence of sickle blades and food storage vessels in the Lapoei period of Fars also tells about the agricultural activities and its importance in the life of the people of ancient Fars. In addition to cereals, a large amount of car plants were also identified, some of which were probably used as medicinal plants. The presence of plants in the category of legumes, such as green peas (Pisum sativum), vetch (Vicia sativa) and lentils (Lens culinaris) can indicate the distribution and diversity of plant species in the Kor river basin, which is confirmed by today's environmental conditions. In the Bronze Age, plants with fruit categories such as pistachios , almonds and grapes were also evidences that showed the recognition and use of different types of agricultural products by humans. The evidence shows that the oldest period in the Kor river basin located in Rahmat Abad Tape, cultivated plants included cereals such as wheat, barley and legumes. In addition to grains, the inhabitants of this period also used wild fruits available in the region, such as pistachios and almonds.

This study aims to recognize and characterize pottery production at the Hormangan site, a Neolithic settlement in the northeast of Fars province, Iran. An examination and analytical study of the potteries on this site was conducted to determine the manufacturing techniques of the Neolithic potteries, understand the raw materials and inclusions, the level of progress and knowledge of the potters from the final products, and the location of the production site. Excavating this site, ceramics and a heated structure, probably an open kiln, were found, belonging to the Mushki phase (6400-6000 BC). Thirty-six ceramic shreds were selected for thin-section petrography analysis according to their macroscopic features. After that, 18 of them were analysed using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction methods. According to the mineralogical studies and the XRD and XRF analyses, while three different clay types were used to produce these Neolithic ceramics, they were all local productions. These vessels were fired in an open and unsophisticated kiln at an uncontrolled temperature, probably not over 800 degrees. Although the combination of these archaeometrical techniques indicates that there are various sub-angular inclusions in each type of clay, most of the pots are vegetally tempered (chaff-tempered). The existence of the heated structure separately from residential construction, a variety of designs and decorations on the ceramics, and various clay sources all determine that the Neolithic community of the Hormangan site has gone beyond a primitive rural society and as semiprofessional individuals had a surplus of more than their demands.

One of the important dimensions of human life is its interaction with nature. Establishment in ancient sites in each region indicates the close connection of humans to the natural environment. The geographic environment, especially its natural background, is the area of all actions and reactions from ground-based phenomena. Natural environment is the most important factor in the formation of human habitats, especially in different periods. Locating and distributing human settlements has a lot of natural phenomena, which means that the structure of the establishment, while influencing human foundations (culture, economics, etc.), has formed in relation to natural foundations. Environmental powers provide the establishment of human settlements in a geographic space, and the spatial structure of each location also manifests the interaction between man and his surroundings. Environmental powers are referred to as the set of abilities, talents and environmental capabilities that exist in the natural- environment, social and economic. These powers include altitude, slope degree, slope direction, geological structure, fault, water resources, soil, vegetation and land use, each of which is a natural platform, which their influence on the distribution of human settlements, has an important role. According to the principle that humans are not habitually settled by accident, but the settled based on the type of resources and resources available, residential areas are chosen that have more primary resources and provide long-term productivity opportunities; Therefore, the ancient people in their choice of place of residence have considered environmental factors such as easy access to water and suitable land for agriculture, natural nutrients and minerals.Geographical locationSarafirozabad plain is one of the small Zagros plains that is located in the eastern and southeastern parts of Mahidasht and extends along it. This plain is located 38 kilometers south east of Kermanshah, and in terms of the natural position one of the marginal plains, but from the point of view of its adjacency to Mahidasht and finding of different past period, is important. This plain along with Mahidasht plain in Kermanshah due to its climatic features, special geographic location and strategic, resources and rich soil for agriculture and its location along the high road or high road of Khorasan in the area has long been attracted by human groups.In fact, this plain is a synclinal that is drained by the Merek River, and there are also large and small cones. In addition to that, there are two mountains southwest and northeast of the plain. In general, the Northeastern mountains is called the White or Sefid Mountain ( Kohe sefid), and has several peaks including the Comajar Peak (Kame Jar), Zangalian, Khora Taw and White Mountains. The southwest mountains are Less height and are known as the Nesar And includes the peaks of Nasar, Kellamol, Lal-Abad (Laleh-van), Sivolex, Shirnarmy, Bariqa and Ghale Qazi (Qela qazi). As we know, due to their favorable conditions in many parts of the world, cones have provided a good position for settle and human settlements since prehistoric times, and this has caused the area to be selected for this research.

The purpose of this study was to study of the role of environmental factors and their impact on the locating of the Neolithic sites of Sarfirouz Abad Plain, which was selected in 17 Neolithic sites of this region. To achieve the research objectives, 11 natural factors were considered including altitude, slope, direction of slope, distance from the river, streams and springs, distance from main roads and adjacent roads, type of vegetation, type of soil and distance from today's villages as environmental or Independent variable and area of ancient sites were considered as dependent variable. ArcGIS software was used to investigate these factors and generate and analyze maps. During this process base maps were first provided and then analyzed the settlements in relation to each layer. Finally, SPSS software and quantitative analysis method especially Pearson correlation was used to determine the correlation between natural factors and spatial distribution of settlements. In addition, multiple linear regressions were used to examine the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable.

In the distribution of settlements of the Neolithic period of Sarfirouzabad plain, the distance from seasonal sources of water such as streams and seasonal rivers with a correlation coefficient of /665 and distance from subordinate or dirt-road with the significant level of 0/01 have the most effect. The degree of slope of the area around the sites with a correlation coefficient of /546 with a significant level of 0/05. Is in the next position Other factors, such as distance from the river and main sources of water, vegetation type and altitude, have been effective, but their degree of influence is moderate and low. It is noteworthy that the intensity of these factors in relation to the Neolithic sites with using multiple linear regression analysis is equal to 0.920. This number is extremely high correlation between environmental factors and the extent of sites and the results of the regression indicate that the distribution of Neolithic settlements in relation to ecological and environmental constraints have discipline. The Neolithic settlements in this area indicate easy access to pastures and water and express the dependence of the people of this period on animal husbandry. In the newer period, most of the Neolithic sites in the central Zagros have been scattered on fertile lands and within low distance from the seasonal sources of water or springs. In fact, these types of sites are located close to the foothills of the mountains and the hills, and it also reveals the theory of exploiting the foothills resources., in addition to the resettlement of new fertile areas in the late Neolithic period in the region, has been exploited more intensively due to the development of agricultural activities, the fertile and water-rich areas that were previously inhabited. Proximity to fertile lands and focusing on near- meadows and habitats on low sloping is likely to be a sign of relying on agriculture, as well as relying on livestock farming and exploitation of mountainous natural resources.

Archaeogentics is an interdisciplinary field of research that has a key role in resolving some old problems that have been studied by researchers for a long time, especially by those ones that are focused on archaeology. While this new field of research is well established in developed societies and its potentials are promising for opening new windows of knowledge before human eyes, in our society, like other under developed countries, most researchers are not well aware of its abilities and potentials. Hence this paper tried to briefly introduce the field of archaeogenetic and exemplify some of key questions of prehistory of Iran that can be addressed by this new technique.

The Neolithic process and the extension of the Neolithic lifestyle have been one of the issues raised in recent decades in archeology, and archaeologists have come up with a variety of approaches to explain why and how this event occurred in human life. The Neolithic period can be considered an important milestone in the history and life of mankind. Archaeological studies show that several regions in the Near East experienced Neolithization, and Azerbaijan was a regional marginal area that expanded and reflected the Neolithic centers. In the late Neolithic stage, for the first, non-indigenous groups settled in the plains around Lake Urmia as the center of the area and then this center became the center spread to the outskirts in over time. Despite extensive research carried out in various parts of northwestern Iran, there is little and disproportionate evidence of the Neolithic period in the eastern part of Azerbaijan, and the settlements of the late Neolithic period in the eastern part of Azerbaijan are far less well known and there is a fundamental questions relation with the archaeological situation, chronology, the nature of culture and regional and trans-regional interactions in the eastern parts of Lake Urmia during this period. Since this area is considered to be the bridge between East and West in the northwest of Iran, it can play an important role in defining the sixth millennium BC. Today, there are new archaeological evidence of the existence of the late Neolithic settlements in the area, which is also in the horizon with Haji-Firuz. In the present article, it is attempted to present a new interpretation of the late Neolithic period in the region based on descriptive-analytical methods based on the archaeological findings obtained from Horand region in comparison with the traces of Haji-Firuz and also by reviewing previous studies.

The period from 6300 until 5600 B.C in Fars region is known as Mushki and Jari phases. Since 1950s until recent years, lot of discussion have been evolved around the origins of these societies and their development. However, new cultural phase, known as Bashi, is proposed as the transition phase from Mushki to Jari. The stereography and architectural remains as well as geometrical stone tools, wild animals’ bones, particularly horses, are all indicating the existence of a seasonal settlement based on hunting in Tell-e Mushki, which is transformed into a sedentary settlement due to different type of architecture and a subsistence based on agriculture in Tell-e Jari B. A distinct cultural phenomenon is probably happened in Mushki phase which can be caused by sudden climate changes. It is suggested that the weather became cold and dry for centuries, until around 6200 B.C when the condition improved. In this regard, cultural changes are reflecting ups and downs in the climate situation, which have been recorded extensively in in Middle East archeological records. Furthermore, these climate changes have had direct influences on socioeconomical strategies of Neolithic societies in Fars. Lack of sheep bones in Tell-e Mushki on one side, and its abandonment in Tell-e jari A B on the other side, indicate a climate transmission from arid to more humid condition. However, the relationship between culture and climate is only one of the possible explanations for the cultural changes and obviously more studies are required. The majority of archeologists believe that severe climate changes in 8.2 Ka forced Neolithic societies to embrace new conditions. It is possible that some of them migrated to regions with more tolerable weather, while others found alternative survival methods for livelihood such as hunting or collecting foods instead of cultivating. Intermountain valleys in Fars region are required to be studied precisely and extensively in order to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of this period and to be able to analyze it. Following a survey by authors in 2015 on the Basin of Bavanat River in northeastern Fars, one of the most ancient settlements of this region, dates back to Neolithic era, was identified in Hormangan site and later in 2016 was excavated. The site is located on the west of Jeshnian village, situated on the southern basin of Bavanat River, on eastern Fars province in Iran. Hormangan is a small northern-southern directed site whose eastern side is destroyed because of gardening activities and the soul is dug up to 2 meters depth, accumulated on the slopes of hills on the northern side of the site. The cultural material from Hermangan site can increase our knowledge about the transition phase between Mushki (hunting societies) to Jari (agricultural societies), regarding the variety of ceramics, chronology and geography. Given the acquired information from this site, the technical and cultural aspects of Neolithic communities including ceramic productions, remote trades, livelihood patterns and manufacturing stone tools in this region are clearer to us. Regarding the climate changes during the seventh millennium B.C in Middle East, we observe alterations in settlement patterns of the period which is proved by the study of this period’s sites in Fars. The climate change forced the Neolithic societies to immigrate from Marvdasht to other intermountain valleys such as Hormangan site on the Basin of Bavanat River. According to the results of the excavations, there are two settlement phases in this site, the older phase is related to nomadic communities from 6350 to 6200 B.C and the latter with stratum architecture is associated with sedentary lifestyle of people who settled down here as a result of climate improvement.

Ground stone is known as one of the most important artifacts in the Neolithic period. The production of a ground stone artifact can involve a whole host of manufacturing techniques, such as pounding, flaking, abrasion, polishing and even sometimes drilling. Although the “Neolithic” term is archaeologically relied upon the emergence of ground stone worldwide, this kind of artifact has ever rarely been given attention, especially in prehistoric Iran, in comparison with other archaeological materials. However, ground stone tools are mostly considered in relation with the emergence of agriculture as they were seemingly produced and applied for food preparation. Thus, they are usually known as the popular prehistoric implements, especially since the Neolithic beginning onward. In addition to subsistence and food processing, special analysis, social structure and the women’s roles in the past could also be paid attention by the consideration of ground stone tools. These issues, however, are based on a notable amount of the artifact associated with architectural spaces excavated in large scale. Taking the above mentioned issues, this article surveys the ground stone tools found at the Neolithic site of East Chia Sabz as the result of the first rescue archaeological excavation in 2009. This brings us informative data on the nature of food preparation in the site through time. Different types of ground stone including grinding slabs, mortars, pestle, hand stone and pounder were discovered. Both temporal and spatial distributions of the ground stone tools are seemingly consistent with the emergence of cultivation and then morphologically domestication of some plant species, including two-row barley, emmer and lentil. In this regard, the amount of pounder was larger in the lower layers while grinding slabs were increased through time. This issue is meaningfully seen at other Neolithic sites in western Iran indicating the development of agricultural activities and food preparation since the early Neolithic onward. Therefore, although the ground stone tools of East Chia Sabz not only show food preparation since the earliest time of occupation but also determine an increasing reliance upon production and consumption of plant foods. It should be noted that though ground stone tools are mostly assumed in relation with food preparation, they may have been used to process other materials such as pigments. In addition, they could have found a second function during their usage; for example, a grinding slab that had already been used to process the grains during an earlier phase, it might have been applied in building a wall in the later phase of occupation at a site. This kind of functional process should be given attention, notably during the excavations.

The Sarfirouz Abad plain in Iran, which is located on the east side of Mahidasht and west of Central Zagros, has a great potential for the archaeological studies. Nevertheless, due to the lack of archaeological research here, it is now considered to remain archaeologically a less known area. Its geographical location and environmental potentials make it necessary to perform a systematic archaeological research process. Due to this requirement, the SF area was surveyed using an intensive field walking process by a team from Tehran University during a few months in 2009. This fieldwork provided data and for the first time added much useful information to expand our knowledge on the archaeology of the region in general and the Neolithic settlements in particular. From the findings gained through this study, 17 sites were found to have remains attributable to the Neolithic Period. Recent studies show that in SF, settlement began in the early Neolithic Period; three of these sites were identified in various parts of the area. Fifteen locations with settlement and pottery remains showed evidence of the middle and late Neolithic periods. An investigation of the settlement patterns of these Neolithic sites reveals a strong relationship to natural resources, particularly water and sources of flint. With the commencement of pottery in the area, significant changes occurred in the location patterns of the sites. The present study investigates the characteristics of potteries found from site surfaces and developed an interpretation of the Neolithic settlement patterns of the area.

Concentrating on cultural changes is one of the most significant aims of studying archeology. The interpretation of the cultural changes in a society or a region in prehistoric periods requires a decent understanding of the relation between the cultural materials. Having a specific view or a theoretical approach towards the so-called issue reflects the researcher’s orientations. One of the cultural areas in Iran about which there have been several ideas and disputes on its prehistoric cultural changes could be the Central Plateau of Iran. Most of the proposed theories about the cultural changes of this area have been based on historical-cultural approach. In this study, we have been analyzing these changes in Tehran plain along with revision and considering the past theories together with defining theoretical concepts for presenting a new viewpoint.