جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "دوپینگ" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

Nowadays, the prevalence of energy consumption among athletes has increased. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of consumption, the reasons for the use of supplements and energy-enhancing drugs and the effects of its abuse in bowling and billiards coaches and athletes in Iran.

371 people were selected as a statistical sample according to the total number of the statistical population based on Cochran's formula. Data collection was done using a researcher-made questionnaire among coaches and athletes in bowling and billiard clubs in Iran. SPSS version 26 software was used to analyze the data from the questionnaire.

18.1% of all participants were active in both billiards and bowling, and 140 people (37.6% of all athletes) used steroid drugs for reasons of increasing strength and muscle mass. In general, the number of 84 male and female athletes (22.6% of all athletes) agreed on the side effects of taking anabolic steroid drugs in the factor of aggression.

Conclusion :

It seems that according to the attitude regarding the consumption of energizing substances among the athletes of bowling and billiards, it is necessary to design and plan to increase awareness about the side effects and harms of this category of compounds among the athletes in order to Its irreparable consequences should be prevented in Iran.

 The issue of doping in sports continues to provoke debate and significantly influences the spirit of fair play and equity in athletic competitions. While remarkable advancements have been made in the anti-doping framework through the establishment of the World Anti-Doping Agency, and the implementation of the World Anti-Doping Code, the principle of strict liability stands as a key legal foundation of the anti-doping system.The relentless pursuit of victory among professional athletes often drives some to breach anti-doping regulations. The utilization of performance-enhancing substances and methods has stirred controversy throughout the history of sports, with its origins tracing back to ancient times. Modern advancements have only intensified the complexity of doping practices, as exemplified by the emergence of blood and gene doping techniques. In response to these growing concerns, the international sports law community has collaborated to create a comprehensive global system to address the issue.Athletes who resort to these prohibited substances and methods not only jeopardize their physical and mental well-being, but also gain an unfair edge over their competitors. This, in turn, threatens the integrity of sports and the core values they represent, including ethical conduct, fair play, honesty, well-being, excellence, education, camaraderie, and teamwork.Given these concerns, it is crucial for anti-doping organizations, sports governing bodies, and national and international federations to enforce stringent regulations aimed at deterring the use of such substances and methods by athletes. Adopting a stance of strict liability in doping cases is vital for ensuring that anti-doping agencies and arbitration institutions can maintain order, uphold justice, and preserve the spirit of fair competition. The realm of doping in sports encompasses two main categories of athletes who test positive for banned substances: those who intentionally use performance-enhancing drugs to gain a competitive edge, and those who inadvertently ingest such substances due to negligence or carelessness. Despite these distinctions, the principle of strict liability within anti-doping regulations treats both categories equally in establishing a violation, leading to a polarized debate among experts and stakeholders.Proponents of strict liability argue that its implementation is essential to maintain order and efficacy within the anti-doping system. In contrast, opponents contend that athletes who are not at fault should not face punishment, as strict liability inherently conflicts with the tenets of natural justice. Notably, athletes who can demonstrate a lack of fault or negligence in their doping violation may be eligible for a reduced suspension period, theoretically addressing some criticisms of the principle.Despite its imperfections, the legal framework of the anti-doping system must, much like other legal systems, contend with inherent challenges. The value of strict liability lies not in its implementation alone, but in its capacity to fill a void that would otherwise exist, given the near impossibility of proving an athlete's intentional doping in its absence. Consequently, the principle of strict liability remains a necessary and inevitable component of the anti-doping system.An analysis of the Court of Arbitration for Sport's jurisprudence and relevant case studies indicates that the principle of strict liability has become firmly established in disciplinary cases, particularly those concerning anti-doping violations. This article employs the descriptive-analytical method to explore the concept of doping, general notion of strict liability, and the Court of Arbitration for Sport in its preliminary discussions. The Article delves into strict liability's application to athletes, the intricacies of establishing violations, and the potential for reduced sanctions under exceptional circumstances. Notably, this research addresses a gap in Persian-language literature, as no prior source has specifically examined strict liability concerning doping by athletes.

Doping is the most unprofessional and unethical behavior in professional sport. In addition to the ethical and technical aspects, this phenomenon also has important legal aspects. In recent years, following the increase in cases of doping, the tendency to criminalize it has clearly formed among some criminal policymakers, and some countries have explicitly criminalized doping and punishing it, but despite some other countries have not taken action in this regard. A clear example of the first countries is England, Germany and France, and an obvious example of the second category countries is Iran. The claim of this article is that by using the experience of criminal law systems in England, Germany and France, it is possible to take steps towards the criminalization of doping in Iran's criminal law and in this way, between the approach of Iran's criminal law system and the view of the system. The mentioned legal issues created more alignment. The main hypothesis of the current research is that the criminalization of doping in Iran's criminal law has a significant effect in reducing it. In order to further investigate these categories, in this research, while studying the concept of doping and the basics of its criminalization in the criminal law of England, Germany and France, the challenges facing the process of its criminalization in the criminal law of Iran have been examined. The current type of research is fundamental, its approach is descriptive-analytical, its method is library study, and the tool for collecting information is survey.

Doping in its various forms is one of the new challenges in modern human life and society. It can be studied from various interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary perspectives such as sports medicine, social ethics, medical law, sports law, social jurisprudence and criminal law. The jurisprudential position of this complex issue can also be studied from various conceptual, thematic and normative perspectives. This study first, focusing on several definitions, especially the definition of the Medical Commission of the International Doping Committee, discusses what doping is, and then pays attention to its common examples that can be discussed from a jurisprudential point of view. By using a new research design and conceptualization, that is by focusing on an existing harm in doping ("Ḍararr"), the authors in this study try to raise new questions that will systematize and clarify the jurisprudential-legal understanding of the doping issue. In this study, focusing on the harmful nature of doping, we will seek an answer to the question of how to discover its obligatory ruling based on jurisprudential sources and reasons, such as the Qurʼānīc verses about Ḍararr (harm), and also based on the Lā Ḍararr principle. The method of this study is the analytical-conceptual that Fuqahā, jurists and legal philosophers have used for centuries in the field of jurisprudence, principles and philosophy of law. In this method, the clarity, accuracy and transparency of the concepts and issues have a fundamental and undeniable role, and this is why the faqīh or jurist tries as much as possible to discover the nature of the problem and its answer, and this is why the faqīh or jurist, to find the nature of the problem and its answer as much as possible, tries to use the tools of analysis, analysis and minimization of ideas and thoughts. The following text is tied to the use of existing textual and library sources - mainly Shia jurisprudence sources and sources related to sports law. So far, no independent book or article has been written about this topic, i.e. the connection between the Lā Ḍararr principle and doping. The innovation of this research in posing new questions, branches and divisions (such as exclusivity or inclusion of Ḍararr, knowledge and ignorance of the Ḍararr of doping, specific-particular Ḍararr of doping, amount of Ḍararr and the issue of non-existential affairs) as well as using the conceptual-analytical capacities of the Lā Ḍararr principle in understanding the the emerging issue of doping. Most of the examples, branches and arguments of this study do not have a history in legal articles and books about doping and are new, therefore, it can be an example for the output and ramification of one science (the Principle of jurisprudence) for another science (sports law). In addition, our claim is that the various dimensions and angles of this study can be helpful in explaining the jurisprudence of doping.

One of the issues that has attracted the attention of many adolescents in recent years is the attention to physical appearance by increasing the volume and muscle mass, which has increased the prevalence of eating disorders and energy consumption habits among adolescents and adolescents. Because young men have a strong desire to have a muscular body. What can be seen is that anti-marketing can be considered as a good way to reduce the consumption of products that can cause problems for individuals and society. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to present a mixed model of anti-marketing of doping drugs in Irans sports. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of data analysis method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all athletes and coaches of sports who in the past years had the highest amount of energy use according to the report of the National Unauthorized Agency. The sample size was 250 people according to the objectives and using PASS statistical software at an error level of 0.05. The data collection tool in this study was the standard آhaghighat et al questionnaire (2021). The results showed that the components of the research in all cases had a positive and significant role in the anti-marketing mix except the sales point component which did not play a significant role in the anti-marketing mix.

The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for presenting a model for the development of doping-free sports in Iran with a combined design approach. The research method was a two-stage exploratory combination of instrument making. Qualitative research method, qualitative case study and potential participants included 17 faculty members. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. In the quantitative part, the research method was descriptive survey. The statistical population of this study included the president, vice president and secretary of sports federations, whose number was 153 according to the 51 active federations in the country. According to Morgan's table, 113 people were identified as the research sample based on the available sampling method. Ten faculty members of sports management were used to evaluate the face validity and the carcass model was used for the content validity of the questionnaire questions and the content validity was confirmed. Convergent validity, hybrid reliability and Cronbach's alpha were also confirmed. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data to evaluate the fit of the research model. The results showed that the amount of t in each factor has a significant effect and the whole framework of the doping-free sport development model in Iran was approved. Also, the results of the present study showed that the presentation of a model for the development of doping-free sports in Iran includes causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervention conditions, consequences, and strategies. Also, the results of the present study showed that the research model has a good fit.

One of the issues that has attracted the attention of many adolescents in recent years is the attention to physical appearance by increasing the volume and muscle mass, which has increased the prevalence of eating disorders and energy consumption habits among adolescents and adolescents. Because young men have a strong desire to have a muscular body. What can be seen is that anti-marketing can be considered as a good way to reduce the consumption of products that can cause problems for individuals and society. Therefore, the main issue of the research is to identify the anti-marketing mix of illicit drugs in Iran's sports. The present study is a descriptive survey. The research method is qualitative. Semi-structured qualitative interviews with 19 sports marketing management experts were used to collect information and fuzzy Delphi method was used to identify the most important components. Based on this, product, price, point of sale, promotion, objective evidence, people, processes, packaging, payment, public interpretation, review and analysis, policy, public relations and dedicated networks were identified. Finally, these products should be used only in special circumstances and under the supervision of a specialized team for professional athletes, and their public promotion in cyberspace has no scientific or rational justification. Therefore, the use of factors obtained in this research can limit the production process to the consumption of these products.

The purpose of study was to identify the role of club in the formation of deviant behaviors of in the Iranian Premier League players, which was carried out in 2017-18The statistical population includes all the club managers of the teams present in the Iranian Football League and the heads of football departments in the Premier League in the 16th and 17th Iranian Football Premier League and other football and Social science professionals. according to the research approach targetedsampling were used, 23 individuals were selected as the statistical sample for participation in the interviews. To determine the role of the club and management in formation deviant behaviors of Iranian Football players, Theme analysis approach was used. The results showed that five categories of "processes", "organization resources", "insights and attitudes", "activities and plans" and "organizational structure" as subordinate and sub-categories of the main factors of organizational factors in the formation of deviant behaviors of the players of the Iranian Football League played a role and also the manager and leadership As the other main category in the formation of diversion behaviors, there are three sub-categories of "skills", "human resource management" and "quality of tasks".According the findings, the club as an organization, manager and coach has been effective in shaping the players Deviant behaviors as the leaders and of the organization, and considering the destructive role of deviant behavior in the Individual performance of players in the Iranian Football League and, consequently, The drop in the performance of teams is necessary.

The purpose of this study was to identify and model the most important factor of pure sport development model in Iran with interpretive structural modeling approach.

The purpose of this study was applied and in terms of data collection, it was a field research. With regard to the main purpose, the research method was qualitative (foundation data theory). The statistical population in this study includes experts in the field of sport management. Using purposive sampling and theoretical saturation technique, key informants (including 17 experts in the field of sport management with focus groups (to It was done and the components and factors of pure sport development model were identified in Iran and then interpretive structural modeling was used as one of the consensus methods.

The results showed that the factors of cultural factors, skills and motivation with power High influence, individual and organizational factors, moral consequence, and societal consequences with subordinate power The above and the managerial and structural factors have high influence and dependency, so the framework of Clean Sport Development Model in Iran provides a deeper understanding and broader perspective to the researchers and extends the scope of Clean Sport Development Model in Iran to a specialized field.

The present study suggests that the framework presented is based on a global philosophy and values, and it seems that the use of pure sport development in sport seems to give rise to some ethical principles and values during implementation. Emphasize and implement sports activities

Among various threatening factors to sports, athletes and sport organizations, the use of drugs and energy substances among athletes is considered as one of the most important of these threats. The usage of drugs among the athletes has constantly become common during recent years, especially at the level of professional sports and elit athletes, which is one of the challenging issues in the field of sports and related organizations. The purpose of the current research is a qualitative analysis factors inhibiting the use of drugs in athletes. For this purpose, interviews were conducted with athletes, coaches and the president of the sport federations who were directly involved in the doping issue. After conducting the interviews, open and axial coding was performed using Grounded Theory method. To analyze the data collected from MAXQDA 2018 software was used. Finally, based on the findings, 9 factors were identified as inhibitors of ergogenic substances among athletes.

There are a number of factors affecting consumers' purchase behavior. It is believed that celebrities can affect selling positively by transferring their popular image to the endorsed product. But, it is heard lots about excommunicate behaviors in the sport world today. The main aim of the present paper was to explore the impact of doping scandal on sport marketing in Iran. Depth interviews data were analyzed in three phases: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. 297 open codes were achieved by 18 interviews. Grouping axial codes in each case and comparing, all gained codes can be divided in five groups: brand image (athlete and endorsed product brands images), moral reasoning (moral coupling, moral decoupling, and moral rationalization), consumer behavioral consequences (word of mouth, purchasing intention, and brand loyalty), attitude change (attitudes change toward athlete and brand), and moral emotions (moral evaluation, contempt, anger, disgust, and sympathy).

Psychological issues are integral components of all areas of behavior, including sports. The current study attempts to find the relationship of disappointment with self –handicapping and doping tendency in sportsmen in Fars province. This was a field study using a descriptive correlational design. The population of the current study included all sportsmen competing in boxing, weightlifting, and track and field, out of whom 384 sportsmen were selected as the sample of this study. The participants were selected by convenient sampling and data were gathered using three questionnaires. The disappointment questionnaire (Beck, 1979), doping tendency questionnaire (Petróczi, 2007), and self-handicapping questionnaire (Jones & Rhodewalt, 1982) were used as the instruments of the study. The reliability coefficients of the instruments were calculated and confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test, and combined reliability was measured by PLS software. PLS3 software was also used to analyze structural equation modeling data. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between disappointment and self-handicapping. The results also confirmed the relationship between doping tendency and disappointment on one hand and self-handicapping and the tendency to doping on the other. Moreover, the results confirmed the significant role of self-handicapping as a mediating variable in the relationship between disappointment and doping tendency. Also, the model of the effect of disappointment on the tendency to doping showed an appropriate fitness. Finally, it is suggested that, in addition to an acceptable level of supervision, the psychological issues of the athletes should also be taken into consideration in different levels of competition.

Considering importance and role of sport in the international level inparticular the presence of clean and doping-free athletes in sporting events, it seems that achieving this is crucial in identifying the causes of this unpleasant phenomenon in sport. The research is to study the causes of elite athletes' tendency to doping which was done by qualitative research method. The statistical population was the board of federations, coaches and athletes of the national teams of cycling, running, weightlifting, wrestling and basketball which according to the report of the Medical Federation of December 2016 had the highest doping rates in Iran and participated in the Jakarta Asian Games. The Samples were selected by purposeful sampling and snowball technique. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection and MAXQDA 2018 software was used for data coding and data analysis.  According to the findings, 13 factors were identified as causes of doping tendency among Iranian national athletes, including personal, psychological, financial, legal, managerial, coaching, functional, individual, attitude, social and cultural, control, structural factors. Finally, in line with the results, some suggestions were pesented.

Nowadays, the use of neuro- enhancements materials by athletes for various reasons is increasing. The present study aimed to investigate the implicit and explicit attitude of female Iranian athletes towards doping and supplementary drugs. For this purpose, 200 voluntary female student-athletes participated in this research. Doping-based image testing tools (BIAT) were used to find out students' attitudes. The results show a negative attitude towards doping substances (-11.99±52) and a positive attitude towards sports supplements (1.56± 29) in both attitudes (implicit and explicit). Also, independent t-test results showed that there was a significant difference between students' implicit and explicit attitudes toward doping, but there was no significant difference in attitudes toward legal dietary supplements. It seems that with training programs based on doping control and prevention with the method of indirect evaluation of athletes' attitudes the prevention of doping negative consequences could be more effective

The purpose of the study was to investigate the psychological pathology and the use of legal and illegal sports supplements in female athletes. This research was descriptive-analytic and is in the cross sectional study. 485 participants completed questionnaires including background information, attitude and knowledge about the use of supplements, and a short form of self-concept questionnaire with an internal consistency of 0. 90 and time reliability of 0. 83. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the central tendency indicators. About 24% of athlete women used sports supplements, 61% of them have had constant attention to authorized and unauthorized supplements. More than 20% have been used only with their coach confirmation. The results showed a significant relationship between physical self-concept and sport supplement consumption. Also due to the low level of recognition of women, it is possible to prevent the effects of these drugs more effectively through appropriate training on the harmful effects of them.

The purpose of this study was to develop a model of corruption management in Iran’s sport. The present study was applied in terms of method, qualitative and in terms of purpose, which was done with the approach of the data theory of the foundation and in the way of the Glaser (1992). First, through preliminary studies, the Preliminary List of Corruption Factors was identified. Then, semi-structured interviews with 15 knowledgeable elites were conducted on the subject of research to achieve theoretical saturation through theoretical sampling and snowball. The quality of the findings was confirmed by the theory verification strategy and Scott test. The proposed model consists of four main sections. The central section of the model represented major forms of corruption in sport, in particular, financial and ethical corruption. Factors affecting the sport corruption included four categories of political, structural, socio-cultural and economic factors. Coping strategies of sport corruption include legal solutions, IT development, knowledge development and social responsibility development. Finally, the consequences of sport corruption were categorized in four groups include functional impacts on sport, socio-cultural, financial impact, and impacts on stakeholders. The results confirm the complex nature and wide range of corruption in sport, and the proposed model can be used to understand, control and manage the corruption in sport used by national policy-makers and sports organizers.

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of attitude towards agonistic sport on the amount of information about doping and the desire to doping athletes of national teams. This descriptive-correlative research was conducted in the form of field experiment. The statistical population of the present study included all athletes of national teams. The data collection was done using a questionnaire. The results of the present study showed that attitude towards agonistic sport is not significantly influenced by the attitude of doping athletes of national teams, but it has a significant effect on the information of athletes of national teams about doping. The findings of the study revealed that improving information on doping would reduce the desire to dupe in athletes of national teams.

The purpose of this study was to identify the demographic factors affecting the deviant behaviors of players of Iranian Football Premier League, which was done using qualitative method in 2017 & 2018. The statistical population of the study consisted of directors of football clubs (18 persons) and heads of soccer board (7 persons) in the Iranian Premier League in the Sixteenth and seventeenth seasons, as well as football experts and university professors related to the subject. Using a targeted snowball sampling method, 23 individuals were selected as statistical sample. The method of data collection in the first stage was a library study and in the second stage qualitative interviews. To interpret the data obtained from qualitative interviews, for data analysis the Grounded Theory method was used. Twenty-five interviews resulted in theoretical saturation stage. The results of the qualitative interviews showed that the demographic factors affecting these behaviors include the general concepts of education, age, marital status, social status, sport background and social attitude. Therefore, considering the effective role of the abovementioned factors, it is suggested that managers and planners of the field of professional sport take into account the differences between their players in their guidance and leadership.

Today, the abuse of Ergogenic Substances as a social issue has spread not only among athletes, but also among non-athletes. Although several studies evaluated the use of Ergogenic Substances use in various community, but no study has a review and meta-analysis on these studies. In this review and meta-analysis, 11 studies were eligible for entry into the study and the number 14291 participant in these 11 studies were investigated. From these studies, the 11 investigations conducted research on the men and women and 9 studies only done on women. After collecting and coding data in these 11 research, by using CMA software all data by using both fixed and random model was analyzed.The results of the meta-analysis conducted in this field showed that estimates point of taking Ergogenic Substances based on random model in Iranian male non-athletes population was 12.5% and in Iranian female non-athletes population was 5.3%. The results of this study showed that the use of Ergogenic Substances and doping is an indisputable fact and as a social problem is growing and expanding. The use of Ergogenic Substances from athletic community permeates to non-athletic community and from men to women. So, if the politicians do not pay attention, the damage every day will be more developed in young people of our country.