زنان

Women's judgment is one of the important issues and a place of disagreement. The purpose of this article is study of the arguments of the opponents of women's judgment from the point of view of jurisprudence and legal issues.

This article is descriptive and analytical. Materials and data are also qualitative and data collection was used in collecting materials and data.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are respected.

The findings showed that the evidence presented to prohibit women from judging is not sufficient and convincing, therefore, the lack of competence of women to judge is seriously doubted, In proving women's incompetence, there are weak reasons that have problems, and it is not a denial of the duty to deny women the right to judge. From a legal point of view, even though women have the possibility to work as investigators, the head of the court is the responsibility of men.

By looking carefully at the arguments of both theories, we can come to the conclusion that in any case, judging is a task that has a heavy responsibility, and the fulfillment of this task for women, considering its obligation for men, is considered a privilege for women and is not a sentence of gratitude.

testifying is one of the proofs of a lawsuit. The effect of gender on testifying is one of the problems of debate and disagreement. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to investigate the role of gender in testifying women in financial lawsuits from the perspective of jurisprudence and law.

This article is descriptive and analytical. Materials and data are also qualitative and data collection was used in collecting materials and data.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are respected.

The findings indicate that in jurisprudence and law in financial claims, in the financial rights of people or what is meant by money, such as buying and selling and loans, in addition to accepting the testimony of two men, the testimony of one man and two women is also accepted. will be accepted.

According to one interpretation, witnessing is a duty, and being deprived of testifying is a duty removed from women's shoulders, and this is due to the inherent difference in the nature of men and women, and this does not mean the superiority of wages over women. Especially, in some cases, such as financial and commercial affairs, at least at the time of the revelation of verse 282 of Surah Al-Baqarah, women were much less active, and for this reason, there was a need for a precautionary witness.

In many cases, what we perceive about the world around us, is due to the experience of reports and images presented by the media. The way women are represented in the media is also related to the ideology, beliefs, and goals of content producers, and different representations that lead to different interpretations by the audience. In this study, the representation of women in Iran and the United States on the Radio Farda website during the years 2020-2021 has been examined. This research uses the content analysis to explore how women's roles are depicted in media content. Based on the results of the research, news websites tend to publish news and events according to their ideology, thereby shaping public opinion. Coverage of news events by these websites is usually biased. This research tries to highlight the media bias while covering women's news is common, and based on the findings, it can be said that Persian-language media abroad (with an emphasis on Radio Farda) try to downplay the positive achievements of women in Iran and somewhat portray them negatively. Meanwhile, this same media presents a completely positive image of the status of women in the American society.

The present research’s main purpose was to study the effects of religiousness on the flourishing of talents and the women’s role-playing in a sustainable urban development. The research’s theoretical framework was a combination of the theories by Durkheim, Berger, Maslow and the theory of social capacity.The research was conducted as a survey using a researcher-made questionnaire based on a structured sampling plan among women over 20 years old. Cluster and disproportionate classification methods were used for sampling to select 392 individuals. The results showed that "religiousness" with the regression coefficients of 0.24 and 0.27 had significant effects on "women's role in urban development" and “urban development talents,” respectively. The results also showed that the two variables in the research explain about 30% of the variance of the variable "women's role in urban development".Therefore, the results confirmed the fact that strengthening religiousness may lead to the improvement of women’s talents in urban development and promote their roles in these activities, which will benefit women, their families, and society altogether.

The political aspect of globalization has its own importance because it affects the nation-state system and has been raised since the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. As a result of globalization, the borders of the states have disappeared due to the introduction of information technology. TV channels have destroyed the "Iron Curtain". Political globalization "may create a more peaceful world order and reduce the propensity for violent conflict by limiting the capacity and autonomy of states. As a result of globalization,  to the introduction of information technology. TV channels have destroyed the "Iron Curtain". Political globalization "may create a more peaceful world order and reduce the propensity for violent conflict by limiting the capacity and autonomy of states. Globalization is a process that has emerged following some global developments and scientific and technical developments in the field of communication and media and the facilitation and intensification of relations and interactions between nations in various fields. This flow has involved human societies in common and comprehensive issues and various challenges in a comprehensive way in social, economic, political and cultural dimensions and has made man face a changing, fluid, confusing, permeable and indeterminate and unfamiliar and borderless and uncontrollable world, and It is complicated. The present research was conducted with the aim of sociological analysis of the effects of the globalization process on political culture and with a descriptive-analytical approach in order to answer the question of how the sociological analysis of the effects of the globalization process on political culture is and the findings of the research indicate that The results of identifying the effects of the globalization process indicate that a set of components in the form of educational (cultural), social, economic and political dimensions can indicate the effects of globalization. Categories related to these dimensions in the cultural field can include education during office hours; laying the groundwork for growth and development; virtual training workshops; participation in educational decisions and evaluations; the process of internationalization of education; educational quality and improvement of teaching processes; freedom of action in education; Equipping and training skilled and trained workforce.

In recent years, due to the rise of modernity trends, one of the most important social issues that has increasingly involved today's societies is the issue of divorce; however, a review of the research background showed that little attention has been paid to the topic of modernity and its impact on the rate of divorce, especially among women. Accordingly, the present study aims to explain the relationship between modernity variables and the rate of divorce among women in Rasht. Study

The present study is quantitative and survey-based. The statistical population is all married women in Rasht and the sample size includes 400 of them, who were selected using stratified random sampling. The research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire and the theoretical framework of the study is Ulrich Beck's theory of individualization.

The results showed that there is a relationship between education, income, modernity, decline in traditional values, freedom of choice, rethinking of gender roles, and the rate of divorce among women, and the intensity and direction of this relationship are moderate and direct. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that independent variables can predict 35% of the changes related to the tendency to divorce. The variables of decline in traditional values, freedom of choice, income, and reflection on gender roles have the greatest power to explain changes in the tendency to divorce of women.

The increasing modernity and its components, especially the decline in traditional values and the increase in freedom of choice in today's societies, and the creation of new ideas in women about their rights and status, have caused the increasing tendency of women to divorce in the city of Rasht, which can lead to the formation of new forms of family such as single mothers, etc., and the society must be prepared to understand, adapt to, and support these new forms in the family institution.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women and has many psychological complications. Therefore, the effectiveness of integrated psychological interventions that can consider the emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal dimensions is a practical necessity.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of integrating schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on subjective well-being and body image concerns in women with breast cancer.

The present study was applied in terms of purpose and quasi-experimental method in a series of pre-test, post-test, and three-month follow-ups with the control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all women with breast cancer in Yazd city in 2023. The sample consisted of 30 women with breast cancer who were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Two participants in the experimental group shed in the post-test phase and two members of the control group were excluded for a tie (13 in each group). The experimental group was taught the integration of schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in 8 sessions of 1.5 hours. Data were collected using the Subjective Well-Being Questionnaire (Molavi et al., 2009) and the Body Image Concern Inventory (Littleton et al., 2005).

The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in mental well-being and concern about body image after receiving the integrated therapy sessions(p< 0.05). Furthermore, follow-up findings indicated sustained reductions in concern about body image and increased mental well-being in the experimental group (p< 0.05).

The integration of schema therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy offers a promising intervention for women with breast cancer, targeting cognitive and emotional processes to improve their psychological well-being. However, further research is needed for better conclusions.

The current research was conducted with the aim of sociological analysis of the effects of the globalization process on political culture from the perspective of Iranian women (1402-1392). In this research, a qualitative approach and interpretive phenomenological method were used, and its statistical population consisted of working women between 20 and 50 years of age during the years 2012 to 2014. In this regard, 12 people were interviewed using the purposeful sampling method. Data collection was done through in-depth semi-structured interviews and the obtained data were analyzed using the foundational data theory and the three-step coding method of Strauss and Corbin (1990). Based on the results obtained, 11 main categories (increasing awareness, challenging traditional norms, educational opportunities, economic security, pressure for legal reforms, cultural exchange, changes in political participation, social activism, information sharing, gender equality and discovering latent talents) They were recognized in the form of 4 educational-cultural, social, economic and political dimensions and 50 codes. The findings support the theoretical view that globalization has had an impact on traditional beliefs, social and political issues, cultural exchanges, cultural homogenization, national identity, digital activism, educational opportunities, and their level of awareness. In fact, according to the results, the phenomenon of globalization is a force that has helped women to be protected from harm in the field of political and social rights.

The socio-political presence of women in Islamic society is one of the challenging issues of the present era. In this regard, we observe a range of opinions that can be called extremes and exaggerations. Ayatollah Khamenei has criticized these views and introduced another model of the socio-political presence of women. Also, Amina Wadud, as the most prominent figure associated with the movement known as Islamic feminism, emphasizes the Islamic approach to the presence of women in society. The present article, using a comparative method, seeks to answer the question of how the socio-political presence of women in Islamic thought and the feminist perspective differ from each other, focusing on the views of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution and Amina Wadood. Therefore, after explaining the views of the most important thinkers of these two movements (Ayatollah Khamenei and Amina Wadud), the mentioned views are categorized accordingly and the points of commonality and distinction are examined. Relying on the concept of monotheism, Amina Wadud proposes two models of “monotheistic hermeneutics” and “monotheistic schema” and ignores some Islamic considerations for women’s social presence. While the Supreme Leader of the Revolution emphasizes the necessity of the social-political presence of Muslim women, he considers gender justice more valid and presents a balanced view between the family role of women and their presence in society.

This research was conducted to determine the mediating role of accepting gender roles in the relationship between character strengths and happiness in women. This descriptive-correlation research was of structural equation modeling type. The statistical population of this study was female students in Tehran in 2021; 300 people participated in this study by available sampling method from 5 universities. Data collection using the Attitude Toward Gender Role Questionnaire (ATGRQ; Kiani et al., 2008), The Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS; Peterson and Seligman, 2004) and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ; Argyle, 1989) was done. The results showed that the proposed model has a good fit; Also, the results showed that character strengths and acceptance of gender roles had a significant direct effect on happiness (P<0.05); Also, character strengths had a positive effect on the acceptance of gender roles (P<0.05). Another result of the bootstrap test showed that acceptance of gender roles had a significant mediating role between character strengths and happiness (P<0.05). The results of this study indicate that character strengths have a direct effect on women's happiness through the mediation of accepting gender roles.

The aim of the current research is to design a model for the development of women's employability capacity with an emphasis on the seventh development plan. This qualitative research was compiled using thematic analysis; In this research, using semi-structured interviews with 23 experts in the field of policy making, entrepreneurship and management, the findings were combined and the present model was designed. Based on this, by analyzing the content of the interviews using the Maxqda 2020software, the relevant dimensions and codes were extracted and the importance and priority of each was determined using Shannon's entropy technique. Based on the research approach, 34 concepts and 109 codes were extracted. Supportive policies, territorial development, skill capacities, entrepreneurship platform, explanation of women's employment document and educational system gained the highest importance coefficient. In this research, the development model of women's employability capacity was presented with an emphasis on the 7th development plan. Since a comprehensive model for women's employability with emphasis on the 7th Development Plan has not been presented so far, this research can be useful in promoting women's employment, social development and job equality.

Human rights in the contemporary world is one of the most crucial scientific and social issues. Despite the formation of the international human rights law with specific monitoring and enforcement mechanisms, States countries, other international actors and agents have adopted different approaches toward it at the national and global levels. Some Western states and intellectual movements introduce the West as the main source of the formation and development of positive human rights concepts and issue, having provoked reactions from other cultures and societies. In such circumstances, examining the capacities of the Eastern approach towards human rights has become so prominent from a scientific and practical perspective. The aim here, is to examine the possibility of an Eastern approach to human rights and its potential capacities in the direction of developing justice, peace and global solidarity. The current study attempts to evaluate, through a case study, the type of actions and reactions of five different Asian countries towards international standards in the field of human rights regarding specifically women and the family, the real question to respond here is whether there is any possibility to identify the type of collective view and action of Eastern societies in a specific field of human rights issues, either to consider the certainty of the existence of an Eastern approach to human rights or its capacities seem to develop justice, peace and human solidarity worldwide. This study was truly conducted with a descriptive-analytical method and based on inductive reasoning and legal analysis of valid international documents. The outcome shows that, two extreme and discriminatory views in such sector can be rejected and is possible to move towards ensuring fair global participation and international convergence by preserving cultural diversity and Eastern identity. This research, while providing frameworks for intelligent policymaking, opens vividly a new horizon for broader studies towards achieving a more just national and international order committed to respecting human rights.

Extra marital relations are one of the most important threats to the establishment of marital relations and family functioning, and one of the major issues of divorce and the most critical issues that threaten families and social health. The aim of the research is to find out the causes of extramarital relationships in women. This research was conducted in a qualitative manner using the qualitative qualitative analysis method. Based on the purposeful sampling method and the theoretical saturation criterion, 34 women participated in the research. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect information. Analyzing the information obtained from the interviews, there are 3 main topics including individual factors, interpersonal factors and social factors.Interpersonal factors by identifying factors such as personality traits, mental disorders, dysfunctional attitudes, interpersonal factors by identifying themes such as disturbances in love and feeling of belonging to one's spouse, lack of alignment and lack of companionship, low quality of sex and dysfunctional relationships. Social factors by identifying a set of social conditions such as macro changes such as individualism, changing values ​​and promoting alternative values, lack of pure relationship, facilitating technology and virtual media, changing the way women look at being a woman and its responsibilities, weakening of religious principles, They were identified and categorized as the main topics of this research.The findings of the present research can provide a clear picture of the experience of extramarital relationships, so that it can be useful for coping strategies.

Sexual health is defined as a physical, emotional, mental, and social state related to sexuality and sexual matters, and it is not merely the absence of disease, disorder, or dysfunction. Like other human behaviors, sexual behavior is influenced by an individual's knowledge and attitude toward gender and sexual issues. A prerequisite for healthy sexual behavior is having accurate sexual knowledge and an appropriate attitude, as thoughts, attitudes, and values constitute essential components of sexual behavior and serve as key factors affecting sexual responses. This study aimed to examine the evolution of gender stereotypical beliefs over the past five decades and investigate the impact of education on the level of such beliefs among women over the last 50 years. The statistical population consisted of five generations of married women residing in Fars Province between 2021 and 2022. Using convenience sampling, 500 married women from Fars participated by completing demographic and gender stereotype questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation, regression analysis, MANOVA, and ANOVA in SPSS-26. The Pearson correlation coefficient results indicated a negative relationship between women's gender stereotypical beliefs and education. The regression analysis showed that the regression model explained 23% of the variance in gender stereotypical beliefs, with education being a significant predictor. Additionally, MANOVA results demonstrated a downward trend in gender stereotypical beliefs over the past 50 years. The findings suggest a shift in women's perspectives and attitudes toward gender-related taboos. While women's education levels have significantly increased over the past five decades, their sexual knowledge has shown only a minimal rise.

Based on the theory of gender stereotypes, this paper examines the perceptions of male audit partners in choosing women as audit partners. According to the mentioned theory, in male-dominated workplace, men's beliefs about women's abilities create obstacles for women to achieve success or high job positions. The statistical population of the research includes male audit partners in private sector audit firms. The sampling method is random and the statistical sample includes 155 male certified public accountants at the partner level. The test of the research hypotheses is based on multivariate regression. The results of the research show that the only two variables of discriminatory views against women in auditing and choosing a daughter or sister as an audit partner are significant variables in choosing a female audit partner. Also, other findings of the research indicate that the variables of having a doctorate degree, having a foreign professional degree such as a certified public accountant in the United States, having an expert witness certificate or tax consultancy, mastering a foreign language and having a history of partnering in similar audit firms have no significance effect on choosing a female audit partner.

The traditional paradigm of "man the hunter" has dominated interpretations of prehistoric gender roles, relegating women to the background as gatherers and caregivers. However, recent ethnographic and archaeological research challenges these stereotypes, revealing that women in hunter-gatherer societies actively participated in hunting and other non-domestic roles. This paper revisits the concept of gendered division of labor in prehistoric societies, exploring evidence from ethnographic studies and archaeological findings to reconstruct the roles of women as hunters. By questioning the male-centric narrative, this study aims to provide a more balanced understanding of prehistoric subsistence strategies and social organization. The findings demonstrate that women, like men, were integral to the survival and adaptability of early human groups, contributing significantly to food procurement and social cohesion.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of socio-economic factors on the health behavior of women in relation to the covid-19 in the 4th and 8th districts of Tehran municipality.

This study was conducted as a case study using a descriptive-analytical method on 120 Tehranian adult women(60 from District 4 and 60 from District 8 of Tehran Municipality). Data on social and economic status as well as information on the attitude and health practices of individuals towards Covid-19 were collected using a standard questionnaire. Correlation coefficients between variables have been reported using Pearson tests.

Women in District 8 had higher incomes, housing size, and academic education than women in District 4. Also, the household dimension in women of District 8 was smaller than District 4. Women in District 8 have better performance than women in District 4 on indicators of health behaviors, including the use of masks, gloves, and disinfectants, the observance of social distance, restrictions in family visiting, traveling restrictions. Also, in District 8, a higher correlation coefficient was observed between income, education, ethnicity(Fars), house size, and employment status with the better performance of above-mentioned health indicators for prevention of COVID-19 compared to women in region 4.

The results of the present study showed that the behaviors, attitude, and health practices of women in districts 4 and 8 are different based on geographical location, the main reasons of which can be the difference in their socio-economic status.

The lives of couples facing emotional divorce have many hidden aspects and are accompanied by countless sufferings. Meanwhile, women's experiences are more complicated, and their suffering is more due to their inferior position. Therefore, the present study aims to narrate women's lived experience of emotional divorce. The method of this research is qualitative and based on a phenomenological strategy. The sampling method is purposive sampling, and the data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with women involved in the emotional divorce phenomenon who were referred to family counseling centers in Bandar Abbas city. Data mining processes have reached eight main categories: turbulent and broken psyche; violent and fearful life; dead bodies; a life devoid of affection; infidelity as a kill shot at the relationship; endless petty sufferings; frozen bodies far from each other; a life devoid of emotion and a Sisyphean life represent the lived experience of women. Eventually, the final category refers to a swampy life: a swamp full of darkness, violence, anxiety, etc., which sinks women more and more into its mouth despite the great struggle to get rid of it