جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "همه گیری" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

Examining the influential components of any country's foreign policy can be instrumental in explaining and advancing its international objectives. One of the most crucial components influencing a country's foreign policy is the individual executing the predetermined policies in the realm of foreign affairs. To delve into this matter, it is essential to analyze the political personality and mindset of the policy executor in the field of foreign policy.This study aims to examine the character of Martyr Haj Qasem Soleimani and its influence on the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the West Asia region, seeking to elucidate the impact of influential individuals on the proper execution of foreign relations. This research employs a descriptive-analytical method within the theoretical framework of "Rosena's Continuity Model" and "Political Psychology Theory," utilizing data collection techniques based on library resources.The findings reveal that Soleimani's charismatic, devout, loyal, intelligent, and prudent personality, combined with his legal authority in regional foreign policy, has contributed to establishing peace in the region and advancing the objectives of the Islamic Revolution in foreign policy.

The aim of the present study was to compare the executive functions of children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) with an emphasis on response inhibition, organization, and decision-making/planning with healthy peers. The current study was a descriptive and causal-comparative study, and our statistical population included all children with DMDD and normal children in Tabriz between the ages of 8-12 years. With the cooperation of one of the psychological clinics, after screening by clinical diagnostic interview based on DSM-5, 30 children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder were selected by available sampling. A number of 30 normal children were matched with the patient group by random sampling in terms of age and gender. The data was obtained with the Coolidge neuropsychological and personality scale, a parent-as-respondent assessment tool. Multivariate analysis of variance test was used to analyze the data and the results showed that the two groups differ significantly from each other in terms of all three components of executive function. In other words, compared to children with DMDD, normal children suffer less from problems related to executive functions in the areas of response inhibition, organization, and decision-making/planning. The findings of the present study have significant research and clinical implications regarding the role of DMDD in the destruction of executive function, as well as the need to formulate and apply therapeutic methods focused on executive function defects in this group.

This article examines and conducts a comparative analysis of the concepts of insight (Basirat), justice, and piety (Taqwa) within Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh). Insight, defined as the ability to deeply understand and accurately discern, plays a crucial role in making Sharia decisions and assists individuals in making informed choices when facing complex challenges and issues. Justice, as a fundamental principle, emphasizes the importance of fairness and equality in judgments and behaviors, preventing any form of oppression and injustice. Piety, as an ethical attribute, guides individuals to avoid sins and adhere to religious and moral principles. The article explores the similarities and differences among these three concepts and analyzes their impacts on legal decisions and individual and social life. The findings indicate that insight, justice, and piety, as complementary principles, significantly contribute to strengthening the moral and legal framework of Islam. Adhering to these concepts simultaneously can help establish a fair and ethical society. Finally, the article provides suggestions for future research and practical applications of these concepts in various legal and social domains, emphasizing the necessity of incorporating them into educational and legal systems to enhance moral and religious values within society.

This article conducts a comparative analysis of the concept of insight (Basirat) in Islamic Sufism and Buddhist philosophy, aiming to elucidate the epistemic similarities and differences between these two prominent spiritual traditions. In Islamic Sufism, insight is defined as a means to attain divine knowledge and unity with God, achieved through spiritual practices and mystical experiences. Conversely, in Buddhist philosophy, insight refers to the understanding of the impermanence and interdependence of all phenomena, leading to liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara). The study reveals that both traditions regard insight as a pivotal tool for self-purification, inner peace, and enlightenment. Furthermore, insight in both frameworks significantly influences individual and social life. In Islamic Sufism, insight fosters empathy and social responsibility, encouraging individuals to transcend selfish desires and engage in acts of service and justice. Similarly, in Buddhist philosophy, insight cultivates compassion and altruism, promoting harmonious relationships and reducing the suffering of others. The findings highlight that despite the distinct philosophical underpinnings and cultural contexts, both Sufism and Buddhism recognize insight as essential for spiritual growth and societal well-being. This research underscores the universal significance of insight as a multidimensional concept that bridges personal enlightenment and social harmony, offering a foundation for intercultural and interreligious dialogue. The study emphasizes the potential of comparative spiritual studies to enhance mutual understanding and cooperation among diverse religious and cultural traditions.

This article examines the role of insight (Basira) in the process of ijtihad and the derivation of Sharia rulings, evaluating its impact on the accuracy and validity of fatwas. Insight, as a mental and spiritual attribute, assists scholars in understanding religious texts beyond their apparent meanings and enables them to derive rulings aligned with the objectives of Sharia, considering the circumstances of time and place. The study first explores the concept of insight from a jurisprudential perspective, analyzing the views of past and contemporary jurists regarding its significance in ijtihad. It then assesses the impact of insight on the accuracy of fatwas by examining examples from contemporary issues, such as Islamic banking and new financial transactions. The findings indicate that insight directly influences the quality of issued fatwas and helps prevent extremism and laxity in religious rulings. Additionally, insight aids jurists in distinguishing between the superficial appearances of texts and the deeper purposes of Sharia, allowing for the issuance of comprehensive and practical rulings for modern challenges. Finally, recommendations are presented for enhancing insight within religious seminaries and educating future jurists. These suggestions include promoting the teaching of insight to students, conducting comparative research on fatwas, and further encouraging the application of insight in addressing new issues. This research concludes that strengthening insight among scholars can improve the ijtihad process and contribute to the development of Islamic jurisprudence in response to contemporary challenges.

The fear and hesitancy of managers in making decisions ends up in a phenomenon called decision phobia, which sometimes has dangerous and irreparable consequences for the individual, employees and organization. By identifying this phenomenon, organizations can reduce its consequences. The purpose of this research is to present a model of how the phenomenon of decision-phobia of government agency managers appears and also to identify various solutions to deal with this phenomenon in government organizations.

The current research is descriptive-exploratory in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of the method of data collection, and it is of a qualitative research type that has been used using the foundation data method. Since the current research is qualitative, the data collection method is in-depth interviews with the participants. Based on this, 20 public administrators and management professors were selected as sample members using the purposeful sampling method and based on the principle of theoretical adequacy. In this research, in order to review and analyze the data obtained from the interview, the method of qualitative content analysis with inductive approach has been used.

Based on the textual analysis of the interviews, the understanding and recognition of the phenomenon of decision phobia, causal variables, intervening variables, influencing variables and the consequences of dealing with this phenomenon have been extracted. The results showed that changing organizational culture, creating flexible organizational structures, training and individual development of managers and supporting managers and decision-makers can prevent the phenomenon of decision phobia.

Introduction:             

AI refers to systems that exhibit intelligent behavior by analyzing their environment and taking actions, with some degree of autonomy, to achieve specific goals. In recent years, AI has also made its way into politics. In an increasingly interconnected world, the emergence and rapid development of AI has become a pressing issue in foreign policy decision-making. The exponential growth of data and the emergence of advanced AI technologies have opened new opportunities to enhance human decision-making capabilities. The integration of AI technologies into foreign policy decision-making processes has the potential to transform the way countries shape their strategies and navigate complex geopolitical challenges. The present study aimed to examine the role of AI in foreign policy decision-making, as well as the capacities and challenges lie therein.

Literature Review:

Several studies have dealt with to the use of AI in foreign policy decision-making. For instance, Berkoff (1997) explored the potential of AI to enhance individual and organizational decision-making capabilities, offering suggestions to the AI engineering community on what policymakers need to improve these processes. Putri et al. (2020) used AI to simulate ASEAN negotiations. They clarified how AI decision-making systems can help international relations experts and learners understand the decision-making process and government foreign policy strategies during diplomatic negotiations. Scott et al. (2018) tried to provide a basis for planning a foreign policy strategy that effectively responds to the emerging power of AI in international affairs. In the Iranian context, there is a notable lack of research regarding AI and its impact or application in foreign policy or international relations.

The study employed a mixed methods research design to analyze over 100 sources. Lawshe’s content validity ratio (CVR) method was used to validate the research hypothesis. Moreover, a panel of 12 experts, including academics and AI specialists, evaluated the hypothesis. With a CVR value exceeding 0.56, the hypothesis was confirmed, which showed the reliability of the research findings.

The applications of AI in foreign policy decision-making can be classified under two main types: 1) AI independent decision-making as in the virtual politician or AI politician and 2) AI as a support and supplement to decision-making in foreign policy. Currently, the concept of the AI politician is still at the theoretical level and has not been implemented in practice. Despite the efforts to promote the AI politician, these systems face many challenges and limitations. AI cannot understand complex foreign policy dynamics, cultural nuances, historical context, and diplomatic subtleties. Additionally, AI cannot evaluate and measure moral considerations or take responsibility for decisions. It is also unable to explain unexpected events, sudden policy changes, or emerging trends in world affairs. As a result, until these challenges are resolved, it is unlikely that humans will allow AI systems to make independent decisions.AI tools and methods (e.g., neural networks, expert systems, fuzzy logic, evolutionary computing, natural language processing algorithms, and computational argumentation technology) can be used to support and supplement decision-making in foreign policy. Artificial neural networks can be used to predict conflicts and armed confrontations. A concrete example can be found in Olaide and Ojo (2021) which developed a model to predict conflicts in Nigeria. Expert systems can aid in diplomatic negotiations by creating scenarios. An example is the simulation of foreign policy decision-making in ASEAN negotiations. Fuzzy logic can also be helpful as seen in Sanjian’s attempt to use the fuzzy set theory for modeling the decision-making process in the U.S. arms transfers (Sanjian, 1988). Genetic algorithms are the most widely used evolutionary computing methods in decision-making, which can shorten decision-making time and provide better decision-making plans for foreign policy decision-makers. In addition, natural language processing algorithms can reduce language barriers between countries, allowing diplomats and policymakers to communicate more easily with foreign governments and embassies. Moreover, special systems like the Project Debater can debate complex issues with humans, helping people make persuasive arguments and informed decisions.Using AI in foreign policy decision-making presents both capacities and challenges. AI offers several capacities to support decision-making in foreign policy. By helping decision-makers analyze abundant and diverse foreign policy data, AI enhances the ability to better assess decision risks and reduce errors in decision-making. This leads to more accurate predictions of international events and speeds up the decision-making process. Moreover, AI can reduce the influence of human biases, emotions, and interests, ultimately improving the quality of foreign policy decisions and enhancing the overall diplomacy process. Regarding the challenges, it is important to note that if the data inputted to AI is biased or incomplete, it can replicate and perpetuate human prejudices such as racism and sexism. The improper or unethical use of AI also poses a significant challenge. Additionally, AI systems lack the capacity for innovation and creativity and do not understand the value of human life or the consequences of military operations. Another challenge is verifying the performance of AI systems. The black box problem also presents a challenge, as the decisions made by AI cannot be easily explained by humans. Overall, considering both the capacities and challenges, researchers recommend that AI should support human strategic decision-making, with final decisions always being made by people in positions of authority.

The present study examined various applications of AI in foreign policy decision-making. The discussion concluded that the concept of the AI politician is not yet practical since AI lacks the capability to fully comprehend and navigate the complexities of foreign policy, thus making the emergence of such a phenomenon unlikely. In other words, AI cannot replace humans in making independent decisions within the realm of foreign policy. However, AI is effectively used today as a support and supplementary tool, serving roles in analysis and prediction to aid decision-making in foreign policy.

Persian, one of the world's most ancient languages and a member of the Indo-European language family, has undergone significant changes and transformations due to various political and social factors. Despite having no linguistic relationship with Persian, Arabic language has exerted the most influence on it, contributing numerous words, phrases, and idioms. Persian language is fundamentally distinct from Arabic language in terms of word origin and structure; they share no familial or kinship ties. The most notable manifestation of Arabic influence on Persian is found in vocabulary, though minor traces can be observed in other areas, such as syntax, where there is gender agreement in adjectives. Another clear example of these influences is the adoption and use of the Arabic morpheme "al". Persian contains borrowed compounds from Arabic, some of which include the morpheme "al". In Arabic, the indicative morpheme "al" functions to introduce nouns and their adjectival dependents. This research compares the morphological, grammatical, semantic, and pragmatic functions of the morpheme "al" as used in Arabic and as adopted into Persian.

Studies on the use of the Arabic "al" morpheme in the Persian language, compiled in textbooks and articles by specialists, have aimed to analyze and investigate the data using both analogical and inductive methods from descriptive and methodological perspectives. This research involves a thorough review of the literature to discuss the linguistic behavior of "al" in Arabic and its function in Persian, followed by an assessment of its productivity in Persian. The data were extracted from the Sokhan, Moin, Amid, and Farhange-Farsi-ye-Emrouz dictionaries. These sources contain approximately 3,886 entries of Arabic compounds with "al." The research has quantitatively analyzed these data, and the results are reported at the conclusion of the study.

The prefix "al-" in Arabic linguistics serves as the definite article, but it is not solely used for definiteness; it also has other types and applications. Generally, three main types and functions of "al-" are recognized: definition, redundant, and relative.a) Definition "al-": This is used before nouns to make them definite. This morpheme has two main roles, referred to as generic "al-" and specific "al-".b) Redundant "al-": Sometimes, "al-" appears in words without adding definiteness and does not make the word definite. This type of "al-" is termed redundant and is divided into two categories: transitive and intransitive. For instance, in words that are inherently definite, the addition of "al-" does not serve as a marker of definiteness but is considered redundant, as seen in the Quranic words: "al-Lat", "al-Uzza", "al-An", and "al-Yasa". Similarly, the "al-" in relative pronouns is also redundant, such as "alladhi", "alladhani," "alladhina," "allati", and "allati".c) Relative "al-": This "al-" functions as a relative pronoun and is used with active and passive participles, provided it does not imply generic or specific definiteness, as in "wal- ‘adiyat dhabhan", "fal-muriyate qadhan", "fal-mughirate subhan", and "inna al-mussaddiqina wal-mussaddiqat wa-aqradu allaha qardan hasanan".In the process of linguistic exchange and borrowing from Arabic, the Arabic "al-" has found its way into Persian and is used in the language. The Sokhan, Moin, Amid, and Farhang-e Farsi-ye Emrooz dictionaries contain over 3,886 entries of Arabic compounds with   "al-". Not only are there many Arabic-derived compounds in Persian that include this prefix, but there are also numerous new compounds formed with Persian words using "al-". However, most Persian grammar books and works regard these compounds as entirely Arabic and dismiss their use as incorrect and against Persian grammatical rules.This raises the question of whether Persian speakers perceive "al" as an inflectional bound morpheme with an independent role or meaning, or merely as a phonetic component of a word. While the "al" morpheme in Arabic has specific roles and even types, this is not the case in Persian. The primary function of "al-" in Arabic is to indicate definiteness, which it does not achieve in Persian. Adding "al-" to a Persian word does not convey this meaning to speakers and it is never seen that a noun or adjective in Persian is first presented without "al-" and then with it.Morphologically, the mechanisms of definiteness and indefiniteness in Persian are entirely different from those in Arabic. In Persian, definiteness has no marker and no special sign for definite nouns. Therefore, "al-" cannot be considered a marker of definiteness in Persian, nor can it be regarded as a morphological morpheme, distinguishing it from "al-" in Arabic. Since Persian speakers do not recognize "al-" alone as a morpheme, three hypothetical reasons for its presence in Persian can be suggested:By analogy with Arabic compounds borrowed into Persian, specialists in various fields have adopted these compounds, further creating and expanding new compounds with "al-" using Persian lexemes.The widespread use of such compounds has led to the phenomenon where "al-" appears in compounds where one or both components are Persian, creating new combinations with "al-" as an intermediary morpheme.In compounds such as "mamnu'ol," where "al-" follows "mamnu," it carries no specific meaning and serves as a redundant linking element between words.

The grammatical morpheme "al-" is one of the borrowings that Persian language adopted from Arabic. Initially accompanying loanwords when it entered Persian, this morpheme was used over time in conjunction with both borrowed and native Persian words to create hybrid terms. Although limited, this morpheme has achieved some productivity in forming compounds with Persian words.Phonetically, there is no significant difference between "al-" in Persian and Arabic. Phonologically, however, "al-" in Arabic exhibits different phonetic manifestations depending on the phonetic context of the initial phoneme of the word it precedes. It is noteworthy that in Arabic, the vowel of the final word attached to "al-" reflects the syntactic states of the noun in the sentence structure, a feature known as "i‘rāb." In contrast, Persian lacks such markers. Therefore, in Persian compounds featuring "al-," the sound of the final part of the first segment is pronounced consistently as "-ol ʔ-."Structurally, "/ʔæl/" in Persian can be considered a "semi-fertile and semi-active mediation" in terms of its morphological role and structure. Syntactically, one of the roles attributed to "al-" in Arabic is to indicate definiteness, a role it does not fulfill in Persian. In Arabic, the morpheme "al-" has specific roles and meanings, including different types of definiteness. However, in Persian, "al-" does not function to convey definiteness. Adding "al-" to a word in Persian does not make it definite in the mind of a Persian speaker.In Persian, the role of "al-" is primarily to form compound constructions. For example, in compound words like ''ʔaxærolzæman'' and ''hæqolsokut'', where two nouns are joined to create a compound, the morpheme "/ʔæl/" functions similarly to a prepositional genitive construction. Thus, in Persian, "/ʔæl/" serves to connect two linguistic elements to form compound words.

The comprehension of public issues is critical for the implementation of development processes. Constantly confronted with these concepts, national, regional, and local managers must be able to address critical issues impacting the affairs of the people, such as civil engagement, social impacts, and regional development. This research's primary objective is to assist local public sector administrators in prioritizing public issues and making decisions regarding local development. Based on the aforementioned literature, the present study seeks to address the following inquiry: “What is the most effective framework for discerning and ranking public issues in order to enhance decision-making in the realm of development concepts?”The data collection phase was concluded by conducting interviews with authorities in the field of local development and employing a qualitative research design. The data that was gathered was subjected to theme analysis.The findings indicate: After classifying 180 fundamental themes into ten organizing themes and three universal themes, a three-dimensional matrix was produced. The purpose of this matrix is to investigate and rank the general issues as executive tools. Social culture, education and training, health, the economy and means of subsistence, moral systems and tendencies, thought and vision systems, behavioral systems, individuals, and ultimately the software dimension of resources comprise the themes.As a result of investigating the levels of local governance and gaining a deeper comprehension of rural development constraints, decision makers can reach more accurate conclusions. By utilizing a decentralized decision matrix system, decision makers at the local level are capable of comprehending and endeavoring to identify public issues, priorities, and ultimately constrained resources. A decentralized decision making process has been proposed in order to obtain a more effective method for identifying problems, comprehending their nature, analyzing the structure of society, investigating critical changes, and developing plans and actions.

Considering the importance of the Asian Games, the purpose of this research was to predict the number of medals Iran will win in the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou using time series.

The research method is descriptive analytical and the type of research is applied. The statistical population of the study included the medals that acquired by Iranian from the first course (New Delhi-1951) to eighteenth course (Jakarta -2018) of Asian games. The collection of information was carried out in the form of library that includes books, magazine, journal, Iranian and foreign journal, net and site, with this sources we predicted the result of the sport. In order to test and analyze the data in this research, a descriptive statistic was used to draw tables and charts to predict the medals of Asian games in Hangzhou by 2022 by using the time series statistic.

The result of this study with time series statistics showed that Iran in Hangzhou 2022 Asian games will receive fifty-eight medals and will be in the seventh place in Hangzhou 2022 Asian games.

Sports managers and decision-makers should invest in top disciplines such as: wrestling, weightlifting, non-active disciplines and women's sports disciplines, so that Iran can win more medals in the upcoming Asian Games.

According to the definition provided by most theorists in the fields of sociology and political science, "a party is a political group whose goal is to achieve and gain power peacefully." The formation of political parties and movements in Iran has its roots in the Constitutional Revolution and has typically emerged within the frameworks of liberal, leftist, and religious movements. However, when examining the process of the formation and development of parties in Iran, it becomes evident that political parties have always had a specific definition and, consequently, their own frameworks and limitations based on the type of constitution of the country. This issue has led to a divergence between the understanding of political parties and the definition agreed upon by theorists, making it difficult to establish a theoretical relationship with that definition. In this context, the increasing influence of party personalities in Iran, particularly the personality-centric approach of an individual within a party, has complicated the functions of these parties and raised questions about the extent to which they can impact and be influenced. Thus, the research initially poses the central question: To what extent has the personality-centric party thinking among elite members influenced the effectiveness of parties, specifically the National Trust Party, from 2005 to 2013?

Theoretical Framework:

The role of elites in political and party arenas is typically divided into two broad categories. In the first category, elites are considered the primary or perhaps the sole factor in party decision-making processes. In the second category, the political and party elites' roles are seen as minimal, being influenced by environmental factors and conditions. However, alongside these two theories, a third perspective emerges, viewing political and party elites not as possessing exclusive roles with absolute agency in decision-making nor as being entirely subject to environmental conditions. Instead, this perspective introduces them as factors alongside other influential elements in decision-making, policy-making, and governance processes.

Given the focus of this study on "the role of personality-centric party thinking among elite party members on the effectiveness of the National Trust Party from 2005 to 2013," a foundational conceptualization theory has been applied. It is important to clarify that foundational conceptualization is inductively discovered through the precise collection and analysis of qualitative practical data. Therefore, since this form and framework of research does not begin with a theory, the first phase commences with the research background, allowing the collection of data to stabilize related theories. This section outlines the methods of conducting interviews and the process of analyzing the information through open, axial, and selective coding stages, accompanied by coding tables. Furthermore, the process of theorizing (foundational conceptualization) using the codes and the research narrative is explained, culminating in the presentation of the desired research model. Consequently, data collection methods were conducted through two approaches: first, documentary-archival and library methods; and second, field-based interviews with elite party members and political specialists in government administration and academia in the fields of sociology and political science. The research subject is observable due to its ongoing nature, and valuable works related to the research topic have been utilized. In other words, this research is a combination of qualitative methods and content analysis.

The findings were analyzed in two dimensions: structural organization and individual functioning of a party based on the data collected, leading to the extraction of categories and coding of data. Overall, the research concluded that Iranian parties, including the National Trust Party, often suffer from a common operational issue: the lack of attention to structural dynamics toward positive centrism to mitigate the minimal effects of environmental, individual, systemic, psychological, and operational factors. In other words, despite the elite's effective verbal analysis in the discourse, they fail to consider any of the aforementioned aspects in practical and operational domains. In fact, the action model of the elites is more often based on traditional, emotional, and spontaneous (network-oriented) frameworks than being rational and based on acquired data necessary for building structures and identifying elites to strengthen the cadres for consolidation and continuity. Thus, Iranian parties, particularly the National Trust Party, face fundamental challenges regarding party phenomena and active elite actors. Therefore, it can be said that the rational action model, due to various social and political factors, has not been able to overcome the party environment and elite members. The traditional actions of party activists manifest in familialism, grandiosity, kin-centeredness, and emotional actions in specific ideological interpretations of religion or social doctrines. This self-centeredness hinders the consolidation and effective functioning of parties and other elites within the party. The reasons behind the failure to overcome structuralism, mechanisms for identifying elites, realism, strategic approaches, party mechanisms, programmatic commitments, and committed interpretations of religion and social doctrines—as indicators of the rational action model (requirements for party activity and consolidation)—stem from a departure from creating structural actions and mechanisms for identifying elites. This results in environmental, systemic, psychological, and operational factors having the most significant influence on the party and party elites, thereby destabilizing the party's consolidation. In the case of the National Trust Party, when Mehdi Karroubi lost the election and proceeded to establish the National Trust Party, becoming its secretary-general, he himself became a symbol of grandiosity and self-centeredness. However, Karroubi's post-election stance after the 2009 presidential elections and his support for the oppressed forces by the ruling system reflects a rational action model focused on his values and, naturally, the values of the active members of the National Trust Party. It can be inferred that the action model of the active members of the National Trust Party experiences confusion between tradition, emotion, and to some extent, rationality aimed at values. This confusion does not align well with the necessities for party activity and consolidation that demand a rational action model. Perhaps, if the party members' activities in recent years had not faced extensive limitations, a continuous action process among the activists of this party could have emerged, resulting in a better-formed rational action model among its members.

New approaches indicate that the role of political and party elites is crucial for separating public affairs from past methods and traditions, emphasizing the need for continuous review and analysis according to changing temporal and environmental conditions. This ensures that the groundwork for decision-making based on appropriate and timely thoughts is established. Therefore, the role of party elites in modern society combines new norms, methods, goals, and attention to temporal and spatial conditions, transcending the traditional top-down communication patterns. In other words, the hierarchical roles of the past no longer meet contemporary decision-making needs, and the interaction and roles of party elites—especially their influence—have undergone transformation and change. Consequently, the intellectual and professional roles of political elites cannot be defined merely in relation to a top-down structure; they depend on linear definitions and connections with other entities. As a result, the activities of political and party elites are positioned within a broader and more complex framework, where the legitimacy of these elites arises from processes informed by the study of political science.

Decision-making is considered the core and essence of entrepreneurial activities, as the growth and progress of businesses depend on the decisions made by entrepreneurs. This research initially identifies the factors influencing entrepreneurial decision-making, then evaluates the impact of each factor on their choices, and finally examines the bidirectional relationships among the variables. The study population consists of entrepreneurs active in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Zahedan City, with a sample randomly selected from these entrepreneurs. Library resources and existing research in this area were utilized to identify the influential factors on entrepreneurial decision-making, ultimately categorizing these factors into four groups: individual characteristics, organizational characteristics, environmental characteristics, and specific decision characteristics. Data collection in the field was conducted using a questionnaire to assess the impact of these factors. Data analysis was performed using SPSS26 and Amos18 software. The findings indicate that individual and organizational factors significantly influence the specific characteristics of a decision, playing a crucial role in entrepreneurial decision-making. Additionally, there is a bidirectional relationship between individual and organizational characteristics, directly influencing each other's decision-making processes. Based on the results, it is recommended that training sessions be organized for entrepreneurs to enhance their skills and reduce errors in selecting the right options, improve interpretation and analytical abilities, enhance instantaneous decision-making capacity, and optimize environmental analysis and information processing.