جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "همه گیری" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

Participatory urban planning aims to increase citizen involvement in urban decision-making and requires tools for analyzing vast amounts of textual data. This study investigates the application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in analyzing citizens' opinions regarding urban development plans.

Using content analysis methods and machine learning algorithms, opinions collected from social media platforms were analyzed. The results indicated that NLP can accurately identify sentiments, main topics, and patterns present in citizens' comments.

These findings suggest that NLP can serve as a powerful tool to enhance the decision-making process in urban planning. However, limitations such as informal language and the presence of specialized terminology in comments indicate a need for further development of NLP models.

The main purpose of this study is to identify the various aspects of the Justice and Progress Fund and delineate its directions in the future. In fact, the important goals of this study are to evaluate the strengths and criticisms of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund, to identify ways getting out of the bottlenecks of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund, to present competing alternatives to the Justice and Progress Fund, to present the advantages and bottlenecks and limitations of the Justice and Progress Fund, and to identify solutions for the implementation of the Justice and Progress Fund.

The methods used in this research are descriptive, evaluation, content analysis and comparative studies. From the point of view of aim, the research is an applied and developmental type. The tools of this study were a researcher-made questionnaire, interviews and library and documentary studies. The data were collected as a library work by using the theses, scientific and research papers as well as conference articles on the sites of Magiran, academic jihad database and scientific and research magazines of the ministers. Latin references were also used for their scientific and research articles cited on the google scholar site. To collect the research data, after making the necessary arrangements with the managers, experts and elites in the field, the research questions were provided to them in the form of a questionnaire. In total, 55 experts were selected using the snowball sampling method.

The results of the investigations show that the low cost of creating the fund (the structure, facilities and hardware of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund), the alignment and sometimes overlapping of the goals of the Justice and Progress Fund with the goals of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund, the possibility of holding provincial officials accountable for the optimal and efficient use of resources allocated, and the possibility of proposing and applying new financing models and leveraging them have been the most important strengths and opportunities of the Justice and Progress Fund. On the other hand, the lack of transparency in grants in paragraph (a) of note (18) have caused weaknesses such as the application of taste, lack of giving and receiving reports, replacing relationships and connections instead of regulations, eliminating economic justification in activities, and creating rent and corruption in the country.

Conclusions and policy implications: 

One of the most important results of the current research was determining the tasks and clarifying the direction of the Justice and Progress Fund in the future. Therefore, in a process of identifying dualities of orientation, an attempt has been made to prepare the basis for developing a conceptual model to form the Justice and Progress Fund.Based on the summation of the opinions of managers and elites in this field, the research groups of the Development and Foresight Research Center, the Management and Planning Organization of the provinces of the country, and the expert opinion of the researcher based on the different parts of the article, and the opinions of all the interviewed people, the two options of continuing the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund and creating the Iran Justice and Progress Fund were taken into consideration. Although the Justice and Progress Fund has been examined in detail as the main idea of this research and placed in the center of attention of the study, the continuation of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund is proposed as another option based on the opinions of experts in this field. The disadvantages of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund have been evaluated to be far more than its merits. In general, based on the evaluations of growth and development funds and the views and opinions of experts and managers, it is possible to realize the Justice and Progress Fund. The key orientations in the design of the Justice and Progress Fund include emphasis on providing financial resources for non-governmental and second-optimal projects with specific criteria and conditions, creating financial leverage to use private sector resources, supporting businesses with high added value, supporting bases of investment and provision of facilities, financing small and medium-sized projects, emphasis on the method of providing domestic financial resources, allocation of facilities to projects based on prioritizing economic growth (realization of 8 percent growth) based on the national spatial development document, focusing on limited and specific goals, decentralizing and increasing the authorities of the Provincial Planning and Development Council, strengthening the local government, and the management and planning of the organization as a custodian institution.The coordinates of the Progress and Justice Fund are proposed in this section in the areas of activity limits, realization and monitoring, how to provide financial resources, how to allocate facilities to plans and projects and management structures (powers and infrastructure) among them some are mentioned:Completing and developing the production infrastructure in the provinces, developing transparent and program-oriented mechanisms for the allocation of financial resources of the Fund, emphasizing the provision of financial resources for non-governmental and second-optimum projects with specific criteria and conditions (allocating a maximum of 10 percent of the Fund's resources to governmental projects with high physical progress), creating a separate account in the province to inform the governors of the amount of resources and expenses in the fund, decentralization and increasing the authorities of the Provincial Planning and Development Council (allocating the fund resources to the provinces), further opening the path to the formation of the local government and the proposed trustee body for the Justice and Progress Fund, planning and budget organization of the country and at the provincial level, and altering the management and planning organization of the provinces into a provincial planning and development council (because the chairmanship of the council is the governor’s task; while enjoying the cooperation and support of the governors, the development priorities of the province will also be taken into account).

Based on higher ladder theory, the present study is an attempt to evaluate the relationship between CEO overconfidence and company performance. This study also examines the moderating role of board independence in this context. Using the considered limitations. 141 companies were selected as the research sample in the period of 2016-2022. In order to test the research hypotheses, multivariate linear regression based on panel data has been used. . The empirical results of this research show that there is a positive and significant relationship between CEO confidence and company performance. CEOs with high self-confidence tend to make fast and experimental decisions and reduce the company's low investment problems and are more inclined to increase the overall performance of the company. Furthermore, the results show that independent board directors can turn the positive relationship between CEO overconfidence and firm performance into a negative relationship due to their limited knowledge of the industry and business. In fact, independent directors, as independent board members, may not be fully familiar with industry and business dynamics. They often take the main decisions of the company when necessary and therefore tend to reject the financial and investment proposals of the CEO. This may lead to a decrease in the financial performance of a company in the long run.

The outcome of Operation Valfajr 8 shifted the balance of the war in favor of Iran. The main reason for success in this operation was the surprise of the Iraqi army in the Faw region. The research questions are: What factors contributed to the surprise of the Iraqi army? In what dimensions was the Iraqi army surprised? To what extent was the Iraqi army surprised? And finally, how significant was the surprise of the Iraqi army in the victory of Operation Valfajr 8?This research is descriptive-analytical in nature and was conducted through the examination of books, documents, and records, along with interviews and questionnaires to gather the necessary information. The findings indicate that factors such as information security, deceptive operations particularly in the Hoveyzeh marshes, support operations especially in the Amal-al-Rasas region, river-crossing tactics, breaching operations, rapid execution of operation phases, and weather conditions on the night of the operation were significant in surprising Iraq in Operation Valfajr 8. The timing of the operation also contributed to this surprise to some extent.The Iraqi army was completely surprised strategically and operationally, and to a large extent tactically, in Operation Valfajr 8. The level of surprise was so high that it was considered the most important factor in the operation's success. The impact of the surprise on the Iraqi army was such that, had Iraq not been surprised with all its capabilities, Iran's victory in this operation would not have been possible.

Examining the influential components of any country's foreign policy can be instrumental in explaining and advancing its international objectives. One of the most crucial components influencing a country's foreign policy is the individual executing the predetermined policies in the realm of foreign affairs. To delve into this matter, it is essential to analyze the political personality and mindset of the policy executor in the field of foreign policy.This study aims to examine the character of Martyr Haj Qasem Soleimani and its influence on the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the West Asia region, seeking to elucidate the impact of influential individuals on the proper execution of foreign relations. This research employs a descriptive-analytical method within the theoretical framework of "Rosena's Continuity Model" and "Political Psychology Theory," utilizing data collection techniques based on library resources.The findings reveal that Soleimani's charismatic, devout, loyal, intelligent, and prudent personality, combined with his legal authority in regional foreign policy, has contributed to establishing peace in the region and advancing the objectives of the Islamic Revolution in foreign policy.

This article deals with the design of intelligent mind maps to develop creativity in strategy management. Given the complexities of business environments and the need for innovation in strategic decision-making processes, this study identifies the role and importance of mind maps in enhancing organizational creativity. In this study, mind maps are introduced as a tool to facilitate creative thinking and strategic decision-making. The results of the study show that the use of intelligent mind maps can help improve strategic thinking skills and increase creativity productivity in organizations. The study also showed that implementing mind maps in strategic processes helps organizations to better understand their competitive situation and design more effective strategies. Therefore, the use of this tool is recommended especially in organizations that seek to improve and develop their strategies.

This study examines the impact of using quantum intelligence in simulating futures scenarios in strategic management. Given the complexity and uncertainties in business environments, simulation models that leverage quantum intelligence can help managers predict possible futures and make more efficient strategic decisions. The research data was collected from semi-structured interviews with experts in the fields of quantum intelligence and strategic management. The research results show that the use of quantum intelligence algorithms allows organizations to simulate different future scenarios with greater accuracy and design more effective strategies. Also, this research identifies the challenges and opportunities of using this technology in strategic decision-making and provides models for improving the scenario simulation processes.

The aim of the present study was to compare the executive functions of children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) with an emphasis on response inhibition, organization, and decision-making/planning with healthy peers. The current study was a descriptive and causal-comparative study, and our statistical population included all children with DMDD and normal children in Tabriz between the ages of 8-12 years. With the cooperation of one of the psychological clinics, after screening by clinical diagnostic interview based on DSM-5, 30 children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder were selected by available sampling. A number of 30 normal children were matched with the patient group by random sampling in terms of age and gender. The data was obtained with the Coolidge neuropsychological and personality scale, a parent-as-respondent assessment tool. Multivariate analysis of variance test was used to analyze the data and the results showed that the two groups differ significantly from each other in terms of all three components of executive function. In other words, compared to children with DMDD, normal children suffer less from problems related to executive functions in the areas of response inhibition, organization, and decision-making/planning. The findings of the present study have significant research and clinical implications regarding the role of DMDD in the destruction of executive function, as well as the need to formulate and apply therapeutic methods focused on executive function defects in this group.

This article examines the role of insight (Basira) in the process of ijtihad and the derivation of Sharia rulings, evaluating its impact on the accuracy and validity of fatwas. Insight, as a mental and spiritual attribute, assists scholars in understanding religious texts beyond their apparent meanings and enables them to derive rulings aligned with the objectives of Sharia, considering the circumstances of time and place. The study first explores the concept of insight from a jurisprudential perspective, analyzing the views of past and contemporary jurists regarding its significance in ijtihad. It then assesses the impact of insight on the accuracy of fatwas by examining examples from contemporary issues, such as Islamic banking and new financial transactions. The findings indicate that insight directly influences the quality of issued fatwas and helps prevent extremism and laxity in religious rulings. Additionally, insight aids jurists in distinguishing between the superficial appearances of texts and the deeper purposes of Sharia, allowing for the issuance of comprehensive and practical rulings for modern challenges. Finally, recommendations are presented for enhancing insight within religious seminaries and educating future jurists. These suggestions include promoting the teaching of insight to students, conducting comparative research on fatwas, and further encouraging the application of insight in addressing new issues. This research concludes that strengthening insight among scholars can improve the ijtihad process and contribute to the development of Islamic jurisprudence in response to contemporary challenges.

This article conducts a comparative analysis of the concept of insight (Basirat) in Islamic Sufism and Buddhist philosophy, aiming to elucidate the epistemic similarities and differences between these two prominent spiritual traditions. In Islamic Sufism, insight is defined as a means to attain divine knowledge and unity with God, achieved through spiritual practices and mystical experiences. Conversely, in Buddhist philosophy, insight refers to the understanding of the impermanence and interdependence of all phenomena, leading to liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara). The study reveals that both traditions regard insight as a pivotal tool for self-purification, inner peace, and enlightenment. Furthermore, insight in both frameworks significantly influences individual and social life. In Islamic Sufism, insight fosters empathy and social responsibility, encouraging individuals to transcend selfish desires and engage in acts of service and justice. Similarly, in Buddhist philosophy, insight cultivates compassion and altruism, promoting harmonious relationships and reducing the suffering of others. The findings highlight that despite the distinct philosophical underpinnings and cultural contexts, both Sufism and Buddhism recognize insight as essential for spiritual growth and societal well-being. This research underscores the universal significance of insight as a multidimensional concept that bridges personal enlightenment and social harmony, offering a foundation for intercultural and interreligious dialogue. The study emphasizes the potential of comparative spiritual studies to enhance mutual understanding and cooperation among diverse religious and cultural traditions.

This article examines and conducts a comparative analysis of the concepts of insight (Basirat), justice, and piety (Taqwa) within Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh). Insight, defined as the ability to deeply understand and accurately discern, plays a crucial role in making Sharia decisions and assists individuals in making informed choices when facing complex challenges and issues. Justice, as a fundamental principle, emphasizes the importance of fairness and equality in judgments and behaviors, preventing any form of oppression and injustice. Piety, as an ethical attribute, guides individuals to avoid sins and adhere to religious and moral principles. The article explores the similarities and differences among these three concepts and analyzes their impacts on legal decisions and individual and social life. The findings indicate that insight, justice, and piety, as complementary principles, significantly contribute to strengthening the moral and legal framework of Islam. Adhering to these concepts simultaneously can help establish a fair and ethical society. Finally, the article provides suggestions for future research and practical applications of these concepts in various legal and social domains, emphasizing the necessity of incorporating them into educational and legal systems to enhance moral and religious values within society.

 

Nowadays, cognitive bias plays a significant role in the decision-making process of managers, which can impose profound effects on organizations. The aim of this research is to design the model of cognitive biases in decision-making of health system managers. The research follows qualitative method through content analysis, and the participants are decision-making managers in the health system. The sample of this purposive research is selected by snowball method, which includes 12 individuals. Using Max Quda22 software, open and axial coding method, was employed for ata analysis. The research resulted in 4 comprehensive themes including environmental bias, organizational bias, individual bias, and information processing bias. It also led to 10 organizing themes including uncertainty bias, cultural and social bias, peer pressure bias, situational bias, organizational culture bias, perceptual errors, belief stability bias, emotion bias, information analysis bias, data collection, and storage bias. 107 basic themes were also discovered. Research findings indicate that cognitive biases make decision-making traps, and their role in the health system are of considerable importance.

The fear and hesitancy of managers in making decisions ends up in a phenomenon called decision phobia, which sometimes has dangerous and irreparable consequences for the individual, employees and organization. By identifying this phenomenon, organizations can reduce its consequences. The purpose of this research is to present a model of how the phenomenon of decision-phobia of government agency managers appears and also to identify various solutions to deal with this phenomenon in government organizations.

The current research is descriptive-exploratory in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of the method of data collection, and it is of a qualitative research type that has been used using the foundation data method. Since the current research is qualitative, the data collection method is in-depth interviews with the participants. Based on this, 20 public administrators and management professors were selected as sample members using the purposeful sampling method and based on the principle of theoretical adequacy. In this research, in order to review and analyze the data obtained from the interview, the method of qualitative content analysis with inductive approach has been used.

Based on the textual analysis of the interviews, the understanding and recognition of the phenomenon of decision phobia, causal variables, intervening variables, influencing variables and the consequences of dealing with this phenomenon have been extracted. The results showed that changing organizational culture, creating flexible organizational structures, training and individual development of managers and supporting managers and decision-makers can prevent the phenomenon of decision phobia.

The comprehension of public issues is critical for the implementation of development processes. Constantly confronted with these concepts, national, regional, and local managers must be able to address critical issues impacting the affairs of the people, such as civil engagement, social impacts, and regional development. This research's primary objective is to assist local public sector administrators in prioritizing public issues and making decisions regarding local development. Based on the aforementioned literature, the present study seeks to address the following inquiry: “What is the most effective framework for discerning and ranking public issues in order to enhance decision-making in the realm of development concepts?”The data collection phase was concluded by conducting interviews with authorities in the field of local development and employing a qualitative research design. The data that was gathered was subjected to theme analysis.The findings indicate: After classifying 180 fundamental themes into ten organizing themes and three universal themes, a three-dimensional matrix was produced. The purpose of this matrix is to investigate and rank the general issues as executive tools. Social culture, education and training, health, the economy and means of subsistence, moral systems and tendencies, thought and vision systems, behavioral systems, individuals, and ultimately the software dimension of resources comprise the themes.As a result of investigating the levels of local governance and gaining a deeper comprehension of rural development constraints, decision makers can reach more accurate conclusions. By utilizing a decentralized decision matrix system, decision makers at the local level are capable of comprehending and endeavoring to identify public issues, priorities, and ultimately constrained resources. A decentralized decision making process has been proposed in order to obtain a more effective method for identifying problems, comprehending their nature, analyzing the structure of society, investigating critical changes, and developing plans and actions.

Persian, one of the world's most ancient languages and a member of the Indo-European language family, has undergone significant changes and transformations due to various political and social factors. Despite having no linguistic relationship with Persian, Arabic language has exerted the most influence on it, contributing numerous words, phrases, and idioms. Persian language is fundamentally distinct from Arabic language in terms of word origin and structure; they share no familial or kinship ties. The most notable manifestation of Arabic influence on Persian is found in vocabulary, though minor traces can be observed in other areas, such as syntax, where there is gender agreement in adjectives. Another clear example of these influences is the adoption and use of the Arabic morpheme "al". Persian contains borrowed compounds from Arabic, some of which include the morpheme "al". In Arabic, the indicative morpheme "al" functions to introduce nouns and their adjectival dependents. This research compares the morphological, grammatical, semantic, and pragmatic functions of the morpheme "al" as used in Arabic and as adopted into Persian.

Studies on the use of the Arabic "al" morpheme in the Persian language, compiled in textbooks and articles by specialists, have aimed to analyze and investigate the data using both analogical and inductive methods from descriptive and methodological perspectives. This research involves a thorough review of the literature to discuss the linguistic behavior of "al" in Arabic and its function in Persian, followed by an assessment of its productivity in Persian. The data were extracted from the Sokhan, Moin, Amid, and Farhange-Farsi-ye-Emrouz dictionaries. These sources contain approximately 3,886 entries of Arabic compounds with "al." The research has quantitatively analyzed these data, and the results are reported at the conclusion of the study.

The prefix "al-" in Arabic linguistics serves as the definite article, but it is not solely used for definiteness; it also has other types and applications. Generally, three main types and functions of "al-" are recognized: definition, redundant, and relative.a) Definition "al-": This is used before nouns to make them definite. This morpheme has two main roles, referred to as generic "al-" and specific "al-".b) Redundant "al-": Sometimes, "al-" appears in words without adding definiteness and does not make the word definite. This type of "al-" is termed redundant and is divided into two categories: transitive and intransitive. For instance, in words that are inherently definite, the addition of "al-" does not serve as a marker of definiteness but is considered redundant, as seen in the Quranic words: "al-Lat", "al-Uzza", "al-An", and "al-Yasa". Similarly, the "al-" in relative pronouns is also redundant, such as "alladhi", "alladhani," "alladhina," "allati", and "allati".c) Relative "al-": This "al-" functions as a relative pronoun and is used with active and passive participles, provided it does not imply generic or specific definiteness, as in "wal- ‘adiyat dhabhan", "fal-muriyate qadhan", "fal-mughirate subhan", and "inna al-mussaddiqina wal-mussaddiqat wa-aqradu allaha qardan hasanan".In the process of linguistic exchange and borrowing from Arabic, the Arabic "al-" has found its way into Persian and is used in the language. The Sokhan, Moin, Amid, and Farhang-e Farsi-ye Emrooz dictionaries contain over 3,886 entries of Arabic compounds with   "al-". Not only are there many Arabic-derived compounds in Persian that include this prefix, but there are also numerous new compounds formed with Persian words using "al-". However, most Persian grammar books and works regard these compounds as entirely Arabic and dismiss their use as incorrect and against Persian grammatical rules.This raises the question of whether Persian speakers perceive "al" as an inflectional bound morpheme with an independent role or meaning, or merely as a phonetic component of a word. While the "al" morpheme in Arabic has specific roles and even types, this is not the case in Persian. The primary function of "al-" in Arabic is to indicate definiteness, which it does not achieve in Persian. Adding "al-" to a Persian word does not convey this meaning to speakers and it is never seen that a noun or adjective in Persian is first presented without "al-" and then with it.Morphologically, the mechanisms of definiteness and indefiniteness in Persian are entirely different from those in Arabic. In Persian, definiteness has no marker and no special sign for definite nouns. Therefore, "al-" cannot be considered a marker of definiteness in Persian, nor can it be regarded as a morphological morpheme, distinguishing it from "al-" in Arabic. Since Persian speakers do not recognize "al-" alone as a morpheme, three hypothetical reasons for its presence in Persian can be suggested:By analogy with Arabic compounds borrowed into Persian, specialists in various fields have adopted these compounds, further creating and expanding new compounds with "al-" using Persian lexemes.The widespread use of such compounds has led to the phenomenon where "al-" appears in compounds where one or both components are Persian, creating new combinations with "al-" as an intermediary morpheme.In compounds such as "mamnu'ol," where "al-" follows "mamnu," it carries no specific meaning and serves as a redundant linking element between words.

The grammatical morpheme "al-" is one of the borrowings that Persian language adopted from Arabic. Initially accompanying loanwords when it entered Persian, this morpheme was used over time in conjunction with both borrowed and native Persian words to create hybrid terms. Although limited, this morpheme has achieved some productivity in forming compounds with Persian words.Phonetically, there is no significant difference between "al-" in Persian and Arabic. Phonologically, however, "al-" in Arabic exhibits different phonetic manifestations depending on the phonetic context of the initial phoneme of the word it precedes. It is noteworthy that in Arabic, the vowel of the final word attached to "al-" reflects the syntactic states of the noun in the sentence structure, a feature known as "i‘rāb." In contrast, Persian lacks such markers. Therefore, in Persian compounds featuring "al-," the sound of the final part of the first segment is pronounced consistently as "-ol ʔ-."Structurally, "/ʔæl/" in Persian can be considered a "semi-fertile and semi-active mediation" in terms of its morphological role and structure. Syntactically, one of the roles attributed to "al-" in Arabic is to indicate definiteness, a role it does not fulfill in Persian. In Arabic, the morpheme "al-" has specific roles and meanings, including different types of definiteness. However, in Persian, "al-" does not function to convey definiteness. Adding "al-" to a word in Persian does not make it definite in the mind of a Persian speaker.In Persian, the role of "al-" is primarily to form compound constructions. For example, in compound words like ''ʔaxærolzæman'' and ''hæqolsokut'', where two nouns are joined to create a compound, the morpheme "/ʔæl/" functions similarly to a prepositional genitive construction. Thus, in Persian, "/ʔæl/" serves to connect two linguistic elements to form compound words.

Introduction:             

AI refers to systems that exhibit intelligent behavior by analyzing their environment and taking actions, with some degree of autonomy, to achieve specific goals. In recent years, AI has also made its way into politics. In an increasingly interconnected world, the emergence and rapid development of AI has become a pressing issue in foreign policy decision-making. The exponential growth of data and the emergence of advanced AI technologies have opened new opportunities to enhance human decision-making capabilities. The integration of AI technologies into foreign policy decision-making processes has the potential to transform the way countries shape their strategies and navigate complex geopolitical challenges. The present study aimed to examine the role of AI in foreign policy decision-making, as well as the capacities and challenges lie therein.

Literature Review:

Several studies have dealt with to the use of AI in foreign policy decision-making. For instance, Berkoff (1997) explored the potential of AI to enhance individual and organizational decision-making capabilities, offering suggestions to the AI engineering community on what policymakers need to improve these processes. Putri et al. (2020) used AI to simulate ASEAN negotiations. They clarified how AI decision-making systems can help international relations experts and learners understand the decision-making process and government foreign policy strategies during diplomatic negotiations. Scott et al. (2018) tried to provide a basis for planning a foreign policy strategy that effectively responds to the emerging power of AI in international affairs. In the Iranian context, there is a notable lack of research regarding AI and its impact or application in foreign policy or international relations.

The study employed a mixed methods research design to analyze over 100 sources. Lawshe’s content validity ratio (CVR) method was used to validate the research hypothesis. Moreover, a panel of 12 experts, including academics and AI specialists, evaluated the hypothesis. With a CVR value exceeding 0.56, the hypothesis was confirmed, which showed the reliability of the research findings.

The applications of AI in foreign policy decision-making can be classified under two main types: 1) AI independent decision-making as in the virtual politician or AI politician and 2) AI as a support and supplement to decision-making in foreign policy. Currently, the concept of the AI politician is still at the theoretical level and has not been implemented in practice. Despite the efforts to promote the AI politician, these systems face many challenges and limitations. AI cannot understand complex foreign policy dynamics, cultural nuances, historical context, and diplomatic subtleties. Additionally, AI cannot evaluate and measure moral considerations or take responsibility for decisions. It is also unable to explain unexpected events, sudden policy changes, or emerging trends in world affairs. As a result, until these challenges are resolved, it is unlikely that humans will allow AI systems to make independent decisions.AI tools and methods (e.g., neural networks, expert systems, fuzzy logic, evolutionary computing, natural language processing algorithms, and computational argumentation technology) can be used to support and supplement decision-making in foreign policy. Artificial neural networks can be used to predict conflicts and armed confrontations. A concrete example can be found in Olaide and Ojo (2021) which developed a model to predict conflicts in Nigeria. Expert systems can aid in diplomatic negotiations by creating scenarios. An example is the simulation of foreign policy decision-making in ASEAN negotiations. Fuzzy logic can also be helpful as seen in Sanjian’s attempt to use the fuzzy set theory for modeling the decision-making process in the U.S. arms transfers (Sanjian, 1988). Genetic algorithms are the most widely used evolutionary computing methods in decision-making, which can shorten decision-making time and provide better decision-making plans for foreign policy decision-makers. In addition, natural language processing algorithms can reduce language barriers between countries, allowing diplomats and policymakers to communicate more easily with foreign governments and embassies. Moreover, special systems like the Project Debater can debate complex issues with humans, helping people make persuasive arguments and informed decisions.Using AI in foreign policy decision-making presents both capacities and challenges. AI offers several capacities to support decision-making in foreign policy. By helping decision-makers analyze abundant and diverse foreign policy data, AI enhances the ability to better assess decision risks and reduce errors in decision-making. This leads to more accurate predictions of international events and speeds up the decision-making process. Moreover, AI can reduce the influence of human biases, emotions, and interests, ultimately improving the quality of foreign policy decisions and enhancing the overall diplomacy process. Regarding the challenges, it is important to note that if the data inputted to AI is biased or incomplete, it can replicate and perpetuate human prejudices such as racism and sexism. The improper or unethical use of AI also poses a significant challenge. Additionally, AI systems lack the capacity for innovation and creativity and do not understand the value of human life or the consequences of military operations. Another challenge is verifying the performance of AI systems. The black box problem also presents a challenge, as the decisions made by AI cannot be easily explained by humans. Overall, considering both the capacities and challenges, researchers recommend that AI should support human strategic decision-making, with final decisions always being made by people in positions of authority.

The present study examined various applications of AI in foreign policy decision-making. The discussion concluded that the concept of the AI politician is not yet practical since AI lacks the capability to fully comprehend and navigate the complexities of foreign policy, thus making the emergence of such a phenomenon unlikely. In other words, AI cannot replace humans in making independent decisions within the realm of foreign policy. However, AI is effectively used today as a support and supplementary tool, serving roles in analysis and prediction to aid decision-making in foreign policy.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impacts and correlations of urban factors, with an emphasis on smart city indicators, in Hamadan. The study employs a survey-documentary method for data collection. To achieve meaningful results, a Delphi-based questionnaire was distributed among experts and elites, identifying existing issues, challenges, and their effects on the province’s underdevelopment. Given the inferential nature of the research, six hypotheses were formulated to measure variables, and the results were analyzed. The hypotheses were tested using the one-sample t-test. Subsequently, focal correlation analysis was conducted, and diagrams were presented to illustrate the relationships and effects of the indicators on other variables, as well as the percentage of their mutual influence.The findings revealed that the highest correlation within the smart economy index (impact rate, β) is with the smart transportation index, with a beta coefficient of β = 0.36. The highest correlation within the smart people index (impact rate, β) is with the land use and intelligent activity index, with a beta coefficient of β = 0.72. Similarly, the highest correlation within the smart government index (impact rate, β) is with the smart environment index, with a beta coefficient of β = 0.73.