جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « هنجارها » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Physical appearance as a form of capital has been the focus of sociologists in recent years because "aesthetic capital," like other forms of capital, can be accumulated and utilized in social exchanges. The general purpose of this research was to collect information about the dimensions and meaning of appearance, and to do so, the questionnaire tool was used. The present research participants included all people between the ages of 15 and 60 in a statistical sample of 384 people in Ahvaz City. In this regard, statistical measures for both the "accumulation" and "utilization " dimensions of "aesthetic capital" were studied based on a parallel survey design using ordinal logistic regression (o-logit model). The findings showed that there are double standards based on specific norms regarding "accumulation" and "utilization " of "aesthetic capital." Furthermore, the existence of double normative standards depends on the "context" of society, in a way that these standards in "accumulation of capital" mean more approval of women's behavior, while the double standard in "utilization of capital" means more approval of men’s behavior. As a result, aesthetic capital, as something that depends on the context, regulates gender norms.

Revolutionary states challenged the values and norms governing the conduct of foreign after the victory because of unfair and Undesirable. They want to change the status quo in domestic and international arena and replace it with values that are favorable and fair. Iran's Islamic Revolution is also not excluded from this total. Thus, they began to opposed the existing values and norms and demanded that they be replaced by Islamic norms. The authors of this article, using descriptive-analytical method and library resources, seek to answer why the leaders of the Islamic Revolution of Iran oppose the norms governing the international system and in response to the hypothesis that the religious attitude of the revolutionary leaders to the international system They challenged the constituent elements of the existing international system and its values and demanded their replacement with Islamic values and norms. Because these values are based on Western and non-religious values. Also, the promoters of these values do not have the necessary credibility, and their purpose in raising these issues is to put pressure on other countries.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the social resilience of economic organizations against institutional anomie at the level of non-governmental economic organizations (Iranian Home Appliance Industry Association) with an institutional analysis approach. The research was conducted from 1399 to 1400. The type of research method is qualitative and the type of data analysis method is inductive thematic analysis. The data collection technique was episodic interview. The research population includes all members of the association, 21 of whom were purposefully selected. Findings showed the foundations of institutional anomie can be traced at both macro and micro levels. At the macro level, the change of fundamental structures, the establishment of society in a state of transition, and the emergence of new spirits in Iranians led to the creation of the mentioned anomie. At the micro level, the failure to achieve common values and ideals paved the way for anomie, and the inconsistency of actors' cultural tools and rules to achieve a common goal, the quest for transformation, exacerbated that anomie. Contrasting to Merton's theory of anomie, in this study it was found that, it is possible for actors to act simultaneously in the form of two or more of these cultural patterns. Given the simultaneous commitment of the members of that association to the model of "adaptation and conformity" plus "innovation and innovation", the model of "transformational adaptation" can be added to the models mentioned by Merton that Indicates creative resilience

The purpose of this study was to explain the correlational model Organizational Ethical Culture with professional ethics in sport coaches. 185 coaches from various sports were selected using simple random sampling method and completed the Organizational Ethical Culture Questionnaire and Professional Ethics Questionnaire of Sporting Coaches. The Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression model. So, respect to values and norms, coaching philosophy, humanistic relationship, interest to profession, applying collective wisdom and rule orientation were explained by the dimensions of Organizational Ethical Culture, respectively. The dimensions of Organizational Ethical Culture explained totally 11.9% of overall level professional ethics variance in sport coaches. With this in mind, in order to improve professional ethics, serious attention should be paid to the culture of organizational ethics.

Marriage and its narrated forms in Shahnameh, like many social phenomena, have mythological and social bases that determine their intellectual infrastructure and theoretical basis and explain whether they are norm or anomalies. Marriages narrated in Shahnameh can be classified into two general groups: endogamy and exogamy. In this article, while studying the important types of exogamy in Shahnameh, by searching for their mythological and social foundations, the normality or abnormality of each according to Ferdowsi and some of the characters is examined.  For Iranians, exogamy has mythological and social foundations; Its mythological basis is derived from the mixing of divine forces with demons in the myth of creation and its social basis is rooted in the social customs of the matriarchal era, in which men sought to acquire the originality and rule by bonding with women of other countries. The most important types of exogamy in Shahnameh can be seen in two forms of temporary marriage and polygamy. The former is based on the myth of the union of man with fairies and from a social point of view represents the efforts of other tribes to obtain the lineage and race of the enemy hero to overcome him and his country. In this research, it was found that polygamy in Shahnameh has no mythical basis and its social basis is rooted in the traditions and customs of the patriarchal period that According to it, men have turned to polygamy in order to have more children and more labor. Ferdowsi and several other figures in the Shahnameh have considered the excessive polygamy of kings to be abnormal due to the oppression and harm it inflicts on women.

Population growth in the country has been declining in recent years and forecasts show that in the not too distant future, Iran will face the phenomenon of aging and a little further away with a further decline in population growth and population decline. This in itself can have many negative consequences for the country. To prevent these harmful consequences, it is necessary for social policy makers to implement appropriate programs to get out of this harmful situation in order to maintain the reliability and dynamism of the population. This article believes that the way out of this situation is to revive the Islamic-Iranian way of life based on the principles and values of religion and indigenous culture. Therefore, it has tried to provide a cultural model for increasing fertility, based on religious thought. The finding suggests that a religious model at three levels of beliefs, values and norms by shaping behaviors, can help increase fertility. The research method is descriptive and analytical in the data collection stage and descriptive and analytical in the processing stage

The purpose of the present study is an analysis of the speech act and political background in the ideology of Imam Khumaynī. The main research question is what is the relationship between social-political backgrounds and writing texts by Imam Khumaynī. This research attempts to make use of Ibrahim Barzigar’s theory in his book, Politics as the Way and the Theory of Speech Act with Regard to Political Grounds.  Imam Khumayī initially in some of his books like Kashf Asrār followed his speech act for awakening and opposing the passivity of the seminary and people towards current events. In the next stage, his writing and speech gradually shifted to reforming the ideology of kingdom and afterwards, when he did not get any results from this method, he shifted to changing the common norm and developing his norm by writing Wilāyat-i Faqīh, al-Bay’, and so on. In the subsequent stages, by developing and stabilizing the common norm that is Islamic revolution and Wilāyt-i Faqīh, he dealt with system building and institutionalization. The present research relies on the hypothesis that the course of developing Imam Khumaynī’s common norm with respect to different grounds, initiated by him through writing various books and dissertations. These attempts became fruitful in the form of Islamic revolution and by scientific endeavors and practical leadership to determine the path of revolution as an upright way for all people.

Comparing Subjective and Objective Dimensions of Body Contouring among Three generations of Women in Arak City Abstract The study of changes occurred in perception and performance of different generations is based on the assumption that, through experiencing different social revolutions, different generations have different experiences of beauty values, norms and performance. Based on this, the present research was carried out to study subjective and objective revolutions of beauty among three generations of women in Arak city. Theoretical framework of the research is developed based on theories by Bourdieu, Giddens, Inglehart, and feminism. The research methods were cross-sectional survey and causal-explanatory. The sample was calculated as 383 from three recent generations of women in Arak city (age groups 19-68) based on Cochran formula; but, to consider sample loss, the questionnaire copies were distributed among 390 women. The results showed “intergenerational distinctions in beauty's objectivity and intergenerational congruence in beauty's subjectivity” based on which we see that even if there are no significant differences among young, middle-aged, and old generations regarding physical self-concept but there are significant differences among these three generations regarding manifestation of and attempt to body contouring which appears as body management. Keywords: women, beauty, medium, inclination towards body contouring, body management, norms, self-concept

The most important mission of the media is education, information, sound analysis, reinforcement of epistemic beliefs, and correction of audience behavior. The purpose of the present study is to investigate and explain the ethical norms and values ​​important in enhancing the effectiveness of the mass media and striving to be part of the harm. What are some of the disadvantages in media efficiency and immunity? The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method and the ethical and psychological teachings related to the mass media are analyzed and described. Effective on the effectiveness and immunity of the mass media, the following can be extracted: 1. The need for a holistic approach to media content and tools; 2. Accuracy in information processing and analysis; 3. Observance of individual differences and cognitive capacities of the audience; 4. Observance of the principle of ontology; 5. Making use of good and excellent verbal and nonverbal communication; 6. 7. Commitment to honesty and truthfulness; 8. Observing justice and fairness in the media; 9. Observing the dignity and dignity of the audience; 10. Increased ability of self-control in the audience; increased resilience in the audience; 12. Representing the facts and not distorting it.

Electricity consumption has been rising with an average annual growth of 7% in Iran and the imbalance in production and consumption has caused power outage crisis and economic losses. More than 50% of peak electricity demand is related to the household sector, so the household sector can be considered as the most effective component of the electricity crisis. Investment costs for the construction of power plants, transmission, distribution networks are increasing every year. In order to manage peak electricity demand in the short term, four main solutions are proposed: customer relationship management, electricity tariff reform, quotas and voluntary reductions in electricity consumption, and the replacement of low efficiency electrical equipments with high efficiency appliances. These policies have not been much successful. The failure of these policies can be attributed to inadequate social recognition of policymakers from the community. The tools and insights of behavioral economics are, in fact, a lost circle that can promote the implementation of such policies.

Nowadays social networks play an important role in individuals’ activism because it provides both escaping the regulations" and "regulatory framework. The method of this research is a descriptive-survey method. ". The statistical population of this study was all the children of families living in Tehran, selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling of 400 individuals.. In order to study the research hypotheses, one-way variance analysis, Spearman correlation, partial correlation and two-way variance analysis have been used. The results showed that there is no difference between the average of forms of resistance in accepting family norms among different types of social networks. There is a significant difference between the mean scores of resistance forms in accepting family norms in those who have less than 2 hours of use of virtual social networks with people who have between 2-4 hours and 4 to 6 hours in cyberspace. There is not a significant relationship between the use and motives of using the legal social networks and the resistance of adolescents in accepting family norms. Also, given that virtual social networks are the basis for the interaction of a wide range of people with different cultures, beliefs and behaviors that can sometimes be in conflict with the values and norms of the family, virtual social networks, according to the type, The level of use and even the motivation and reasons for using virtual social networks by users, can affect the acceptance or non-acceptance of the norms of society and even the family.

This study intends to find ways to enhance social capital norms based on the most important epistemological capital of Shia which is Imamate (religious leadership).  Regarding the characteristics of the topic having discovery aspect,descriptive-analytical and historical-hermeneutic methods have been used. The Shia Imamate teachings play a very effective role in the development of the most impotant social capital norms namely social cooperation and tolerance and enhancement of life value. Shia Imamate enjoying important qualities such as knowledge,immunity from sins,and having divine guardianship,on one hand,provides the most efficient epistemological constellation in order to use social capital norms and on the other hand it guarantees the effective protection of social capital.

The article starts with this notion that in the near future the development of communication hardware and instruments will push humanity to a new phase of bringing religions face to face with each other. Then it is emphasized that each of the three major Abrahamic religions will be given an opportunity to know about each other’s holy books without any mediators. Furthermore, this question is raised about the normative propositions of each of the prophets in the three scriptures, and the kind of existing similarities and differences. A conceptual definition of prophet and norm comes next and reasons have been offered to show that the notion of norm as described in the Holy Books is probably different from the one offered by sociology literature. Finally, to find answers to the questions, an eclectic research method for content analysis was adopted. Then with the help of a suitable software the normative propositions existing in The Old and New Testaments and the Quran were extracted and the research subject was categorized in 7 groups and the similarities and differences were explained as follows: 1- Dos and don’ts in our relation with the prophets in general 2- Dos and don’ts in our relation with Abraham 3- Dos and don’ts in our relation with Moses 4- Dos and don’ts in our relation with Jesus 5- Dos and don’ts in our relation with the Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h.) 6- Dos and don’ts in our relation with other prophets 7- Dos and don’ts in our view of the prophets’ miracles. At the end, with the help of Phi coefficient, the converging seven themes have been extracted and the resulting models have been presented.

In many companies, the path from initiating creative ideas from individuals to innovate is not fully implemented for many reasons. Such companies have been convinced to use employees' new ideas effectively and know that will not happen except with a creative deviance. So, the goal of this research was to design a model of creative deviance in the National Iranian Oil Company using the grounded theory method as one of the qualitative methods.In this study, deep interviews were conducted with 11experts in the National Iranian Oil Company and University Professors , using theoretical sampling method for determining research sample. Then, the components of creative deviation were identified in three stages of coding in grounded theory method, including: open, axial, and selective coding methods. According to the results, management and organizational component (causal conditions), creative deviance (action/reaction strategy) characteristics of actors and features of the idea (context), managerial, organizational and biographical conditions (intervening conditions), positive and negative consequences in the individual and organizational levels (consequences) were extracted and creative deviance model was designed.

Social capital is one of the most important assets of a society that helps individuals to achieve common goals and preserve society and solidarity. Mahdi Barouri, with its capacities and wide range of opportunities, can create, strengthen and strengthen the social capital of the expectations of society in the field of norms, values ​​and the structure of networks of relations among people of the society. One can mention the influence of this thought in the Shiite society, positive thinking and hope creation, activism, oppression, social solidarity, etc. According to the features of the Age of Advent, such as the lack of economic, social and ethnic discrimination, Security and ... The modeling of these characteristics in the society of Mehdi Babe can influence the creation and strengthening of social capital in the absence of time.

The purpose of this study was to determine the cultural barriers of science development in universities from the viewpoint of faculty members in Azad University of Tehran North Branch. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of collecting data, a descriptive survey was used. The statistical population of this research was all faculty members in Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch. 536 people were selected by using Cochran sampling formula. 240 individuals were selected through random stratified sampling method. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale that had 54 items. The validity of the questionnaires was assessed based on the content validity of the questionnaires, based on the views of some of the statistical population and the structure by factor analysis method. After validation of the necessary terms, validity was confirmed and on the other hand, the reliability of the questionnaire was estimated at 0.838 by Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was done on descriptive and inferential levels including one-sample t-test. The findings of the research showed that from the viewpoint of faculty members of Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, cultural weaknesses of science development in university in all five dimensions of cultural barriers In other words, values, norms, beliefs, organizational norms and informational system were presented below the comparisons of these dimensions at the level (p <0.0001) and higher than the effective level.

In the age of spread of ethics, and development of applied and professional ethics, there remains nothing more significant than science and belief being accompanied with human being all times; the fact that without ethics would destroy science. Many philosophical and epistemic traditions have spoken of scientific rules and manners of conduct; nevertheless, it seems necessary for ethics of science to be regarded as an scientific field and study it completely. In spite of many works in the ethics of research, few works may be found on ethics of science and tried to compile ethical regulations in libraries and publishing scientific findings. To develop this sub-field and explain a framework for compiling ethics of science, some primary agents and compoents is necessary. Such necessaries including possibility and necessity for ethics of science, content of the ethics, challenges facing the branch to be compiled and necessary grounds for it to be organized have been studied in the paper.

The study of subcultures is one of the most important approaches for the identification and investigation of social injuries. The contribution of ethnography to research on narcotics is to focus on social relationships with the centrality of drug use. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ethnic subcultures (Arab people of Ahvaz) and the folk norms and recommendations that encourage the use of narcotic drugs.
This was an ethnographic and a qualitative research. Purposive sampling was used and theoretical saturation was used to achieve the sample adequacy. The domain of this research was the subculture of the Arab nation. Three-step coding was used to analyze the research data. The first step was open coding where important concepts were extracted. In the axial coding step, axial codes were drawn out of the conceptualization of important issues.
Causes of the tendency towards beliefs, customs, and traditions were revealed to be parent's false education regarding the relatively high size of Arab's families, misleading cultural propaganda, lack of knowledge, lack of welfare facilities, unemployment, low quality of life, and adherence to ethnic customs in the domain of drug use. In terms of conventional beliefs about narcotic drugs, the findings suggest that the shared understanding and values can act as clear rules for drug users. Knowledge about drug use is transmitted through an interconnected social network, which represents a subculture of narcotic drugs.
It can be argued that the beliefs and norms encouraging drug use have been commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment or reduction of pain associated with diseases of the old world.