جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « cluster analysis » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Environmental changes The environmental environment of any environment can be changed. In case of achieving this goal, first the average daily statistics (2021-2009) were received from the General Meteorological Organization for Nair city. The maximum limit is determined by using 99% of Frein's threshold limit, then for Frein's days, the sea level pressure value was extracted from the Nova site, and on this model, patterning was done with Ward's hierarchical clustering method based on Euclidean distance. As a result, two major patterns were identified and one representative day of each pattern was included in the synoptic analysis. For this, NCEP-NCAR data were used to draw synoptic maps in the software environment. The results showed that the thermal low pressure systems that entered Iran from the south-east and south-west sides covered the entire geographical area of Iran and especially the studied area and brought an unstable atmosphere. At this time, the warm air from the southern latitudes that flowed through the Naveh channel in the west of Iran towards the northwest of Iran was blocked by the blocking barrier located in the western half of Iran. The anomalous state of air temperature showed that on the investigated day, temperature changes increased by 4 degrees Celsius compared to the length of the week. Geodetic maps of temperature and temperature advection at the level of 500 hectopascals also show that the origin of heat movement is from the north-east of Africa and has been drawn towards the study area, and heat convergence has occurred in the study area and has added to the temperature.

For this purpose, the data of 13 climatic variables in 14 synoptic stations in a period of 44 years (from 1977 to 2020) used and a 13x14 matrix (rows; climatic elements and columns; number of stations) was created. In order to generalize the station data to the area, a grid with 15x15 km pixel was formed in central Iran and a matrix with dimensions of 446x15 (rows; digital pixel and columns; number of stations) It was found that the basis of the calculations will be factor analysis with varimax rotation and cluster analysis with Ward integration. The results of measuring the relationship between altitude and climatic variables indicate that in Central Iran, there is a direct and significant relationship between these two factors. However, due to the influence of local and macro-scale climatic factors, this relationship is not the same throughout the area and sometimes creates climatic nesting. In addition, the results showed that the 4 main and effective factors that make the climate of central Iran are: precipitation, temperature, humidity and dust storm. These factors explain 86.2 percent of the climatic behavior of this area. So that the rainfall with 35 percent is the most important climatic element in this area, which often dominates in cold mountainous regions and high altitudes. The temperature is 27.3 percent in the central deserts and the sides of Lut desert in Kashan, Khourbiabanak, Lar and Bam. Humidity is effective with 15.3 percent in parts of hot and humid southern areas in Baft, Abadeh and even cold and humid northern areas in Daran, Isfahan. Dust storms with 8.8 percent are the least effective factor in the climate of central Iran, which are scattered in Khourbiabanak, Bafaq, Yazd, and Kashan

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is a dimensionless quantity that shows the amount of light passing through the atmosphere and expresses the amount of absorption and scattering caused by aerosols in the path of light passage. Knowing AOD is necessary to understand its effects on air quality and provide a strategy of confrontation with it. South Baluchistan basin is affected by dust and high concentrations of aerosol due to its geographical location. Therefore, in this study, the tempo-spatial changes of AOD in this basin have been analyzed. In this research, the data of the AOD product (MOD 04 L2) and, the Deep Blue algorithm of MODIS sensor of Terra satellite during the period of 2002-2019 were used. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used for data processing. The results showed that the first component alone explains 84% of the variance of the data. The pattern of temporal changes shows that this component exists throughout the year, but it decreases in the cold period and increases in the warm period of the year. Based on the temporal changes of the AOD, the basin can be divided into four temporal periods: winter, spring-autumn, transitional, and summer. The mean AOD reaches 0.69 in the summer pattern. This means that the basin has relatively dusty weather during the summer. Based on spatial distribution, the basin can be divided into three areas: mountainous, piedmont, and plains. The average AOD in the basin is 0.38, which reaches 0.62 in the plain zone. The AOD regime is the same in all three zones, but the plain zone is significantly different from the other two zones in terms of quantity. The high deal of AOD in this basin is related to regional factors that are active in the warm period of the year (Indian monsoon) in addition to local factors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in Iran's climate zones during the periods 1965-1975, 1976-1985, 1986 -1955, 1996-2005, 2006-2015. For this purpose, the weather data (minimum, maximum, average), humidity (minimum, maximum, average), rainfall, wind and sunshine for 411 synoptic stations during the period 1965 to 2015 were collected and analyzed by the Iran’s Meteorological Organization. Moreover, the Asafzari database was also used in two sections. The first section was formed with the help of 1434 stations from the beginning of 1961 to 2004 and the second section from 2004 to 2015 with the help of 960 stations. At first, factors influencing the climate of Iran were analyzed using factor analysis and then clustered using cluster analysis. In order to validate the identified areas, Silhouette Index (SI) was used. The results showed that most of the spatial variations during the five periods studied were very hot and dry (very low rainfall and high temperature), warm and dry (low rainfall and high temperatures), and cold and dry (low rainfall and low temperature) so that each of these three areas, for example, the cold and dry (low rainfall and low temperature) areas, reduces. On the contrary, the size of the two other areas increased. This dimension of change in the first and second period has been quite evident. The results of the silhouette analysis also showed that more than 92 percent of the Iran’s zones were located right in their group, which indicates the high validity of the identified areas.

Shamal wind is one of the local winds with high continuity and diversity in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf region, which often causes dust storms during the summer. In this research, the hourly data of sea level pressure, geopotential height, U and V winds were collected for a period of 44 years from the Copernicus database. First, these data were arranged as a long-term mean, secondly. In order to process the data, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used. Applying the PCA showed that more than 97% of the variation of the data is explained by three components. The score map of the first component revealed the spatial mechanism of the Shamal summer wind and the eigenvector diagram of the first component of the time period of the Shamal summer wind activity. In addition, the hierarchical cluster analysis on the time-space matrix of SLP showed three-time clusters that represent the time period of the north wind in summer and winter. The analysis of the maps of the monthly pressure distribution pattern showed that the most important active and influential system in the region is the low pressure of the Persian Gulf in the summer season, and the low pressure of the Red Sea in the winter season. The results suggest that the changes in the patterns of the earth's surface at the levels of 500 and 700 hPa are not much significant while it shows a better existence in the 850 and 1000 hPa maps.

Precipitation anomalies, especially drought and its changes are among the most important topics in climatology. The current study was carried out to regionalize drought events and evaluate the changes in their extent in annual, seasonal and monthly time scales. For this purpose, EAR5 monthly rainfall data and the RAI drought index were used. Hierarchical cluster analysis based on Ward's correlation-integration distance Mann-Kendall's test and the slope of the regression line were used to extract spatial clusters and their changes. The number of spatial clusters (areas) of co-occurrence of drought in the rainy season and months is wider and more homogeneous than in the less rainy months such as the summer season. Certain geographical-climatic areas such as Southeast, Center, Northwest and West-Southwest are seen most of the time. The annual drought changes in none of the areas show a significant trend, which could be due to intra-seasonal and monthly contrasts in drought changes. So in winter and spring (the main rainfall period of the country), an increasing trend was observed, and on the other hand, in autumn, a decreasing trend of drought was observed. On a monthly scale, the most obvious increase trend has occurred in the two main months of rainfall in the country, namely January and March, and a decrease in November. The results of the research can indicate the temporal shift of rainfall or the change in the country's rainfall regime

Historical contexts serve as significant carriers of ancient heritage, conveying cultural and civilizational messages across generations. The surroundings of the holy shrine in Mashhad boast valuable historical and religious landmarks such as historic houses, mosques, gardens, and caravanserais. However, due to their integration within aging urban fabric, these sites face challenges including visual degradation, structural integrity issues, accessibility constraints, and deficiencies in urban infrastructure. Despite the establishment of regeneration offices, efforts to preserve and maintain these sites have not been entirely successful. This research aims to assess the operational pathology of facilitation offices, particularly focusing on tourism, within the central fabric surrounding the holy shrine. The study employs a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative interviews conducted between 1401-1402 with 28 managers of facilitation offices. Findings highlight critical factors contributing to operational pathology, including the knowledge of urban regeneration experts and related entities (coefficient of importance = 0.184), urban management's perspective on tourism (coefficient = 0.110), financial resource inadequacies within regeneration organizations (coefficient = 0.099), expertise deficiencies among regeneration experts (coefficient = 0.095), reluctance to collaborate with other entities (coefficient = 0.086), and weaknesses in the evaluation system of regeneration organizations. These results prioritize key areas requiring intervention for enhancing the performance of neighborhood development offices in the vicinity of the holy shrine.

The purpose of the present research is to map the intellectual structure of the subject categories of Cultural Heritage Conservation articles indexed in the AATA online database.

This applied research was conducted using clustering and Co-occurrence Analysis. The statistical population for the research includes all subject categories of articles indexed in the AATA database from 1800 to 2020. The "Ward" method was utilized for hierarchical clustering. Data analysis was carried out using Excel and SPSS software. VOSviewer, UCINET, and RavarPrimap software were employed to visualize the co-occurrence network of topics.

The results revealed that the subject of "architectural conservation" was the most frequent topic. The topics "pigments, colors, and paintings", "archaeological conservation and "preventive conservation, and general topics" were ranked second to fourth with frequencies of 15517, 14063, and 11518, respectively. The pair "Architecture Protection**Stone and related construction materials" was the most common theme in terms of co-occurrence. Additionally, the pairs "Archaeological Conservation** Ceramics, Glass, and Glaze" and "Archaeological Conservation** Metals and Metallurgical Byproducts" were ranked second and third with 2099 and 273 repetitions, respectively. Hierarchical clustering, using the "Ward" method, resulted in the formation of 8 thematic clusters. The cluster "Studies focused on the type of protected material included 49 topics, was the largest cluster. Other clusters included "theories and history" with 8 topics, "knowledge of techniques and materials and evaluation of treatment methods" with 26 subjects, "emergency Restoration and Risk Analysis" with 20 topics, "Archaeological Conservation and Conservation Studies of Egypt" with 15 topics, "pathology and conservation of earthen architecture" with 14 topics, "Historical Concrete (Sarouj) 5 topics, and "Historical Conservation Resources" with 5 topics.

"Architectural Conservation, "Pigments, Paints, and Paintings, "Archaeological Conservation, and "Preventive Conservation" were among the topics of interest in the field of cultural heritage conservation. The results of the co-occurrence analysis showed that the clusters of "Identification techniques and materials and evaluation of treatment methods" and "Historic Conservation Resources" were considered central, mature, and well-developed. These clusters have played a central role in cultural heritage conservation research. The clusters of "Archaeological Conservation and Conservation Studies of Egypt" and "Pathology and Conservation of Earthen Architecture" were not central but considered well-developed clusters. Although the clusters "Studies focused on the type of protected materials" and "Emergency conservation and risk assessment central role in cultural heritage conservation research, they were deemed immature. The clusters "Theories and History" and "Historical Concrete" received less attention in research.The results of mapping the intellectual structure using co-occurrence analysis showed that the highest centrality degree was assigned to thematic categories of "Archaeological Conservation, "Pigments, Paints, and Paintings, and "Architectural Conservation. This means that these subject areas had the most influence on the map. Consequently, these areas were deemed crucial in the thematic structure of the field of cultural heritage conservation. Betweenness centrality also indicates the importance of a node in terms of its position on the map and information transmission in the network. According to the results, the subject categories with the highest centrality were "metals and metallurgical products, "preventive protection and general issues, and "non-cellular natural organic materials (resins, varnish, wax, gum, oils...). these thematic categories played a significant role in information transmission in the thematic network of cultural heritage conservation. Conversely, the centrality index of the issues in the field of cultural heritage conservation was very similar. This outcome suggests that different topics have a similar level of influence in the network.

Different factors such as motivation and anxiety can affect the students learning activity. Therefore, educational research has shown that motivation is one of the essential factors for the improvement of student performances. Using a person-based approach, the present study aimed to determine the motivational profiles (clusters) of students and to compare their exam anxiety considering these profiles. This study was conducted with a comparative-descriptive method. The statistical population of the study was middle school boy students. 203 grade eight and nine students were choose by multiple stage cluster sampling method. They completed the Achievement Goal Questionnaire as well as the Exam Anxiety Questionnaire. Cluster analysis and ANOVA were used for data analysis using SPSS software. Cluster analysis revealed four motivational profiles for the students: 15.7% for performance avoidance cluster, 29.5 % were placed in the mastery oriented and performance-oriented cluster, 21.1 % were placed in the lack of motivation cluster, and 33.4 % were placed in multiple motivation one. The exam anxiety in the clusters including lack of motivation as well as performance avoidance was more than the other clusters (p<0.001). The findings of this study will help those involved in the area of education make effective attempts by planning helpful educational program, so it promotes the students’ learning motivations during the academic years.

Domestic tourism plays a key role in the tourism industry. With the global boom and expansion of the tourism industry, an increasing number of regions in developing countries have recognized the importance of tourism as an important factor in the development of the regional economy. As a bridge between the West and the East, Iran has a special place in the field of tourism in terms of special geographical conditions in the region and the Middle East, in terms of special geographical conditions in the region and the Middle East. Indeed, the expansion of economic, health, security and communication infrastructure in the 21st century has made tourism an inevitable reality in human life. Ardabil is one of the cities of Iran and the capital of Ardabil province in northwestern Iran. Ardabil province, due to its unique historical and geographical conditions, has many tourist attractions and in different seasons of the year, it receives many tourists from different parts of the country. The climatic attractions of Ardabil province are richer in spring and summer than in winter; Also, in terms of topography, Ardabil province has very strong potentials in the mountainous part. The province has many attractions. Sarein and Meshkinshahr are also two tourist cities in Ardabil province that attract many tourists to this province every year due to their pristine and eye-catching nature and warm waters. Tourism market segmentation is one of the important measures that can help marketers and planners of tourism destinations in identifying the needs and wants of tourists. The basis of tourism market segmentation is based on the concept that tourism markets are composed of different and diverse groups of tourists that members of each of these groups needs, wants, interests, personality, travel behavior, shopping style and have the same reactions to the variables of a tourism product or service offered. Segmentation serves as an important strategic tool for tourism marketers and provides practical insights into targeting, positioning and competitive analysis. Customer segmentation into different groups and identifying the characteristics of each group helps us to adopt better marketing approaches and on the other hand creates creative ideas.

The current research is a descriptive survey in terms of data collection. Also, considering that the purpose of this research is to segment the tourism market based on the travel motives of tourists, it is practical in terms of the purpose. The statistical population of this study consists of domestic tourists visiting the cities of Ardabil, Sarein and Meshkinshahr between the first of May and the end of July 2017.Sampling was done using available sampling method and the required sample size was calculated based on Cochran's formula for an unlimited population, 384 people, and the number of samples were equally divided between three cities of Ardabil, Sarein, Meshkinshahr. In order to distribute the questionnaires, the prominent tourist areas of these three cities were visited in person during the specified time period.

Chi-square test was used to examine the differences between clusters based on demographic characteristics. The results show that there is a significant difference between all clusters based on demographic characteristics at the 95% confidence level. alsoIn this research, only the travel satisfaction variable has been used as a psychological characteristic. The results indicate that there is a significant difference between the clusters in terms of travel satisfaction at the 95% confidence level. The selected behavioral variables in this research included visit experience, travel companions, length of stay and source of information. The results indicate that at the 95% confidence level, there is a significant difference between all clusters in terms of behavioral characteristics. Except for cluster 4, in the rest of the clusters, more than half of the people have experienced revisiting.

As a general conclusion, it can be said that in general, the cities of Ardabil, Sarein and Meshkinshahr have many tourist attractions in most areas. Offered. For example, due to the importance of the family cluster compared to other clusters, it is necessary to create safe, comfortable and suitable environments for families, or due to the fact that the second cluster was emotional in importance, creating exciting environments or at least creating safe and clear paths. Equipping them for mountaineering will help attract more travelers to these areas. In any case, it should be noted that the most important step in the development of the tourism market is the development and improvement of urban infrastructure, attracting capital and increasing the culture of tourism among the general public. The existence of differences in motivations and goals and in general demographic factors and psychological characteristics of tourists and their behavioral patterns, clarifies the need for knowledge and knowledge of planners and trustees of tourism affairs of these characteristics. This knowledge provides a better understanding of tourism and is a valuable guide for designing more effective development plans. The main reason for the study of the motivations of tourists in choosing a tourist destination is that measuring the motivations of tourists allows us to understand the preferences and needs of tourists. Understanding what motivates tourists to choose a destination and what they tend to experience is in fact a set of vital information very important for tourism planners to improve the quality of visitor experiences and their satisfaction. If a careful study of the motives and desires of tourists in choosing different tourist destinations is not done, the desires and needs of tourists will always remain unknown and tourists will lose their satisfaction from traveling to these destinations. The results of this study show that one of the appropriate methods of market segmentation is to base the motivational factors of visitors; But this variable alone does not provide the marketer with complete information about the obtained sections.

Having sufficient information about the operation area is one of the most important and key success factors in planning, directing and successfully implementing operations, and this issue is of double importance, especially regarding the weather conditions of the area, in water and soil operations. In order to conduct research and identify the weather types of Abu Musa Island, in order to plan and implement hydrological operations, the data related to 18 weather variables in a period of 30 years (1991-2021) as well as the average and maximum strength of the sea in one day have been used. In order to statistically analyze the data and obtain the statistical characteristics of each weather type, MATLAB software was used and to identify the weather types, weather elements were subjected to cluster analysis by integration method. After conducting trial and error operations to select the number of air brigade groups, four air brigades were finally identified for this island. Hierarchical analysis has been used to determine the most suitable and worst type of weather. The results showed that based on the pairwise comparison of weather elements to determine the priority of the air force to carry out soil dredging operations, the elements of wind speed and horizontal visibility were assigned the highest weight and the most effective weather elements in soil dredging operations were identified. After forming the decision matrix, the weight of each of the specific weather types and the moderate weather type with the maximum sea power with a weight of 0.343 with the activity period in the late winter and early spring season was estimated as the worst weather type for carrying out dredging operations in Abu Musi Island

IntroductionNomadic tourism destinations are considered as an important part of the tourism system and a result of the transformation and development of a spatial-spatial phenomenon in space; Due to the balance in the spatial distribution of growth and development factors, a large number of host communities located in the geographical territory of the destination are also affected by the developments and benefits of tourism development and can play an important role in the formation of the image of the destination.Methodology The purpose of this research is to analyze the clusters of nomadic rural tourism attractions in the Papi Sepid part of the Lorestan Plain; Finally, the optimal model of the spatial organization of rural tourism destinations in this area was designed. The research method was descriptive-analytical and applied. The statistical population of this research consisted of 315 villagers living in 14 selected villages of the region (using stratified random sampling). To collect data, field methods and a questionnaire were used, the reliability of which was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test, which indicated the appropriateness of the research tool. To analyze the data, cluster analysis was used in the SPSS20 software environment, and ArcGIS software was used to draw maps and patterns of spatial organization suitable for rural tourism.Geographical area of researchtourism destinations in the rural areas of Sepid Dasht Lorestan (Papi sector) which mainly relied on ecotourism.Results and discussionThe findings showed that spatial organization with the first degree (spatial development with a high degree) was related to Cham-Sanger and Tang-Heft dehistans. Spatial organization with degree 2 (spatial development with moderate degree) was related to Bisheh and Garit dehistans and spatial organization with degree 3 (spatial development with weak degree) was related to Dehistan of Iran.ConclusionFor the spatial development and organization of tourism in the Papi sector, a concept (an intervening view of factors) is needed for spatial development, in other words, for spatial organization in this region, having a systematic and integrated view of all resources and factors in space (resources) human and natural resources) is necessary and requires a comprehensive regional planning.

Soil surface sealing is mostly influenced by the specific prevailing conditions during its formation, and the variables affecting soil surface sealing are the physical characteristics of the soil, the chemical conditions of the soil-water system, the characteristics of rain, and the initial and boundary conditions of the flow (Mualem et al, 1990). It is a common phenomenon in most soils of Iran due to arid and semi-arid climate, weak vegetation and loose soil aggregates. In Kowar plain, as an important Agricultural pole of Fars province, it is very important to determine the factors affecting the formation of surface sealing, to identify the most important characteristics of the soil in controlling the surface sealing formation, and to provide a suitable index to determine the sensitivity of the soil to this formation based on the characteristics of soil erosion, which are very important issues and have been addressed in this research study.

To carry out this research, 80 samples (0-20 cm) were selected from Kowar plain with a variety of physical and chemical characteristics, and after sampling, the samples were air dried and passed through a 2 mm sieve. Then, the parameters of particle size distribution, humidity, organic matter, electrical conductivity and pH of saturated soil extract were measured. In addition, the average weight and geometric mean diameter of soil aggregates, calcium carbonate equivalent, fractal dimensions of one-centimeter soil particles (Bartoli, et al, 1991), percentage of moisture saturation, sodium, calcium and magnesium were determined. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the samples were measured and the evaluation of soil sensitivity to the surface sealing with seven different indices of SI, RSI, CI, WAS, PR (Permeability Resistance), CSI,   C5-C10 had been performed. Also multivariate statistical methods (cluster analysis, discriminant analysis and canonical correlation) were used for conducting the required analyses.

 After conducting the multivariate statistical method investigations, the results of cluster analysis led to the creation of a discriminant function with a chi-score of 12.73 reaching significance at the probability level of 0.001. This function completely showed the power (ability) to create separation between the two cluster analysis result groups. The organic matter was the most important primary variable that separated these two groups from each other and was significant at the probability level of 0.001. Based on the structure matrix, it was determined that CI, SI and CSI indexes with coefficients of 0.85, 0.58 and 0.30, respectively, are among the most important indices in the separation of these two groups. The performed canonical correlation provided a canonical function with a correlation of 0.99 and a chi score of 626.2. The highest canonical correlation belongs to primarily organic matter and then to clay. Two indices of Soil Stability Index (SI) and Crusting index (CI) were the most important indices having the highest correlation level among the indices. The most important variables influencing the evaluation indices of the sealing surface in the two group’s separation were organic matter and clay, which provided a function with high capability and the highest canonical correlation, respectively.

  The highest coefficient of variation is related to the mass of soil particles with a length of one centimeter (Bartoli model) and the highest canonical correlation in the first degree belongs to the organic matter and clay, it also shows the most important variables, with the highest correlation between these two variables with the mentioned indicators (CI,SI). In addition, two indices of SI and CI were the most important indices having the highest correlation among the indices. The results of cluster analysis, the discriminant function analysis and canonical correlation showed that the most important variables affecting the sealing surface evaluation indices in separating two groups and providing a function with high capability and the highest canonical correlation are organic matter and clay, respectively.  Also based on the structure matrix, the crusting index and aggregate stability are the most important indices that separate the two groups. In fact, the main samples differentiating factors in terms of the sealing surface are the above named indices. Organic matter and soil stability indexes have become significant with a very high correlation and showing a better justification of this indicator (SI) with the characteristics of the soil in determining the sensitivity of the soil to the seal structural formation layer.

Why are some countries rich and others poor? And do poor countries converge toward rich countries in terms of economic performance? There are questions that have occupied the minds of economists for a long time, and the answers to these questions are the basis of the formation of economic growth patterns. During the development of developing countries, it is discussed whether institutional and structural homogeneity is a prerequisite for income convergence and performance of developing countries. Our research deals with institutional analysis in developing countries. Therefore, in this research, the formation of institutional and income convergence clusters in developing countries during the period of 2002-2020 has been investigated using the log t test of Phillips and Soule (2007, 2009). The results show that the convergence of institutional indicators among developing countries is rejected. However, the results of the cluster method provide strong evidence of the existence of converging clusters among developing countries. Also, in this study, the clustering of the per capita income of the studied countries has been done, which shows similar results to institutional clustering. which indicates that institutional clusters may be effective in forming income clusters.

The favorable situation of the housing sector is one of the important indicators of social and economic development. Planning in the housing sector in order to achieve the desired situation requires identifying and analyzing the broad dimensions of this sector. One of the most important steps in housing planning is awareness and review of the current housing situation. One of the important ways to be aware of the current housing situation in order to plan housing is to use housing indicators. These indicators, on the one hand, indicate the quantitative and qualitative status of housing in each period of time, and on the other hand, are an effective guide for improving housing planning for the future (a key tool for charting the future of housing).

Objective of the research: 

The present study is the ranking and leveling of the cities of the province using housing indicators.

The approach of the present study is applied and the research method used is descriptive-analytical. In order to collect information from the documentary and library methods used and the required information of housing sector indicators, has been extracted from the results of the general population and housing census of 2016 in Golestan province. In order to analyze the data, TOPSIS technique and cluster analysis and in order to show the spatial levels of the studied cities, Arc Gis software has been used.Geographical area of ​​the research: The geographical area of ​​the present study is the cities of Golestan province, which includes 14 cities of Gorgan, Gonbad, Aq Qala, Bandar-e Turkmen, Minoodasht, Kalaleh, Azadshahr, Ramian, Aliabad, Kordkoy, Bandar-e-Gaz, Gomishan, Galikesh and Maraveh Tappeh.

The research findings show that among the cities of the province, the cities of Gorgan, Ramyan, Aliabad and Gonbad are among the most enjoyable and Maraveh Tappeh, Galikesh, Minoodasht and Turkmen are among the most deprived cities of the province in terms of indicators. Are housing.

The general conclusion of this study indicates that the distribution of housing indicators in the province is unequal and cities that are far from the center of the province have more inequality.

Regarding the daily developments achieved in science and technology, Research and Development is now known as the key to success for industries. Moreover, the production of knowledge and its distribution and application play a vital role in creating noble commodities and can finally lead to technological innovation within industrial complexes’ R&D units. Having acknowledged scientific collaboration’s vitality en-route the achievement of products’ know-how and paying cautious attention to modeling acceleration plus creating differentiation for the end product, the present study has taken an inter-disciplinary approach to finding the best way of applying knowledge to industry. It also seeks a proper counter to the challenging question of “What are the varieties to knowledge-based collaborations within the Research and Development value chain?”

The present study is descriptive-dynamic in terms of coherence and a functional one in terms of objectives. The employed statistical society comprises 15 elites chosen judgmentally. Being a composition of two qualitative methods, utilizing Delphi and Fuzzy methods and quantitative by Cluster Analysis employing SPSS and R softwares, the study has tried its best to examine theoretical basics in real-life situations so that the most tangible results are obtained and presented.

the gained results from elites’ approaches over Delphi’s twin levels that identify the required criteria as well as scientific collaborations in addition to the cluster analysis on knowledge-based cooperation over the value chain all depict that four questionnaires plus 12 components together form the varieties of knowledge-based collaborations within the R&D value chain.

The results of the 3-level analyses depict that knowledge-based collaborations within Iran’s national innovation system can be categorized into four groups: leading, creation, distribution, and science absorption. The mentioned categories possess 12 sub-branches leading to knowledge-based collaborations via 4 clusters—the varieties, including strategic innovations and sciences, together with cover 15 activities. In comparison, the varieties including scientific creations and innovations cover 33 activities, and those concerning strategic innovations and sciences seem to cover 13 activities. Last but not least, absorbing sciences and innovation strategies cover 26 activities out of the total 80 activities throughout the research and development value chain. Knowledge-based collaborations can expand cooperation in 4 various clusters, which itself can reduce errors throughout the process of achieving the know-how and modeling and evolution acceleration plus creating differentiation for the end product. R&D sections’ Knowledge-based collaborations bear 4 clusters and 3 levels. The 4-elemented 1st level utters the knowledge-based nature of interactions within productions chains and innovative services resulting in the production, spread and absorption of knowledge throughout the national system of innovation if proper strategies are determined. The 12-elemented 2nd level displays interactions’ variety plus R&D’s complexity covering the production cycle from ideas formation until its abrogation. The 80-elemented 3rd level depicts the conducted efforts within the R&D value chain aligned with interior and exterior interactions that together lead to innovative technologies.

Today, the concept of cultural tourism has drawn upon the factor of culture to facilitate development. The most important prerequisite to stress culture and culture-based industries necessitates a solid background.  Tehran, as the capital of Iranian civilization, has this advantage which can help the cultural tourism industry to contribute to urban development. However, the concept of cultural tourism is neglected in urban development plans. Therefore, the questions that arise include: a) what are the indicators of cultural tourism for the development of Tehran? b) How is the development in the 22 districts of Tehran ranked based on cultural tourism? This research is descriptive-analytical nature using a mixed approach to explain the framework of cultural tourism’s effectiveness on the development of Iranian cities. To this end, ranking the development status of the 22 districts of Tehran was carried out based on a road map to benefit from the hidden cultural treasures of Tehran by attaching cultural tourism to urban development plans.  This study employed documentary, and field study methods as data collection methods while content analysis, swing weighting, taxonomy-numerical, and cluster analysis were used as analytical methods. The results show that the 12th district of Tehran, with the most recorded places, and historical sites, Oud Lajan Bazaar, and Tehran Bazaar, have been given a higher priority compared to the rest districts of Tehran. Districts 6 and 1 of Tehran have had a better rank compared to other districts because of hotels and exhibitions of painting, photography, and sculpture and they have been ranked second and third respectively.

The purpose of the current study was the optimal allocation of assets using the cyclical behavior of commodities. For this purpose, the three commodities of copper, aluminum, and steel, along with gold and foreign exchange rate, were studied and their price data, along with the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) index during the period of January 2, 2009, to September 26, 2020, were analyzed. To examine the data, cluster analysis was used based on regime change behavior and Markovian state transition models were fitted to the data. Homogeneous and heterogeneous portfolios were constructed in terms of regime change behavior in both ascending and descending market regimes and the performance evaluation criteria of the portfolios were calculated. The results showed that portfolio diversification through the assets in the homogeneous cluster led to the best portfolio performance in the descending trend, while diversification by using commodity metals in the heterogeneous cluster might become the best performance in the ascending trend. In general, the results demonstrated that the use of commodities to diversify the portfolio led to better results in portfolio performance.

Cemetery is one of the effective elements in arranging the spatial structure of human settlement and especially Iranian cities. The social-cultural development of cemeteries along with the increase of social interactions and presence of citizens will bring vitality to urban spaces. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The method of data collection is documentary and survey, and ArcGIS software and models such as cluster analysis (Group Analysis) and interpolation (IDW) were used for quantitative data analysis. In order to identify and verify the cultural areas of cemeteries, accessibility indicators such as Imam Reza shrine, typical tourist attractions, historical monuments, residential centers and other citizen facilities and services were used. The results showed that the shrine complexes of Imam Reza, Gonbad Kheshti, Gonbad Sabz and Khwaja Rabi as the first cultural area, Yasir and Nasser as the second cultural area, Khwaja Murad and Khwaja Abbasalt as the third cultural area and Miami as the fourth culture area can be identified. In order to increase the role of the cultural areas of cemeteries in the urban vitality of Mashhad metropolis, the indigenous model of the garden-cemetery to promote the Iranian identity in historical cemeteries and the planning of tourism facilities and equipment through the spatial-functional connection of cemeteries with the shrine of Imam Reza in socio-cultural development of urban cemeteries is effective.

Identifying homogeneous climatic zones plays an important role in the success of regional development programs. The climate system is composed of various elements, factors, and variables that together form the climatic components of a region. Multi-characteristic and multivariate methods can combine and overlap the types of elements and variables effective in constructing the climate with appropriate weights in the climatic zoning area. In the present study, climatic zoning of the Caspian region was performed using factor analysis and cluster analysis. For this purpose, a 30*30 matrix consisting of 30 meteorological stations and 30 climatic and environmental variables was formed. The results of factor analysis showed that the climate of the region is affected by 5 factors including precipitation-humidity, temperature, wind, sunlight, and environmental factors. These factors explained a total of 92.5% of the variance of the data. Then, cluster analysis was performed by the hierarchical integration method of Ward on the five mentioned factors. The results showed four climatic zones including humid, semi-humid, semi-arid, and arid in the study area.