جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « competition » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Investigating the behavior of the main gas producers due to the increasing importance of this fossil fuel is one of the most significant issues of energy importing and exporting countries. The emergence of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum as the main player in the global gas market gives importance to the analysis of changes in the members’ behavior of this forum including Russia due to the extra capacity in production. In this article, the behavior of Russia in the Gas Exporting Countries  Forum is analyzed by using Markov Switching model and monthly data from 2008 to 2022.  The results showed that the pattern of Russia's behavior in the forum does not fluctuate between competitive and collusion regimes over time. so that Russia's behavior in the first regime has been non-competitive and based on the pattern of "partial market sharing" and the Second regime it's behavior  has been non-competitive  based on the pattern of " Market Sharing and Price Making ".   And Russia's behavior in both regimes has been non-competitive. On tne other hand the results showed that Russia's average stay length in the first regime is 18/19 months and in the second one is 27/15 months.

Contrary to both the banks’ outstanding positions in financing and availability of unhealthy competition environment in the country banking industry in the recent years, little or no research was conducted around effective competition. The core objective of the current research is to design the competition model in banking industry with the means of DEMATEL technique. The data collection was organized through document-based analysis and semi-structured interviews with financial-banking elites. Sampling was in judgmental and snowball version. In order to analyze the data, coding was carried out by the thematic analysis and in order to approve of and screen the data, Fuzzy two stages-approach was employed and in order to assess the cause-and-effect relation among model dimensions, DEMATEL approach was applied. The result depicts economic, political, environmental and social factors as of causes, influence structural, legal, managemental, financial features. Furthermore, environmental factors were the most influential parameters and structural factors were on easy verge of impact. Additionally, legal and environmental components were of higher significance due to the broad interaction with the alternative variables. Additionally, in accordance with the result attained, legal factors were considered as the principal Achille Hills in having effective competition and environmental factors could be considered as the solutions for the legal factors.

In today's world, artificial intelligence is increasingly gaining attention due to its ability to solve many real-world problems. This technology has penetrated various fields such as medicine, banking, and manufacturing. Despite the significant expansion of artificial intelligence in these fields, it does not have a prominent position in law yet. Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly driving advances in technology and business. It is widely used in various industries and the effects of artificial intelligence can be found in almost every aspect of creativity. The development of artificial intelligence is facilitated by large volumes of data and increasing available computing power. Legislators should make the necessary effort to identify it, especially since artificial intelligence has brought various aspects of the legal world under its influence, such as competition and business rights. In competition law, we try to make a fair balance in obtaining profit and economic benefit between different words, but this new technology has challenged the principles of competition law in practice. it should not be interpreted as a legal problem. We should obtain maximum utilization by creating a peaceful legal coexistence between these two institutions. This paper seeks to investigate the existing gaps by comparative study.

Competitiveness index is one of the most important economic indicators in the classification of the regions in terms of the level of development and the level of competitiveness and economic power of a region evaluated based on this index. In this regard, this study, through descriptive analysis, and applied targeting, examines 20 provinces in terms of economic competitiveness indicators in East Azarbaijan province. The template has two main criteria. Generalized Shannon entropy models, Gray Relationship Analysis (GRA) and Moran's I spatial autocorrelation method and Arc GIS software were used for data analysis. The results of this study show that in terms of economic competitiveness of Tabriz city with regard to centrality of province and some facilities and large infrastructure with gray relationship score (0.432) in first place and Maragheh and Marand cities with Gray relationship scores (0.512) and (0.516) were ranked second and third respectively, while Khodaafarin city was ranked last (0.661). In terms of some of the indicators studied at the provincial level, 5% of the cities were at high level (1), 45% (9) at moderate level and 50% (10) at low level. In addition, in most of the components of economic competitiveness, the Moran index is less than one, indicating the predominant pattern of distribution of indicators is random and unplanned.

The geopolitical dynamics of the Middle East have always been influenced by the competition among global powers, particularly the United States and China. This study aims to analyze how the US-China rivalry from 2010 to 2022 has impacted Iran's national security. The region's strategic significance and its vast energy resources make it a focal point for these powers, each seeking to expand their influence. Iran, as a key player in the Middle East, finds its security and political landscape significantly affected by this rivalry. The research hypothesizes that the competition between the US and China affects Iran's national security in three main domains: military/security, political, and economic, with both positive and negative impacts.

This research adopts an explanatory method, relying on extensive library and documentary data to dissect the multi-faceted impacts of US-China competition on Iran's national security. The study involves a thorough review of historical and contemporary sources to establish a comprehensive understanding of the geopolitical strategies employed by the US and China in the Middle East and their repercussions on Iran. The analysis is structured to address the competition in the specified domains, offering a detailed examination of each domain to discern the dual effects on Iran's security framework.

The findings reveal a complex interplay of influences stemming from the US-China rivalry. In the military/security domain, the competition has generally been detrimental to Iran's national security. Increased US military presence and alliances in the region pose direct threats to Iran, while China's military engagements offer limited but notable strategic support to Iran, such as joint military maneuvers and arms sales. However, China's broader military relations with other regional actors like Saudi Arabia and Israel introduce significant security dilemmas for Iran. Economically, the US's efforts to isolate Iran through sanctions have been countered to some extent by China's continued economic engagements with Iran, including the 25-year cooperation agreement. Nevertheless, China's extensive economic ties with Iran's regional rivals diminish these benefits and perpetuate the economic vulnerabilities due to continued and even reinforced US sanctions. Politically, the situation is somewhat more favorable for Iran. China's refusal to align with US policies aimed at isolating Iran, such as opposing additional sanctions in the United Nations, provides Iran with crucial diplomatic support. Additionally, China's support for the Assad regime in Syria aligns with Iran's strategic interests in the region, reinforcing Iran's influence in the Levant. However, the growing US-Arab-Israeli rapprochement, facilitated by the Abraham Accords, and the US's emphasis on human rights issues against Iran complicate Iran's geopolitical stance.

The US-China competition in the Middle East significantly impacts Iran's national security. Militarily and economically, the rivalry presents more threats than opportunities, primarily due to US actions aimed at containing Iran and China's balanced approach to regional partnerships. Politically, however, the competition offers Iran some leverage, as China's opposition to US-led initiatives provides Iran with critical support. Understanding these dynamics is essential for Iran to navigate its foreign policy and security strategies effectively amidst the ongoing great power rivalry. This research underscores the need for a nuanced approach in analyzing the impacts of global geopolitical competitions on regional actors like Iran, highlighting the dual nature of these influences across different domains.

AbstractAccording to the Chicago School of Sociology, the high social class is always the winner of the competition for the best social roles and geographical situations, and has the power to manipulate the urban space by its class interests. This article presents an alternative interpretation to deconstruct the traditional view of the Chicago School of Sociology about the relations between money, power and residential moves within the city. To do this, the concentric zone model introduced by Burgess is selected as the analytical framework. The present article argues that the upper economic class is not always the fit class for urban competition, nor does it hold the ultimate determinative position in shaping the residential moves within the city. Instead, the lower-income class has the power to determine the location and movement of the upper economic class within the city concerning its class interests. The upper economic class are defeated in competition with the lower-income class to capture the best zone for residential use located next to the C.B.D. The power relations between different social classes should be considered as a network according to which the power is distributed among all social classes, rather than possessed by a specific social class. 

According to the Chicago School of Sociology, the high social class is always the winner of the competition for the best social roles and geographical situation and has the power to manipulate the urban space by its class interests. Criticisms against the Chicago School of Sociology challenge the reactive position of this school towards social inequality in urban spaces. Although they have not legitimated the inter-class competition and the production of unequal urban spaces, these critics, like the Chicago School of Sociology, have implicitly accepted that the upper economic classes are the winners of inter-class competition due to their control over financial and political resources. Despite the insights drawn from these critics, this article argues that the interpretations and explanations presented by both the Chicago School of Sociology and these critics are insufficient. The present article argues that the upper economic class is not always a merit class. This class does not always win inter-individual and inter-class competition, but the lower economic class also has the power to control the patterns of residential moves within the city. The lower economic class can adjust the socio-spatial structure of the city in line with its class interests through collective action. This article presents an alternative interpretation to deconstruct the traditional interpretations presented by the Chicago School of Sociology about the relations between money, power and the patterns of residential moves within the city. 

Methods and Data:

To do this, the concentric zone model introduced by Burgess, a well-known member of the Chicago School of Sociology, is selected as the analytical framework. The socio-spatial structure of the city, according to Burgess's concentric zone model, is expanded in a few concentric circles or zones, each of which has its own specific function and land use pattern. The model divides the city into five concentric zones, including the central business district (C.B.D), transitional zone, labor residential zone, middle-class residential zone, and urban commuting zone. In other words, the city, according to this model, is divided into two large spaces: working and living spaces. C.B.D and the transitional zone constitute working spaces, and the three other zones are devoted to living spaces. The socio-spatial change and expansion of these zones are explained with regard to four ecological stages, i.e., invasion, resistance, entry and dominance. The alternative interpretation presented in this article can apply to other models of the socio-spatial structure of the city, such as Hoyt's sector model and Harris and Ullman's multiple nuclei model. These models have attempted to modify some assumptions underpinned the concentric zone model. For example, the spatial or physical expansion of the city in these models is asymmetry and discontinuous. The urban transportation network has a significant role in determining the direction of urban physical expansion and urban land price in the sector model. The multiple nuclei model adds heavy industries to the concentric zone model and removes the assumption of a mono-centric city. However, these models, like the concentric zone model, are based on social Darwinism and ecological assumptions about human society. 

The present article argues that the upper economic class is not always the fit class for urban inter-class competition, nor does it hold the ultimate determinative position in shaping the socio-spatial structure of the city. Instead, the lower-income class can also determine the location and movement of the upper economic class within the urban space concerning its class interests. The lower-income class, as the concentric zone model shows, occupies the best location for residential land use, i.e., houses in zone 3. Although the quality of houses is low, the land allocated for residential uses has potentially the highest price in this zone because of its proximity to C.B.D. Residential land uses in this zone are divided into small-area houses by the low-income class to correspond to their ability to pay house rent. Low-income class wins the inter-class competition for residing in zone 3 because their population is greater than the high-income class and their tendency to live in small-area houses. This article explains that the upper economic class cannot freely manipulate the urban space according to its class interests, as they are defeated in competition with the lower-income class to capture the best zone, i.e., zone 3 for residential use located next to the C.B.D. 

As this article has argued, the socio-spatial structure of the city should be considered as an interconnected whole. The city is a structured continuum, and its constituent parts, i.e., the social classes, act not based on free will, but in terms of the necessity governing this complex, structured continuum. In addition, the power relations between different social classes should be analyzed as a network according to which the power is distributed among all social classes, rather than possessed by a specific social class.

One of the most important goals in revising the intercommunity market structure in Iran's petrochemical industry is to create a competitive environment. This research is based on the data of 2019 by evaluating the level of competition between the country's petrochemical companies, including Maroon, Jam, Amirkabir, Tabriz, Ariasassol, Bandaramam and Kavian in the country's inter-complex ethylene market. Using the Corneau model, which is used to measure monopoly in the market, the present research first identifies marginal companies and strategic companies with the market share index, and in order to achieve the Corneau equilibrium, it seeks to maximize profit and minimize the cost of each company. pay; This effort will continue until reaching the equilibrium point of the Cournot model. The findings of the current research indicate that the three major companies in the production of ethylene petrochemical Jam, Ariassol and Maron in the country have a higher market share and are decisive in the market. In the following, the Lerner index was also calculated for these petrochemical companies and it shows that Ariassol Petrochemical Company with its market share and high Lerner index has a high influence and as a result, it can be said that all petrochemical companies in the country have a Lerner index above 0.5. It is a sign of their high market power. As a suggestion, the government can reduce the degree of monopoly in this market by investing and encouraging more producers to enter this market, as well as applying feed control policy.

Academically distinct from other institutions, the National Organization for Development of Exceptional Talents (NODET) divides its students into 'Ordinary Elites' and 'Competing Elites,' thereby establishing an internal dich​otomy. This division establishes the foundation for a scholarly, self-motivated competition within the rigorous academic environment of NODET. However, a paradox emerges: despite the fact that every student is classified as gifted, their performance may vary, thereby obscuring the distinction between outstanding and average accomplishments. Compounded by familial expectations, this duality places moderately exceptional students under considerable stress. Unwittingly, the 'Ordinary Elites' shape NODET's ethos by perpetuating a culture of competition.The present investigation utilizes a rigorously planned ethnographic methodology, in which one investigator undertakes the responsibilities of both an instructor, mentor, and former student of NODET. This comprehensive experience offers an exceptional comprehension of the internal operations of the institution, revealing aspects that are hidden from outsiders. This approach sheds light on the challenges encountered by students who perform below expectations in the academic domain of NODET, thereby providing a holistic view of the educational ecosystem.The NODET educational framework fosters an intricate interaction that divides students into distinct tiers of achievement, inciting an internally motivated rivalry that challenges traditional standards. This diversity provokes complex discussions that delve into the fundamental nature of educational elitism. The varied impacts of NODET's competitive culture are graphically illustrated through the subjective experiences of students who traverse the spectrum of academic performance. By conducting this inquiry, the complex structure of NODET's scholarly environment is exposed, providing an intellectually stimulating examination of fostering outstanding abilities in the highly competitive realm of modern education.NODET’s unique environment results in the formation of a distinct subset known as the 'Ordinary Elites.' Although this collective is found in academic institutions across the globe, it manifests itself uniquely within NODET. This research illuminates the intricate nature of NODET's competitive culture, uncovering the significant ramifications it has on the identities of its students. The results emphasize the importance of developing a more nuanced comprehension of educational elitism and call for a reassessment of traditional approaches to nurturing exceptional abilities in the highly competitive educational environment of the twenty-first century.

Peace has always been one of the most important concerns of mankind and was considered a high value throughout history. Any ruler who established peace in a certain territory was known as a powerful ruler. With the formation of the concept of geopolitics in international literature, war was recognized as a tool for gaining the power, and the rulers believed that they could establish peace after the war. From the classical point of view, the concept of geopolitics is associated with competition, conflict, and war, and peace is considered an abnormal phenomenon. But from the point of view of modern geopolitics, peace is considered a phenomenon that does not create a conflict of interests to create the power and security of countries. Geopolitics of peace is a new concept that does not have a comprehensive definition, and this research aims to find a proper definition of this term by examining the ontology and epistemology of the geopolitics of peace.The main research question is that: “What is the geopolitics of peace”. It has been assuming that the geopolitics of peace is a type of positive peace that has geopolitical characteristics that are implemented at different levels of a country and include transnational and international dimensions. This research has been carried out in terms of the integrated nature of the descriptive-analytical method using library data and observing the humanistic geopolitical approach. The research method is of a qualitative type with a descriptive-analytical approach in terms of the fundamental goal. Also, the data analysis strategy is inductive. The method of data collection is library-documentary and reading books, scientific articles and also internet resources.In accordance with the findings of the research, it can be claimed that the Geopolitics of peace means international policies adopted by governments, agencies, actors, organizations and international institutions that are used at local, national, regional and global levels. In accordance with the geopolitical conceptualization of peace study that was carried out in this research, peace refers to the following meanings and phenomena; Existence and preservation of territorial integrity and absence of threats. War and attack from other countries, absence of any kind of structural, organized, governmental, individual and social violence. Preservation of people's lives and the existence of justice and equality among all types of people without discrimination. Survival and continuation of the social system at sub-national, national and transnational levels. Maintaining and improving the vital resources of the country, these resources can include natural or human resources. Absence of foreign threats to the goals, national and vital interests of the country. Absence of any feeling of personal and social threat from any side towards the citizens. Maintaining citizenship rights and dignity of people regardless of occupational, economic, racial differences and the like. Providing the basic needs of the nation. Absence of any kind of racism, the humiliation of ethnicities, and races, and conflict over such issues at the sub-national and national level. Absence of organized corruption at sub-national and national level. Maintaining the human dignity of citizens at the local, international and national levels. Respecting the basic rights of citizens, social, political, economic, and religious freedom of every citizen as long as it does not harm the freedom of others and is within the framework of human ethics and customs and without insulting another person or society. The existence of democracy and the right of free elections of citizens for the fate of their political future. Feeling the need and dependence of the government and the government on the people in all political, economic, social, cultural and similar matters. The existence of free media.

The buffer space, how it is formed, the survival of this space, and its role in regulating the power equation between different countries is one of the significant topics that entered the political literature in a clear and structured way, especially from the end of the 19th century. The understanding of the concept of a buffer has been developed throughout history and due to the systematization of relations between different countries and the emergence of the international system. This article is a new expression of the growing development of its concepts and functions in this particular field. In this article, an attempt has been made to first present a general picture of the concept of the buffer space based on the study, understanding and perception of researchers, which is mostly a matter of consensus, and then to present new concepts and perceptions of the buffer space, which are mainly affected by the developments that have occurred during the current century. Continuous occurrence, to be offered. This new understanding of the buffer space will be in two separate images with different coordinates. In a picture, geography as the main base will still maintain its position with a different function. In the second image, geography has lost its concept, its function is beyond geographical boundaries, with a nature separate from national governments, and its purpose is independent narrating of the phenomenon.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors affecting the application of Internet marketing dimensions from the perspective of managers and employees in Ramek Dairy Products Company.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the research is all the managers and administrative employees of Ramek company, there are 442 people, among them, a sample of 206 people was selected using Cochran's formula. Shaltoni (2017) questionnaire including seven dimensions (comparative advantage, complexity, adaptability, innovativeness, competitor pressure, customer pressure of Internet marketing application) and 19 Likert scale items were used to collect data. The results of Cronbach's alpha test, 0.74, indicate the acceptable reliability of the tool. Data analysis and research hypotheses were done with one-sample t-test, one-way variance and Pearson correlation and SPSS software.

The findings of the research showed that there is a significant relationship between all factors using internet marketing from the point of view of managers and employees, the highest correlation is related to the adaptability dimension (0.865) and the lowest is related to the innovativeness dimension (0.653) and the hypotheses of the research was confirmed. Also, the findings showed that there is no difference in the willingness to use internet marketing between men and women. The relative advantage variable is affected by age and the complexity variable is dependent on age, education and work experience.

The results obtained from this research showed that the benefits of using internet marketing dimensions can be a strategy to maintain competitive advantage and maintain relationships with customers and finally find new customers and satisfy them in Ramek Company.
 

Simultaneous employment in companies and other competing agencies can be considered from different point of view. One of these is to examine it from the point of view of its conflict with competition, which is examined in competition law. Considering the important impact that competition has for the progress of society, supporting competition through the adoption of effective regulation is one of the duties of governments. Supporting competition through legislation is done in different ways, one of which is the introduction of anti-competitive behavior. In relation to simultaneous employment in competing companies, the main question that arises is whether this behavior is anti-competitive or not? And on the assumption of contradiction, is this contradiction enough to require prohibition by the legislator. Although the role of simultaneous employment in competing companies for commercial and industrial progress cannot be completely denied, there is no doubt that it increases the possibility of information exchange and collusion between competing companies in various fields such as product pricing and as a result, it causes the competition between these companies to be reduced or eliminated. Therefore, it has been recognized and prohibited as anti-competitive behavior in the laws of Iran and the United States of America. In addition to the main question above, several secondary questions are also raised in this context, which are: Should the ban be applied to all companies or some of them, which is more important? Should the prohibition only apply to directors and officers of the company or all employees? Should this be absolutely prohibited or only if it disrupts competition? What is the criteria for considering two companies as competitors? The basic principle in relationto determining the scope of prohibition of simultaneous employment is that the prohibition should be established as much as necessary and have a minimal aspect. Regarding this issue, regardless of some similarities, there are important differences between the two countries, some of the differences are due to the different approaches of the two countries to fight it and it is normal, but in Iran's regulations, on the one hand, the domain of agencies and individuals who are subject to the act , it is expanded in an unusual way, and on the other hand, the criteria provided for the conditions of competition realization and the concept of competing companies are not very precise, which makes it less effective. In addition to the point of competition, this issue can also be investigated from the point of view of the legal relationship of a person with the company in which he is employed. Because when a person is employed in a company, certain duties and obligations are created for him in order to strive for the success of the company and refrain from doing contrary behaviors, and the question is whether working at the same time in a rival company is contrary to these obligations? There is a possibility that in the employment contract, a person is prohibited from competing with the employer, in which case she will adhere to the condition, but if such a condition is not included, the matter needs to be investigated. There is no regulation in this regard in the studied countries. In American law, according to the rules of common law, this is contrary to the fiduciary relationship of a person with the company, as well as contrary to his duty of loyalty to it, and is prohibited. It should also be considered prohibited in Iranian law, because employment in a rival company can lead to behavior contrary to the interests of the first company. It is important to point out that there is a difference between the two mentioned states. Prohibition of simultaneous employment in competing companies due to its anti-competitiveness is intended to protect the community and is related to public order and has an imperative aspect and cannot be agreed upon. While it is prohibited from the point of view of conflicting with the relationship between the person and the company, it is to protect the rights of the company and is not related to public order, and an agreement against it is possible. Because this may have positive effects in some cases, such as when two companies cooperate in some fields.

Trade relations are one of the important pillars of the relationship between China and the United States. In recent years, the economic trade relations between the two countries have traversed a path of conflict and tension. Considering that China's rise to power is considered one of the most significant causes of economic conflict and tension between China and the United States, the aim of this article is to examine the impact of China's rise on its economic trade relations with the United States. Therefore, this study answers the question of how China's rise has affected its trade relations with the United States during the years 2008-2021 through an analytical and explanatory approach and data collection using the method of historical studies. The underlying assumption is that China's rise to power has caused the United States' concerns about the challenge to its global hegemony, leading the economic trade relations between the two countries during the years 2008-2021 to shift from cooperation to competition and tension. The findings indicate that the economic and trade tensions between the two countries in the years under study have significant relevance to the issue of competition in the global power arena in political and international domains. The current trend in the relations between the two countries has turned the issue of tension and mutual distrust in Washington and Beijing into a normal routine.

The competition between America and China has expanded in various fields in recent years. For this reason, creating a position and political influence to play a greater role and change the balance in favor of each of the competing powers in the regions of the world has become one of the priorities of the two countries. Among the most important of these regions is the Middle East due to its resources, diverse markets and strategic location. This article seeks to explain the policies of America and China towards order in the Middle East. In this regard, the leading article seeks to answer the question of what effect the competition between America and China in the Middle East has had on the equations and order of this region? The hypothesis of the research is that due to the importance of mastering the order in the Middle East, the two countries, America and China, are trying to create their desired order in the Middle East. China seeks to create an endogenous order against the exogenous order desired by the United States in recent years in the Middle East.The current research was written using descriptive-analytical method and in the framework of aggressive realism theory. The tangible result of the new order in the Middle East in the shadow of the competition between China and the United States is that the great powers, especially the United States, have lost their control in this place and no one is trying to impose new governance systems on the countries of the region. They act in their own interests, rather than taking sides to rebalance their international relations.

This study investigated the effect of firm-specific uncertainty on research & development investment; and the role of product market competition in this regard. The statistical research population includes 156 firms listed in Tehran Securities and Exchange from March 2015 to March 2022. It is used the multivariate regression models applying the dynamic panel data technique to test the hypotheses. Controlling for the endogeneity problem, it use the two-step system Generalized Method of Moments estimator to estimate the models. The findings showed that firm-specific uncertainty has a negative and significant effect on research & development investment; so, firms reduce research & development investment when firm-specific uncertainty increases, which is consistent with the real option theory. Therefore, considering the irreversible nature of R&D investment, firms reduce research & development investment under high uncertainty. On the other hand, product market competition has a positive and significant effect on research & development investment. In addition, product market competition significantly modulates the negative impact of firm-specific uncertainty on research & development investment, so leads to weakening the intensity of negative relationship between research & development investment and firm-specific uncertainty. These results are consistent with the theory of strategic growth options. According to this view, in a competitive environment under high uncertainty, firms face more pressure to survive in the market and invest heavily in research and development projects in order to gain a competitive advantage over competing firms; so, competition reduces the effect of uncertainty on research and development investment.

This study aimed to investigate the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the lay beliefs about competition scale (Kesebir et al., 2019) in a group of Iranian high school students. For this purpose, 464 students of Evaz city, located in the south of Fars province, who were studying in the academic year of 2022-2023; they were selected Convenience sampling method. They responded to the lay beliefs about competition scale (Kesebir et al., 2019) and achievement goals questionnaire (Elliott et al., 2011). The content, construct, convergent and divergent validity of the mentioned scale were investigated using the opinion of educational psychology experts, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation coefficients of component scores with related variables and correlation between scale components. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to investigate the reliability of the scale. Experts confirmed the representativeness of the scale items to measure the positive and negative lay beliefs about competition in the two-factor model presented by Kesebir et al. (2019). Exploratory factor analysis showed that there is a two-factor structure of lay beliefs about competition including positive and negative beliefs about competition among Iranian students. The lay beliefs about competition model test includes positive beliefs and negative beliefs confirming the two-factor structure of this scale in line with the main research. Also, the logical connection of the components of positive and negative lay beliefs about competition with the components of achievement goals indicates the convergent validity of this scale. The average correlation of two positive and negative components of the lay beliefs about competition confirms the divergent validity of this scale. In addition, Cronbach's alpha coefficients confirm the reliability of the scale. In total, the findings of the research show that the Persian version of the mentioned scale has suitable psychometric indicators for measuring positive and negative lay beliefs about competition in the group of Iranian high school students; and it has the necessary efficiency to measure the mentioned beliefs.