جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "douglass north" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

One of the neglected approaches in the Islamization of humanities, which can lead to the unification of Islamic humanities, is to the history of social order changes and try to explain them. In these changes, both the hierarchical social being and the rules governing human interactions, i.e. institutions, change. Understanding the essence of humanity and how it changes in abstract human sciences (such as philosophy) and concrete humanities (such as anthropology), as well as understanding how humans interact with each other in social sciences, is examined by various approaches such as institutional economics. Drawing inspiration from the works of Douglas North, one of the most prominent institutional economists, who has more or less followed such a path during his life, this article explains the need to provide a conceptual framework to explain social changes in general and economic changes in particular. In this framework, social order is divided into two intertwined components: abstract-concrete human in its different levels, and multi-layered institutional structure (including meta-constitutional, constitutional, meso and, micro institutional layers) and argues that theoretical elaboration should be made for each of these three components including human, institutional structure, and social order (human within the institutional structure), as well as their changes. Ultimately, case studies help to apply and modify this theoretical framework.  It hoped that the studies necessary to build such a framework can provide the basis for significant Islamic development in various humanities and social sciences.

Shah Abbas of Safavid dynasty, with a powerful government as the result of the sharing of slaves in power, and giving them military posts; suppressed the force and elements of violence, and gradually strengthened security throughout his realm; roads were fairly safe , theft , killing and robbery was reduced and Trade and transport prospered. Accordingly, some historians describe Abbaschr('39')s era as golden age and the economic flowering of the Safavid period. this conception is directed towards the institutional changes of shah abbas in the political and Social sphere which led to political centrality, road security, construction of Caravanserais and markets, the creation of cities and the establishment of trade relations with foreign countries. although these measures were favourable to the development of trade, and as a result of the reforms, great development occurred in business and The trade boom followed in the short - term but, however, was the kind of economic reform that led to the long - term accumulation of capital and stable economic growth. this is due to institutional barriers which North are divided into formal and informal constraints. this study examines the institutional changes and business conditions and the position of merchants in Shah Abbas I first regarding the theory of Douglas North and tries to examine the economic situation in Iran in the age of Shah Abbas with the theory of New Institutionalism and based on the theory of Adaptition with Linda Hutcheon.

For years researchers have associated the developmental problems of countries possessing natural resources like oil with the very fact of the possession of such resources. The numerous studies of this field have mostly focused on the theories of the Rentier State and the Resource Curse. Today, with the advent of empirical research and theoretical criticism, there is little doubt with regards to the shortcomings of the classic theories of the field. The latest research has also attempted to mitigate the extremes of the classic theories of rentierism which usually cover a limited scope of the suggested outcomes of rentierism, and such theories have not formed a comprehensive and elaborate theory, nor have they presented an appropriate ideal type of the rentier state for historical investigations. The present paper presents a critical survey of the literature on rentierism, focusing on one main question: how can this theory be improved? With respect to this question, at first, rentierism literature will be reviewed, then the institutionalist theory of Douglass North shall be introduced. By recognizing the advantages and disadvantages of both theories, the present paper goes on to formulate new conceptual framework named the "Rentier Limited Access Order". Not only is this framework rooted in both theories, but it also goes beyond them and delivers new insights with which rentier states can be studied.

Property right play basic role in the analysis of Douglass North’s new institutional about economic growth and decline of societies in different historical periods. In the concept of the property right, the issue of monopoly is important, Therefore there is costs for the possessor. In North’s view, guaranteed property rights that supported by the government and its interests are more than its costs, cause to economic growth. In the Safavid era the costs of property rights due to issues such as tax, seizures, etc., has often been more than assets profits. In other hand the safavid government placed the ownership of productive resources at the disposal of the elites ring and especially the king, and tried to control the trade. There were many forms of land tenure in the Safavid period that all of them had a common feature: land belonged to the king. Therefore the Safavid government has been a major obstacle against development and evolution of property right. Whenever with same type of inefficient property rights, government caused security, economic situation was improving. This article after giving theoretical frame, intends to review assessment of property right in Safavid era with due attention to costs of property right and role of government via descriptive –analytic method based on library information.

So far various theories have been proposed in a try to explain the influential factors on development as well as the reasons of difference among the levels of development in countries. This article tries to use comparative analysis to study Max Weber’s ideas (as a distinguished sociologist of German Historical School) and those of Douglas North (as an institutional economist). This study indicates that in addition to German Historical School’s effect on the formation of institutional economics paradigm، there are outstanding similarities and differences between the ideas of Weber and North. The findings indicate that North has used Weber’s explanation regarding the effects of factors such as culture، values and beliefs on the economic performance. Meanwhile، North uses the concept of institution to better explain how these factors influence the economic performance. On the other hand، the institutional approach، which has recently been the focus of attention، seemingly provides a proper approach to include social variables in economic issues.

Change could be deemed the most pivotal issue in the process of countries’ gaining access to development. Having the important status of institutions in mind as far as development is concerned, the institutional change has turned into an outstanding subject among institutionalists as well as development thinkers. This article demonstrates that from among the various explanations presented about institutional change, the ones are regarded preferably better that try to explain “institutional change” on the basis of ideas. Meanwhile Greif’s and particularly North’s explanations are welcomed by intellectuals even though they suffer from some shortcomings. One of the evident weaknesses of these theories, including that of North’s, is that it fails to explain why a new idea proposed by entrepreneurs is publicly accepted. According to our surveys, paying attention to the points expressed by other scientists on how ideas are extended can further North’s and other thinkers’ explanations about institutional change.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the evolution of Douglass Cecil North's research program. Our study indicates his plan has been directed by this question: What are the effective factors on the success or the failure of the economies and why the performances of economies are so different? Realizing the strong effect of institutions on economic performance, in 1970s North conducts several studies about institutions, economic growth and change. However, because of his reliance on the tool box of neoclassic economics, he could not explain the inefficiency of institutions which govern the economies worldwide. Therefore he abandons the idea of efficient institutions, substitutes the assumption of bounded rationality for instrumental rationality, follows the concept of path dependence, and presents a model to explain inefficient institutions and weak economic performance. In subsequent decades North tends in a gradual manner to cognitive science, goes beyond the assumption of bounded rationality, and instead of emphasizing on the computational aspect of cognition emphasizes on the connectionist aspect of cognition. North believes it is the ideologies of the individuals that, during years and in a cumulative way, determine the individual choice and the path of the evolution of economic systems. Therefore, without understanding the process of cognition, it is not possible to obtain a correct understanding of economic changes.