جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « environmental effects » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Today, the use of new methods of project management and scheduling is an inevitable matter in oil projects. On the other hand, in classic scheduling case, the focus is on balance between time and cost of carrying out projects, which in such a situation, one of possible solutions to shorten time of implementing project is to accelerate activities. In addition to imposing more costs, this acceleration can also affect the quality of performance and environmental effects. Therefore, in this study, the environmental effects and the quality of the activities were also considered as new indicators the cost-time balancing issue of the project. A new mathematical model with four indicators; cost, time, performance quality and environmental effects are provided. Unlike the traditional models in which only one execution mode was considered to perform the activities and one type of prerequisite relationship between the activities, the execution modes of the activities are multi-mode and the dependency relationships between the activities are generalized from the type of prerequisite relationships and including these types of relationships, brings the issue closer to the real world. Because the problem is NP-hard in large dimensions, meta-heuristic algorithms were used to solve the model.

Production of affordable products is always one of the concerns of farmers. Cultivation pattern is one of the influential factors in the growth and development of the agricultural sector, which can help improve the economic, social and environmental sectors in villages. The purpose of the research is to investigate and evaluate the effects of changing the cultivation pattern in the development of rural areas based on economic, social and environmental criteria. For this purpose, 390 households in the villages of these three cities that started to change the cultivation pattern from rice to kiwi were selected as samples. The reliability and research tool of the questionnaire was made by the researcher, and the validity of the form and content of the questionnaire was confirmed by the corrective opinion of the professors and experts of the university after making the necessary corrections in several stages. The total reliability of the questionnaire is equal to 0.734, which showed that there is a significant difference in the alpha level of 0.01 in the economic, social and environmental sectors in the period before and after the change of the cultivation pattern. In social indicators, except for the component of participation in sustainability components and farmer awareness about agricultural activity, the averages show the growth of the index, and in the economic indicators of the quality of employment, welfare and economic security, this growth is more noticeable. Based on this, it can be said that the pattern of citrus cultivation has played an effective role in the development of the studied villages.

This study, which was conducted in 8 urban gas areas of Mashhad; At first, descriptive statistics of the state of Mashhad urban gas regulators and different leakage modes were presented; In order to analyze the collected data and investigate the causes of leakage, the relationship between 5 variables and the amount of leakage from gas regulators was tested with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) V.26 software; These 5 variables are: regulator equipment/connections, regulator operation age, regulator service type (domestic, industrial and commercial), urban area and different seasons of the year. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the type of equipment/connections and leakage. (P-Value = 0.0001). Also, a significant difference was observed among other variables of the research (the operation age of the regulator, the type of regulator service (domestic, industrial and commercial), the urban area and different seasons of the year) with the leakage rate (P-Value=0.0001); The pressure drop due to the greater demand of gas consumption in the winter season has reduced the amount of leakage compared to other seasons; The influence of the age of distribution network equipment/connections due to wear and tear and longer life will aggravate the amount of methane gas leakage; Also, the amount of leakage in commercial places had a significant difference with other types of uses; Being in an urban area has also increased the amount of methane gas leakage compared to other areas; The type and quality of equipment and connections as the main and influential factor in methane gas leakage should be considered by managers and officials in this field of work.

Tourism and its ever-increasing development as well as the creation of second homes affected by the presence of tourists in tourist areas is an important issue due to the effects it leaves behind in the host society. Second homes and their expansion undoubtedly bring environmental advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to investigate the environmental effects of the creation and expansion of second homes in the tourist area of ​​Lahijan. The environmental effects resulting from the creation of second homes were taken from the information obtained from the theoretical foundations of the research and summarized in the form of a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was calculated using the alpha formula of 0.79 and was provided to the respondents. The statistical population was calculated with the help of Cochran's formula of 125 experts and specialists. To analyze the data obtained from the questionnaires, SPSS software was used to test the hypothesis, and one-sample t-test statistics were used. Correlation coefficient and analysis of variance were used to check the hypotheses. The results showed that the correlation between viability and vulnerability is 0.53, which is significant with a significance level of 0.0001. The correlation between physical-spatial dimension is 0.42, which is significant with a significance level of 0.001. The correlation between cultural-social dimension is 0.27, which is significant with a significance level of 0.02. The correlation between environment is 0.29 which is significant with a significance level of 0.01. The correlation between the economic dimension is 0.32, which is significant with a significance level of 0.001. The results of variance analysis showed that the effects of livability are different between different villages.

By the self-sufficiency in production of essential refining products (e.g. gasoline, gas oil) in Iran, always there has been a constant debate about constructing new refineries or exporting oil in crude form instead. On the one hand, refineries are vital for modern life but on other hand, Refining is a capital-intensive and low profit industry; because of these, it’s always been difficult to make decision in dilemma of constructing new refineries or exporting crude. Due to this, in this research will be tried by presenting a theoretical framework, be assist in making better decision about refinery construction. Our method in this research is Cost-Benefit Analysis(CBA) that in addition of financial view contains the economic point of view and also as the case study, the Siraf refineries complex is chosen. The results indicate that, despite the advantage of Siraf, the full feasibility doesn’t approved; but by regarding the economic view, feasibility increases meaningfully. In financial model, project is feasible in 3 scenarios (out of 5) whereas; in economic model, project is feasible in every 15 scenarios. In economic model besides using shadow prices, the externalities (energy security and environmental effects) has monetarized. By considering the results, in current consumption and production conditions of refined products, stablishing a new refinery leads to more welfare for society; accordingly stablishing Siraf is recommended.

Today, in most countries, especially developing countries, economic growth is at the heart of planning. Since the place of economic activity is the environment, unfortunately, growth has had unfortunate consequences for the human environment. The main objective of this study is to measure the reduction of environmental pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions under policy-making scenarios compared to the reference scenario. The research method in this study is using the scenario analysis method based on Long Term Alternatives Planning Model (LEAP). The research findings show that by designing demand-side and supply-side management scenarios, meaning that replacing renewable energies and electricity in place of fossil fuels (crude oil and natural gas), reducing the amount of environmental pollutant emissions for the year 1420 (year horizon) 2014 (Year Zero Planning) is 123.5 million tonnes.

Watershed management plans are the starting point for conserving natural resources and sustaining them to better exploit and prevent the loss of national resources, and by quantitatively evaluating them, a clear view of the effectiveness of such measures in watersheds can be obtained.The important point in this regard is the effectiveness and profitability of watershed management projects that require review and evaluation of watershed management operations performed so that based on the results, while determining the efficiency of watershed management operations in the above basin, decide on the implementation of similar projects in other basins Also provide watersheds. More than a decade has passed since the new era of watershed management in the country, which has been accompanied by a fundamental change in its structure and importance.The result of this development is the improvement of the qualitative and quantitative level of programs in different levels and departments of management, executive, study and coordination with other relevant departments in the fields of nature. The view of planners and agents of the watershed management sector of the implementation of a series of limited executive projects, with the aim of controlling sediment upstream of large dams, has now spread throughout the vast country of Iran with goals such as soil and water protection, drought control, flood control., Improving the conditions of green land cover, paying attention to agricultural infrastructure resources, improving the economic conditions of watersheds, etc. have evolved. Due to the social and economic conditions of rural communities, low efficiency of production factors in different parts of the rural economy, inability to use existing facilities and their improper use, are among the most obvious economic variables that reduce efficiency at the level of natural resources.The purpose of this study is to determine and identify the effects of watershed management projects on the socio-economic and environmental system of the villages located in the Kurdish watershed in Jahrom city.

The present quantitative research has been conducted with the aim of determining and identifying the effects of the implementation of the watershed management plan on the socio-economic system of villages with watersheds in a survey using a questionnaire.The statistical population of the study includes the number of watershed operators, among the rural households living in the study basins (390 households) in 5 villages located in the Kurdish section, which has been selected as the statistical population.The statistical sample size is estimated as 190 samples according to Krejcie and Morgan table. In this study, 35 items were examined from the perspective of the rural community. After filling in the questionnaires, statistical information was extracted and analyzed using SPSS software and questionnaire coding. In statistical analysis, two methods of descriptive and analytical statistics have been used. In the method of descriptive statistics, frequencies and percentage of frequencies are presented and in the method of inferential statistics, factor analysis test is used.

Regarding the evaluation of the effects of the implementation of the watershed management plan, according to the results of reviewing resources and field studies, a list of effective indicators on the implementation of this plan related to rural areas was extracted. In this study, the research variables are reduced to a smaller number of variables called factors. This method of factor analysis is called principal component analysis and its purpose is to solve the problem of internal dependence of a set of variables and summarize them in several components or factors. In this factor analysis, 7 factors have a specific value greater than 1. It should be noted that all the above factors explain 51.74% of the total variance of the variables and the remaining percentage of the remaining variance is related to other factors that could not be predicted. Meanwhile, out of 35 variables, 26 variables were involved in explaining the factors and the remaining 9 variables were removed from the analysis due to the fact that their factor load was less than 0.5. According to the factor analysis, the 26 variables under study can be named as seven factors. In the present study, due to the high share of each of the variables loaded in each of the seven factors rotated, the factors that have the ability to explain the variances have been named, and indicates that the factor analysis and variables are satisfactory. These factors are: local participation, development of agricultural production resources, reducing the impact of natural hazards, increasing agricultural production, employment development, reducing rural-urban migration and increasing the price of agricultural land, among which the participation of local communities with 17.74% It has been the most influential compared to other factors in the implementation of this plan.

The results of this study are derived using factor analysis of various factors, based on which these factors are placed in 7 groups with variables. In general, variables, communication with experts and promoters, the share of people's representatives in basin management, public participation, increasing the level of gardens, reducing flood damage to rural roads, reducing erosion and sediment, solving problems related to water shortage in the region and land prices Horticulture and agriculture have been the most important variables affecting the implementation of this plan.Examining similar examples of the effects of watershed management projects on rural development over the past few years shows different results, but the prevailing situation indicates changes in socio-economic and environmental dimensions in rural areas. In other words, studies such as(Ghanbari and Qudussi, 2008 - Mosaei et al, 2010 and Rezaei et al., 2012, etc.)show a trend of effective changes in all dimensions and in some studies to the social dimension (participation). has it. Of course, it should not be overlooked that these changes are not the same in all cases and have fluctuated relative to each other. Including a series of variables(reduction of natural hazards, development of production resources and increasing the price of agricultural land) that have been added in this study and as can be seen in the table of research findings, these variables have been effective in implementing the watershed management plan.

Sports areas as one of the most important urban public use affect the environment around which social, economic and traffic environmental impacts can be named as the most important. The purpose of this study was to determine the economic, social, traffic, and environmental impacts of the Karaj Enghelag Sports Complex on the surrounding urban environment. The research method was a descriptive - survey and the statistical population consisted of 253 residents around the Sports Complex. The instruments used in this study included the Environmental and Traffic Impact Questionnaire of Sultan Hosseini et al. (2014). This questionnaire has 14 questions and 2 components of the environmental impacts of sports areas and the traffic impacts of sports areas. Sultan-Hosseini et al. (2013) questionnaire is also used in the field of socio-economic impacts. This questionnaire has 16 questions and 2 components of economic and social impacts of sports facilities. The validity of the questionnaire is a content type and its reliability is calculated by Cronbach's alpha of 81%. A one-sample T-test were used to analyze the data from the questionnaires. The multidisciplinary Decision-Making Method is used to rank the effects of the evaluated components. This study has identified that social impacts significantly had the greatest effects on the urban environment of Karaj city (p<0.001). Moreover, the next two ranks are traffic effects and environmental effects, but there was no influence of the economic effects on the urban environment around the sports complex (p=0.11).

Paying attention to environmental effects on the production of agricultural yields can be very useful in the direction of sustainable agricultural management. Understanding biological behaviors in the production of pollutants can play an important role in reducing the adverse effects of air pollution. Logistic regression method is considered as a linear developed method to predict air pollution; Time series analysis of parameters affecting air pollutants and addressing how much data is needed in previous times to predict the amount of pollutants one step ahead is an issue that has been less studied. The current study aims to model the process of five important pollutants including carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), particulate matter less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Mazandaran province, using logistic regression method and time series analysis, to examine the efficiency and flexibility of the methods used in modeling and forecasting these pollutants. In this study, meteorological data from Ramsar, Amol, Babolsar and Nowshahr stations and air pollution data from Gulogah, Ghaemshahr, Sari and Kiasar stations were received daily in the second half of 2017 and 2018, the average of which has been used in data analysis. The findings reveal that NO2 and CO of Gulogah station and O3 of Kiasar station and SO2, NO2 and CO of Sari and Ghaemshahr pollution stations are completely related to the parameters of temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, which indicates the effect of these parameters on changing the concentration of these pollutants. Moreover, based on the patterns of univariate functions of regression equations, valid formulas for estimating logistic relationships between pollutants and meteorological parameters were extracted, according to which, having meteorological parameters in stations, it is easy to predict the pollution of the region.

Pressure on the environment for human activities is important not only environmentally but also economically. In Iran, due to the abundance of energy resources, there is waste and extravagance in their use for economic activities, which leads to an increase in environmental pollution. The current study aims to predict five important pollutants including carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). In fact, this study is going to investigate the process of pollutants using logistic regression method and time series analysis to examine the efficiency and flexibility of these methods in modeling.

Studied air pollution measuring stations in this work include Gulogah, Ghaemshahr, Sari and Kiasar stations. Data from Ramsar, Amol, Babolsar and Nowshahr meteorological stations were also used. Meteorological data from synoptic stations and air pollution data from monitoring stations of the Environmental Protection Organization were received daily in the second half of 1396 and 1397, the average of which was used in data analysis. In statistical analysis, the correlation between the parameters was calculated and the correlation relationships were presented. In this study, logistic regression method was used.

With the obtained values ​​for special vectors suitable for each component, a suitable drawing of the relationship between meteorological parameters and air pollutants is created. The results showed that increasing each parameter has an increasing effect on the output, while decreasing each has a decreasing effect on it. A closer look reveals that the O3 pollutant is directly related to the temperature parameter and inversely related to humidity. Moreover, the findings from the test phase as well as the prediction error in the network test phase and the correlation between the actual data and the predicted data indicate that the coefficient of determination R2 between the actual data and the predicted data is equal to 0.62. The relationship between the actual values ​​of O3 and the error obtained from the network test reveal that there is no systematic relationship between the values ​​of O3 and the error and there are different errors for different values ​​of O3. Performing logistic regression and examining the accuracy obtained from them to predict the other four pollutants, it was concluded that there is no systematic relationship between the values ​​of these pollutants and the error and their different values ​​have different errors. Based on this, the error value for these pollutants in the range of 0.4-0 can be assumed to be approximately in a range from 0.07 to 0.1. Besides, studies show that there is a significant relationship between O3 and temperature in Amol meteorological station and Ghaemshahr pollution station. Furthermore, the correlation between meteorological parameters and pollutants in Ramsar meteorological stations and Kiasar pollution shows a significant relationship between SO2 and wind speed, while it indicates a significant relationship between O3 and temperature for Babolsar meteorological stations and Sari pollution. Moreover, correlation study for Nowshahr meteorological stations and throat pollution show a significant relationship between SO2 content and temperature.Based on the correlation results, there is a positive and significant relationship between O3 and temperature in Amol meteorological stations and Ghaemshahr pollution, as well as Babolsar meteorological stations and Sari pollution. Besides, the study of the correlation between meteorological parameters and pollutants in Ramsar meteorological stations and Kiasar pollution proves a negative and significant relationship between NO2 and temperature, and for Nowshahr meteorological stations and bottleneck pollution, shows a significant negative relationship between SO2 and temperature. Therefore, the results clearly indicate that temperature is the most effective factor in the process of creating pollutants in Mazandaran province. This result is consistent with the results of Khorshiddoost et al. (2015) which investigated the relationship between atmospheric parameters and air pollution in Tabriz. However, it contradicts the results of Mahneh (2015) Taste and Kakhki study, which examined the relationship between climate elements and air pollution fluctuations in Mashhad, in which relative humidity was identified as the most influential factor on CO and SO2 pollutants; On the other hand, it is noteworthy that at different stations, different elements have a significant relationship with temperature; This difference in the performance of spatial models for different stations has been confirmed in other studies.

According to the findings from the studied stations, it can be said that NO2 and CO of Gulogah station and O3 of Kiasar station and SO2, NO2 and CO of Sari and Ghaemshahr pollution stations completely indicate a significant relationship among the parameters of temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. The effect of these parameters is to change the concentration of these pollutants. Given the uniformity of changes in station data, it can be inferred that the resulting changes follow general patterns; thus, the stations that have a higher correlation coefficient have closer and more similar patterns and the stations that have a lower correlation coefficient will have unique and special patterns for the same station. Performing logistic regression and examining the accuracy obtained from them to predict pollutants, it was concluded that there is no systematic relationship between the values ​​of these pollutants and the error and their different values ​​have different errors. Finally, based on the purpose of this study, valid formulas to estimate logistic relationships between pollutants have been extracted in order to investigate the efficiency and flexibility of these methods in modeling the pollutant process using logistic regression and time series analysis, based on univariate models of regression equations of models. According to these equations, it is easy to predict the level of pollution in each region by having the meteorological parameters in the stations.

Rural tourism has been proposed as a strategy for the development of rural areas due to its diverse functions and high ability to communicate with other economic sectors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of rural tourism in the development of rural areas of Takab city. Research Method In this research, a combination of documentary and survey methods and data collection has been done using direct interview technique and completing a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is the residents of 6 villages of Takab city according to the rules of random sampling. T one-sample and analyze regressin test and analysis of were used to the relationships between variables. The results show that based on the calculated correlation, The coefficient of determination model regression fitting was equal to (0.842) and at the level of %99 was singificant, which indicates the positive effect of rural tourism the dimensions of independent variables of research. Values ß in the economic (0.775), socio-cultural (0.176), physicaland (0.046), environmental (0.057) dimensions. Due to high employment and income generation capacities, rural tourism can play an important and fundamental role in the rural development of the region if the authorities plan carefully and in principle, and if not properly planned, it will cause damage, including environmental crises and There will be social problems in the region.

Achieving sustainable rural development is not feasible without changing attitudes and intellectual and cultural transformation in a country unless comprehensive training is provided in various areas of jobs in rural areas as well as different styles of the training process to develop human resources. In addition, its all-encompassing situations should be well recognized, and the necessary coordination should be made between formal and non-formal education, which are considered as the two main components and the basis of learning and development. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects and role of non-formal education courses in the sustainable development of rural areas of Ahmadabad rural district of Takab city. The research method used in this research is a combination of documentary and survey methods, and data collection has been done by using direct face-to-face interview techniques and questionnaires. The statistical population of the study is done according to the rules of random sampling and includes residents of six villages of the Ahmadabad rural district. One-sample t-test and regression analysis were used to analyze the relationships between variables. The results show that in the regression fitting model, the coefficient of determination was equal to (0.843), and at the level of 99% was significant, which indicates the positive effect of informal education on the dimensions of independent variables of the research. Values of ß are economic (0.776), social (0.177), and environmental (0.058).

Rangeland projects consume a considerable portion of the budget allocated to natural resources all over the country; therefore, their appropriate assessment results in saving costs and increasing efficiency. High efficiency of projects means that the projects have economic, social, and environmental benefits and can compete with other parts of society, and the privileges the government gives to this section encourage investment. Therefore, it is quite clear that these projects need assessment. In order to increase the success and positive spatial results of Southern Khorasan rangeland projects, the present research tries to investigate and assess the different dimensions of the targets predicted for these projects and offer an appropriate model for overcoming limitations. The research is an applied, descriptive-analytical one in which techniques of documentary research and field study were used for data collection. The research population included rangeland operators in those Southern Khorasan watershed management projects who had been finished several years ago. Therefore, 13 rangeland projects in the province, including 327 operators, were selected by clustered random sampling and appropriate optimal allocation. The results indicated that implementing rangeland projects in Southern Khorasan has resulted in better conditions for rangelands and improvement in rangelands’ soil in terms of water and wind erosion. Furthermore, following the implementation of rangeland projects in the province, decrease has occurred in livestock condition improvement index. Economically speaking, the implementation of rangeland projects has had no significant effect on the improvement of economic condition of operators. Considering social issues, it has resulted in decrease of social condition improvement index of operators.

Oil, gas and petrochemical industry managers are nowadays preoccupied with finding ways of punctually completing projects while maintaining the highest implementational standards and minimizing financial costs and environmental threats. Reaching a balance among time, cost, quality and environmental effects is a paramount goal for these managers since these goals are contradictory and focus on any of them can lead to changes in the others. The purpose of this applied mathematical research was hence to design an authentic simulated multi-purpose mathematical model that can review and resolve the issue of project scheduling and balancing time, cost, quality and environmental effects in multi-mode projects. Using the GAMS software and CPLEX solver, the Model was validated through Expanded Epsilon Limitation Method and the analytical results of various sensitivities are reported.

Increasing high-rise building activities in recent years has raised concerns and these concerns can be converted into serious problems and even crises. In this context, a reasonable assessment of the effects of towers in different dimensions can be considered as the most effective method of dealing with the issue. These effects can be in the form of many topics, including economic, social, cultural, political and physical. In this regard, this paper considers the social, economic, physical and environmental effects of Shahrekord twin tower projects. Research type is applied research and research method is descriptive - analytical and data collection tools are the questionnaire. The study population consisted residents of the surroundings of the project. According to the Cochran formula with unknown study population, the sample size in this study was 96. To analyze the results of the questionnaires with Structural equation modeling using software Amos and to obtain maps Arc GIS software is used. The results showed that the construction of such a project at the current location of the central squares and in one of the busiest streets of the city has Increased air pollution and Oil waste and construction debris resulting from it, blocking traffic routes and has changed the face of the city. In return the positive aspects of the project as well as increased tourism in the region and reducing migration to the big cities for the benefit of more features, will follow.

Burning of associated petroleum gas, namely gas flaring, is considered one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emission in Iran, bringing about various economic and environmental problems. This research tries to shed a light on different aspects of environmental defects of gas flaring and explain Iran's situation in this regard. To be able to do so, a novel method for calculation of flared gas emissions is described in this paper. This method relies on flared gas volume estimations that are provided by satellite imaging. The results show that some 53 million tones of CO2 equivalent is released every year due to flaring in Iran. It should be noted that Iran is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emission by 4 percent unconditional and 8 percent conditional due to Paris agreement (COP 21). This commitment requires powerful and wise policies that can guarantee its success with the minimum cost. Since gas flaring contributes to about 7.4 percent of Iran's total amount of greenhouse gas emissions, Iran can cover almost all of its commitments by eliminating gas flaring, for which Paris agreement provides suitable supports.

The research instrument is questionnaire. This questionnaire is composed of 36 indicators in three categories of variables economy, culture and environment. To ensure validity, the questionnaire was placed at the disposal of experts to evaluate the reliability of the results was 903. Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal Data analysis have done by using SPSS and AMOS software. Single sample T-test has been used for examining the research hypotheses and Freedman test has been applied for ranking the effects of development of ecotourism. The results showed that between the economic, cultural, environmental, the most important dimension is economic, cultural and environment are in their next orders. According to the results of T-test, average number of respondents to the effect of tours on economic variable is significantly higher than the average number of this component. Hence, the hypothesis is confirmed and it can be inferred that ecotourism tours have affected economic of Damavand. In investigation of the effect of social and cultural variables, the results of the test demonstrate effectiveness of ecotourism tours on the studied region and finally the results about environmental effects has confirmed this effectiveness.

Dams as one of the regional and national development infrastructures of each country have different effects on their surrounding regions such as rural areas. These impacts in various aspects and including environmental can be effective in sustainable rural development and its structural-functional framework. These impacts are two kinds. Rural settlements with regard to social and economic structures although in some cases accept positive effects of Dam construction, but their negative effects are not low. Karun-3 Dam in Izeh county as one of the largest reservoir dams in the country from dams is that due to the geographical features, have affected on Surrounding region especially rural areas. due to the current situation in rural areas, Identifying and explaining these effects is essential. The purpose of this research was investigate the environmental effects, Karun-3 Dam on surrounding rural areas.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK : The global organization emphasis on preserve life about natural conditions more than twenty river network of world, that negative effects of Dams construction on these rivers on environment is more of their creation benefits such as agricultural water supply and produce electricity. According to the organization, one of negative effects of Dams construction on some rivers is Waste in use of water in agriculture and the destruction of the natural environment, plant and animal species. In addition, large dams could have Geomorphic and hydrologic impacts on the ecosystem of region. In other words, studies show that dams have Great environmental impacts on vegetation, diversity and change in coastal ecosystems, human settlements and so on. This point is important, the emphasis on suitable management of and a stable with having systematic view. Therefore, proper management of the dam and surrounding regions, attention to sustainable development perspective and systematic view is from basic necessities.
The research methodology based on the nature is descriptive-analytical and based on the purpose is, functional. Among the villages around the Karun-3 Dam were selected 38 villages, with due to Specific geographical properties. The statistical population was 2531 households and the sample using a Cochran formula calculated 334 households and Finally, to increase the reliability sample, the number was promoted to 350 households. The questioning in level of rural household was done. Finally, data after collecting using SPSS statistical software were integrated. In addition, from 38 rural local managers were interviewed and in the form of Grounded Theory, interviews organized and presented. Also on the section of opinions of experts, 100 experts in Izeh County were investigated.
Karun-3 Dam had much impacts in environmental instability on rural areas. For example, increasing climate change at the local level has led., Because the lake of Karun-3 Dam has been to increase parameters such as temperature and humidity in the region and in its result, in addition to direct effects, other consequences has entered on agricultural activities and the general economy. With climate change, Crops cultivation and so on be also experiencing problems that with lack of planning, this issue has been intensified and Agriculture in the region has been reduced. Also cultivable rural land tenure both in upstream and downstream has led to decrease in the agricultural sector. While this section should be developed due to the potential created, but because Rural the agricultural sector has been a downward trend. Of hazards, Dam created many earthquakes in the region. That as a result is the destruction and creation of multiple gaps in rural housings. In addition, rural land use has changed. Also vegetation covers and water resources in many cases has changed and the number of wells has decreased. Based on the findings of qualitative, two factor Increase of local temperature and increase of the hazards is known the most important environmental impact of the dam. Evaluation of environmental variables in rural areas upstream from expert opinion shows, the situation is not only not improved after the dam, but has worsened and this issue shows comparison of the mean scale in after dams Construction (49/2). In addition, the findings showed that at the household level, Karun-3 Dam affected in trend of less favorable environmental variables around villages the upstream and downstream. Amount evaluated variables equal significance level is (Sig = 000/0), it is confirmed. Also Independent sample t-test indicates to better environmental variables villages upstream to downstream with a significance level (Sig = 0/000).
Karun-3 Dam as a big reservoir Dam have been affected in decrease and trend of environmental variables of upstream and downstream villages. But this effectiveness has negative trend, not positive. Environmental variables in upstream rural areas. considering their average was better in before dam. By considering achieved average difference, is less situation upstream and downstream areas in after dam creation and Dam influence have more negative trend. Of course, we can say that this negative trend is the result of mismanagement. In general, the environment is affected by various human phenomena's including development projects. Using the results obtained can be in planning in the field be useful for decreasing the difficulties in rural areas.