جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "health costs" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

Today, one of the challenges facing health systems is the ever-increasing increase in its costs. This study investigates the relationship between health costs and income inequality. Income inequality has been investigated using four Gini coefficients and, in a quantile, approach using annual panel data from 2000 to 2022 in selected middle-income member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the empirical results show that the effect of health costs on inequality The income in the countries that are part of the top 10 percent of the income level in this group is much higher than the countries that are in the lowest income level. The effect of life expectancy, death rate and population on income inequality is also opposite; That is, the countries that are in the highest category in terms of income level, the effect of these variables on income inequality is much greater than the countries that are in the lower income categories. Also, due to the effect of population structure on income inequality, it is necessary to seriously consider it in the design and formulation of policies in the field of health, hygiene and population structure. Health, treatment and quality of life improvement policies to increase life expectancy and decrease mortality rate, policies to increase investment (reduction of consumption, promotion of security, economic development of exports, etc.) should be pursued to reduce income inequality.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of good governance in moderating the effect of health expenditures on the economic growth of selected Asian countries that have similar governance quality.

In order to achieve the goal of the research, the necessary estimates have been made using the Pooled Mean Group method.in the period of 2015-2022. Health costs and good governance index have been analyzed as the main explanatory variables along with other variables affecting economic growth, using the idea of the Cobb-Douglas production function.

The results show that allocating more health expenditure alone is not enough to increase economic growth, and the logarithm of health expenditure in the short and long term has a relatively low coefficient on economic growth But considering the effect of good governance, the size of this coefficient is strengthened in both periods, which seems to be the low efficiency of health expenditures due to the low quality of governance related to health expenditures in the countries under review. This study shows the effective role of how governance affects effectiveness.

If the increase in health expenses is accompanied by good quality of governance, it will result in more economic growth. In other words, the quantity of healthcare costs is important, but the quality of the costs is more important. Focusing on the quality of spending increases economic growth.

Good governance leads to the improvement of the quality of economic institutions and institutions, and this quality improvement, including in the field of health, affects the way of growth and development. The existence of institutional and structural problems of institutions, which is caused by weak governance, has a negative effect on the performance and effectiveness of institutions and institutions related to health costs. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to find an answer for how the institutional quality of economic actors affects the economic growth of selected Islamic countries in the field of health expenses. In this regard, the good governance index has been used as a substitute for institutional quality, and the idea of ​​the Cobb-Douglas production function has been used to estimate the research model using the heterogeneous dynamic panel data model by the pooled group average method in the time period of 2008-2022. The results show that health expenses have a relatively low impact on economic growth in the short and long term. Considering the interactive effect of institutional quality and health expenditures, the size of this coefficient is positive in both periods and it indicates that improving the quality of institutions related to health expenditures strengthens the effect of this expenditure on economic growth. Therefore, if increased health spending is accompanied by good institutional quality, it will result in greater economic growth. In other words, although the quantity of healthcare costs is important, the quality of the cost is more important. Focusing on the quality of spending increases economic growth.

Health is one of the main indicators of development in any country, and investing in this sector has a direct impact on the welfare of society and economic growth. The lack and insufficiency in providing health services is considered as a sign of government weakness. Therefore, it is very important to examine the performance of governments in the health sector.

The present research has investigated the effect of governance sub-indicators on health costs for two groups of low-income and high-income countries. To conduct this research, a balanced mixed data model was used. The total health cost was used as a dependent variable and the governance sub-indicators including six sub-indicators were used as independent variables and the human development index was used as a control variable. We used Eviews10 software to perform calculations.

The findings of the research in the group of low-income countries confirmed the effect of the following governance indicators on health costs. In addition, all the coefficients of the variables in the high-income group were significant at the 90% confidence level, which means that the better the governance index, the higher the health costs appear to be. The model used in the research also had a suitable fitness.  

Arguing based on the results of the research, it is recommended to the governance system of low-income countries that have weak governance to reduce political instability and reduce restrictive laws. In addition, removing trade barriers and creating a competitive environment in these countries is a key and inevitable issue.

Over the past few decades, Iran has experienced rapid demographic changes, including a sharp decline in the birth rate and an increase in life expectancy, which has led to an increase in the percentage of the elderly. One of the major challenges of the aging population is increasing the health expenditure of communities. This study, considering the general demographic policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran to promote the dynamism, maturity, and youth of the population by increasing the fertility rate to more than the replacement level, seeks to investigate the effect of population aging on the share of health expenditures in GDP. This research has been done using the data of the Statistics Center of Iran for the period 1360-1389. First, a model for the share of health expenditures in GDP was presented; Then its coefficients were estimated using the self-explanatory wide-interval model. Also, to evaluate the speed of adjustment of the short-term model to the long-term model, the error correction model was estimated. The results showed that the increase in the elderly population, in the long run, leads to a rise in health expenditures, so that a one percent increase in the aging index leads to 0.37 Percentage increase in the health expenditures. Also, in the long run, the growth of GDP per capita variables, price index in the health sector, and urbanization have a positive and significant effect on the share of health expenditures in GDP. The error correction factor was 46%.

Improving the community health as one of the preconditions of achieving sustainable development goals, through promoting labor force performance, has provided the basis for economic growth and achieving to the goals such as public welfare, economic growth, and justice. This study analyzes Iran health performance through few health indicators (such as life expectancy at birth, Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births), Out-of-pocket Payment, Insurance Coverage Rate, insurance Penetration Rate, and Mental Health Condition), in order to investigate its compatibility with Islamic justice principles. In spite of some improving trends in Iran health sector during recent decades, the results imply that the health conditions are not satisfiable and compatible with Islamic healthy society terms.

Estimation the income elasticity of health costs is important in determining the policies adopted in health domain. Previous studies in this area has been done with assumption the certainty of model; While the lack of attention to the problem of model uncertainty can lead to bias and lack of performance in estimation of parameters that result is inappropriate forecasts and incorrect statistical inference. So, the main objective of this study is the estimated income elasticity of health costs in Iran under uncertainty of model during the period of 1979-2013. For this purpose is used the Bayesian approach due to favorable characteristics for the assumption of model uncertainty. Estimation of 40000 regression and Bayesian averaging from the coefficients of the 24 effective variables on per capita costs of the health sector shows that per capita income is the most important determinant of these costs. The income elasticity of health costs is estimated approximately 0.7, that Show health is an essential commodity in Iran. Accordingly, it is proposed that health services be financed through public and government budget and government involvement is necessary in health services and providing it. Based on other results, the effects of urbanization rate, per capita public health costs, dependency ratio, physician per capita and the unemployment rate on per capita health sector costs in the long run are sure and strong.

By supplying energy for many activities, electricity is one of the most important drivers of industrial development. But, electricity industry is one of the largest producers of polluting gases due to combustion of fossil fuels. This has raised serious concerns about the externalities of pollutant emissions in power generation processes. This paper aims at modeling and estimating the health effects and costs of electricity generation in thermal power plants in Iran based on the Impact Pathway Approach using SimPacts software. Based on our results, the health costs of electricity generation in Iran in year 2014 are more than 110 trillion Rials, which accounts for about 1 percent of GDP in this year. Also, the research results show that combined cycle and gas turbine power plants respectively impose the lowest and highest social health costs per kilowatt-hour of electricity generation. Ultimately, by modifying the fuel mix and only using natural gas as the fuel for power plants, the health costs of electricity generation will be reduced by more than 53 percent.