جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "remittances" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

Nowadays, experts challenge the negative attitude toward immigration and take a more positive stance towards it. In their opinion, migration can bring benefits to both countries of origin and destination. One of the advantages mentioned is their economic interactions with the country of origin, leading to economic and cultural development in the country of origin. Regarding the lack of comprehensive research in this field, the present study aims at identifying the types of economic interactions of immigrants residing in Germany with Iran and their reasons for it.

The statistical population of the present study includes all legal immigrants aged above 18 residing in Germany with more than 2 years of residence in this country. Since there was no prior framework for investigating this issue, a qualitative method and a semi-structured interview were used. Based on theoretical sampling, 30 immigrants were interviewed.

The findings of the present study indicate that transferring goods and funds from Germany falls into five main categories, namely, sending gifts, investments, charitable actions, sending rare goods and purchasing incorporated services,

This five main categories are subject to cultural integration, economic integration, attitude to Iran and Germany and the number of years Immigrants reside in Germany.

Given the importance of income inequality, which is one of the major problems of macroeconomics, especially in developing countries, and considering the direct impact of remittances on the income of recipient households, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of remittances on income inequality. In this regard, the panel threshold regression approach for selected developing countries in the period 2018-2000 using the bootstrap simulation method has been used to approximate the asymptotic distribution of test statistics in Stata software. Findings from estimating the non-threshold linear model showed that the relationship between remittances and income inequality is negative and statistically significant, so that increasing the amount of remittances reduces the income inequality by 0.12 units. On the other hand, estimating the threshold fixed effects model indicates the existence of a threshold of 8.43% for the inflation rate and different effects of remittances on income inequality in two different inflation regimes. Considering the threshold effect, in order to investigate the effects of remittances on income inequality, the results show that remittances before the inflation threshold (low inflation regime), remittances reduce income inequality, but after the threshold (High inflation regime) remittances had a negative effect on income inequality but were not statistically significant. Therefore, the existence of high inflation can neutralize the effect of remittances on income inequality in countries with inflation above the threshold. Also, according to the results of the present study, the economic growth variable has reduced income inequality, but the variables of government size, trade openness, population growth rate and unemployment rate have increased income inequality.

In immigration literature due to immigration more attention has been paid to its positive effects on the welfare and economy of the origin and destination of the households. This paper examines the role of remittances on the Change in the Economic Situation and the Welfare of Their Families of Miankaleh as one of the positive effects of immigration on the development of the community of origin. The research methodology is based on the purpose of the applied research and is based on descriptive method. he data collection tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of the population of the villages of Miankaleh. Using the Cochrane formula 378 immigrant households were selected as samples. To analyze the data descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used. Findings show that the satisfaction of immigrant households varies from income status before and after immigration, Also he impact of migrants' transfer money on increasing the willingness of the rural community improving the level of Economic Situation and the Welfare of their families is moderate to high

The inflow of foreign exchange, such as remittances, which is one of the most important sources of foreign exchange for many countries, may cause sudden changes and fluctuations in the national currency and have undesirable impacts on the economies of these countries. Thus, in this study, the influential factors of real exchange rate volatility in Iran with emphasize on remittances by using ARDL approach over the period 1980-2017 are examined and empirically analyzed. In order to quantify the exchange rate volatility, three methods can be used for the present study, which after selecting the optimal method, the model is estimated. The results indicate that remittances have positive and significant effect on the real exchange rate in the long-run and cause volatility of the real exchange rate; But in the short-run, remittances have negative effect on real exchange and lead to volatility in the real exchange rate in Iran. In addition, GDP per capita has the greatest impact on the real exchange rate volatility, both in the short-run and in the long-run.

This paper investigates the effects of the asymmetric threshold of real exchange rate on poverty through the remittances channel in the 12 selected developing countries during the period of 1980-2017, using Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model. The linearity test results indicate strongly nonlinear relationship among variables under consideration. Moreover, considering one transition function and one threshold parameter, as a two regime model, is sufficient to specification of nonlinear relationship among variables. The results indicate that threshold value for studying countries is 5.87 and the estimated slope parameter is 1.76. Based on the results of model estimation, remittances, GDP per capita and real exchange rate in both the first and second regimes have inconsistent effects on poverty. Remittances and logarithm of exchange rate have positive effect on poverty in first regime and have negative effect in second regime. Also the GDP per capita has negative effect on poverty in both of the regimes, but its effect was less in the second regime.

Commitmentis acommitment to becomeone of the toys. Commitmentis a legal act by which previous commitment lapsesanda new commitment that it is one of the pillars are replaced. This institution has no legal precedent in jurisprudence and Islamic law and under this title has not been identified. Become a commoncommitment and differentiation with similar institutions such as theseductive, money orders, transfer and transmission of faith is demanded. Some Contract Guaranty And transfers Instances the obligation to know And believe that despite he secontracts, No292 and 293 of Civil code And adoption rights is not alien to become a commitment. In contrast, not one of those two Andare allowed to vary in nature and works orders. And are allowed to vary in nature and work s orders. In our law, certain contracts guaranty and money orders are among the And special provisions. The basic question is What is then ature of contracts, such guaranty or money order? Become true religionguaranty commitment or transfer? Has become a true commitment to seek moneyor the transferor transmission of religion? And subject to paragraph 2ofArticle 292 civile cod or section 3 ? This is followed These arguments provide answers to questions.

In many emerging and developing economies, sudden changes and volatilities in the exchange rate can be negatively affect economic growth by decline in investment, trade balance and profitability. Considering the fact that these economies are vulnerable to changes in capital inflows; remittances as one of the most important capital and financial inflows can lead to volatility and uncertainty in the exchange rate of developing countries and cause instability in the economy. Thus In this study, the mutual relationship between real exchange rate volatility and remittances volatility has been investigated and empirically analyzed by the use of Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and three stage least square (3SLS) of simultaneous equations system approaches in the selected developing countries including Iran over the period 1980-2015. The results demonstrate that there is a relationship between the real exchange rate and remittances volatilities. In the meanwhile, the exchange rate volatility has a greater and significant effect on the volatility of remittances; while their reverse effect is small. In other words, the remittances volatility does not have a significant effect on the exchange rate volatility, which leads to economic stability. In addition, foreign direct investment, government spendings and trade openness cause volatilities in real exchange rates, and on the other side, inflation, financial development, household expenditure per capita and age dependency are the influential factors of remittances volatility in the studied countries.

Remittances are payments made by immigrants who work in other countries and send money to their relatives and friends in the country of origin; which they may transfer through formal or informal channels. In order to investigate the effect of these funds on the development of the financial sector in Iran, the present study uses the data from 1980 to 2015, to find the answer of this question. In this regard, after defining the theoretical framework, the criteria for measuring the financial development index are introduced, which includes 3 criteria for the allocation of credits to the private sector to GDP, the ratio of bank credits to GDP, and cash to be paid. Then, after specifying the model, the effect of the remittances considered on each of these three criteria separately, by using the ARDL econometric method. Results show that there is a negative but small effect on financial development in short-run. But on the other side, there is a positive and significant effect on the financial development in long-run in Iran.

In this study, the mutual relationship between real exchange rate volatility and remittances has been investigated and empirically analyzed by the use of Moving Average Standard Deviation (MASD) of monthly real exchange rate and panel data method within the framework of three stage least square (3SLS) of simultaneous equations system in the Islamic developing countries (D8) over the period 2005-2016. The results demonstrate that there is a mutual relationship between the real exchange rate volatility and remittances. In the meanwhile, the exchange rate volatility has a greater and significant effect on remittances; while their reverse effect is small. In other words, the remittances inflows don’t have a significant effect on the real exchange rate volatility, which leads to economic stability. In addition, foreign direct investment, government expenditures, terms of trade and trade openness cause volatilities in real exchange rates, and on the other side, GDP per capita, financial development, household expenditure per capita, age dependency and differential interest rate are the influential factors of remittances inflow in the studied countries.

International labor migration is one of the most important and effective socio-economic phenomena that exists in different countries. This phenomenon can have economic impacts on the destination and sending countries. Assessment of these effects can be useful for economic decision making. So, in this paper using a regional computable general equilibrium model (base year 2011), we have addressed the impacts of international labor migration with special attention to the issue of worker’s remittance. To this purpose, we analyzed two different scenarios: 1) ten percent outflow of skilled labor from Iran and 2) ten percent inflow of skilled work force to Iran. The results of the first scenario show that labor outflow negatively impacts on production and exports and positively impacts on prices and imports at the macro and sectoral levels. The negative effects on economic variables will be reduced if the work force outflow combined with remittances. Quantitative results also indicate that remittances improve the income and welfare of households. According to second scenario, inflow of labor increases the sectoral exports and production and decreases imports and prices (macro and sectoral).

Nowadays, Emigrants play an important role in the development of their origins. Some rural emigrants with formation of migrant organizations in large cities such as hometown associations use them to improve the wellbeing, viability and development of their hometown. So their activities and efforts to enhance the viability of rural areas and that makes it belong to the community, participation and stability of rural areas be promoted. The aim of this research is looking for how and through what mechanisms and implications the emigrants impact in promotion of rural wellbeing and rural development. Methodology of this article is based on qualitative research methods. In this qualitative study, data has been collected through techniques of interview, group discussion and oral histories in the hometown associations in Tehran, especially Shabestaries hometown associations (Daryan and Benis), Center of Kurds living/ residing in Tehran, foundation of Khouzestanies living/ residing in Tehran, Association of Mahdi-Sharies/ Sangsaries living/ residing in Tehran; the data has been analyzed by thematic analysis, And the findings have been presented in general. Immigrants and their organizations with strategies such as: “remittances”, “investment in hometown”, “regular travel to hometown”, “transfer of innovations, ideas and capital”, "living as a second home in the village", "rural development measures/ development efforts ", “sending gifts”, “entrepreneurship in hometown”, “trading with hometown” and cases such as such as that mentioned changes the structure and functions of the rural community and thereby lead to rural development. These changes in various areas such as "enhancing various facilities and services in the village", "improving business and employment in rural areas", "local agricultural and economic development", "social vitality of the village", "helping young stability and population increase", "improving living conditions in the village", "rural constructions improvement" and " feeling of peace and tranquility in the village", affected on the development of studied villages. So government agencies can support the establishment of immigrant permanent institutions and hometown associations also they can even encourage immigrants to form these institutions, to be able to use the potentials and forces these institutions and structures to use them for local development and rural well-being.

One of the issues discussed recently in the field of migration, is the impact of migration on the women left behind in origin as a vulnerable group, women who are not immigrants, but are affected by its consequences, seriously. The aim of this study was to understand the lived experiences of left behind women and the issues and challenges have faced due to wife's immigration to the other cities. This study has been done with the interpretive phenomenological method on six women living in Khanmirza villages (Lordegan), who were selected by purposive sampling for interviews. Smith's interpretive phenomenological analysis was used for analysis and data management. After analyzing the interviews, ten primary themes and two master themes including "living in limbo" and "unpleasant emotional experiences," was emerged. The results show that although cannot deny the positive economic impact of men migration to prevent their families from falling into poverty, but the emotional and sexual poverty, limited freedom in making decisions, the double burden of maternal and paternal role, the relative independence, psychological burnout, loneliness and deep fear, a sense of constant worry and meaningless life, is the serious cost that women and children left behind should pay. Finally, some research and policy recommendations provided.

Traditional literatures of brain drain stress its negative impact on the welfare and growth of sending economies, while new literatures introduce the possibility of brain gain through several channels (human capital, foreign direct investment (FDI), trade linkages and remittances). Thus, in this research we investigated the Brain Drain effect on economic growth of Iran, through studying direct and indirect channels of Brain Drain on economic growth, by using the system of simultaneous equations and Brain Drain data to G7 countries during 1339-1386. The estimation results with 3SLS method, say that: The coefficient of Brain Drain rate in human capital, labor force remittances and trade equations is positive, and in foreign direct investment and economic growth equations is negative. Human capital, physical capital stock, openness, FDI, the cross section effect between remittances and dummy variable of Islamic Revolution and oil exports have positive and significant effect on economic growth of Iran. Totally, the total (net) Brain Drain effect on economic growth of Iran is negative. This result can arise from wrong economic policies, for example; determination of grammatical rate of exchange, wage and interest. This operative due to relativerefraction of factors price and push effect in Iran. Also, according to computations of this paper average of the net loss of per human capital migrant on Iran's GDP is about 4 million dollars.