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Compilation and Implementation of the first and second development programs can be considered as the period of formation of program-oriented development thinking and creation of planning institution in Iran. This period coincided with the unstable political and social conditions in Iran. The process of nationalization of the oil industry started before the first development program and its law was approved during this program. Although the consequences of the nationalization of the oil industry continued for many years, its most direct impact was on the implementation of the first and second development programs due to its simultaneity. Considering the fluctuations of access to oil revenues and the existence of two completely different experiences of embargo (in the first program) and lifting of the embargo (in the second program), the purpose of this research is to examine the effect of the approval of this law and its consequences on the implementation of the first and second development programs. This research is qualitative and has been carried out in a descriptive-analytical way, and official documents and statistics have been used to collect information. The results showed 1. The nationalization of the oil industry caused embargo and lack of access to financing sources of the first plan, which led to the complete non-implementation of the first development plan. 2. Removal of embargo and improvement of oil revenues during the implementation of the second development program has been one of the main factors of the relative success of this program.

Mīrzā Ḥusain Khān Sipahsālār rose to premiership at a time when the economic and financial conditions of the country were critical and the government was on the brink of bankruptcy. In order to improve the financial situation and to organize financial affairs, he initiated several reforms in the country. The present study aims at investigating the success or failure of his plans of financial reform through the examination of financial documents and their impact on the country’s income and expenditure. In doing so, the study employs the descriptive-analytical method. Findings of the study illustrate that Mīrzā Ḥusain Khān brought order to bureaucratic and financial matters through the strengthening of central power and legislation, and expanding control and supervision over rulers and administrators. In addition, his reformations and his restrictive financial policy succeeded in providing the necessary financial resources for the development of infrastructure and carrying out large-scale economic projects. According to financial records, by the end of the second year of Mīrzā Ḥusain Khān’s premiership in 1289-1290 A.H./1872-1873 A.D., the government had paid its debts, settled delayed treasury allowances, and created a balance among income and expenditure. A considerable amount of this money was deposited in treasury savings.

Unsuitable climatic conditions and natural crises are among the most important dangers that expose the lives of villagers and the existence of villages to various threats. The death of humans and animals, destruction of houses and underground water network, loss of crops and lack of food, poverty, unemployment and migration are examples of these threats. Examining the available documents and reports from the Pahlavi period shows that among the natural hazards in Isfahan province, drought, flood and plant pests had the most negative impact on the villages. Based on this, the present research aims to answer this question with a descriptive-analytical method and based on the information obtained from library and documentary sources. Why did the villagers of Isfahan province leave the villages during the Pahlavi period in the face of natural crises? The aim of  the research is to analyze the effects of drought, flood and plant pests on the condition of the villagers of Isfahan province during the Pahlavi period. The results of the research show that the consequences of the aforementioned events, including the instability of the agricultural economy, unemployment and poverty, greatly affected the lives of the villagers of Isfahan province during the Pahlavi period. The lack of rural construction credits and the agricultural sector, lack of specialized human resources in rural planning and informed with crisis management, the concentration and lack of employment opportunities in the villages also strengthened the harmful effects of these factors. As a result, poor villagers had no choice but to migrate due to the loss of minimum living facilities, and this phenomenon was constantly growing. Focus on a social issue at a point in the past history of Isfahan province using newly found documents and review and analyze the data available in this category of sources, it indicates the novelty of the subject.

This study has been done by investigating 92 issues from eight titles of printed publications in Lorestan during the years 1330-1334. The purpose of this study is to review and evaluate the approach of these publications to reform and development in the province during these years. The main question of this research is that “what approach did Lorestan publications have to development in various economic, political, social and cultural fields?” In their view, what are the obstacles to the province's underdevelopment and what strategies have they offered to solve Lorestan's backwardness? Attempts are made to extract the characteristics and concepts related to development in these four sections from the titles and content of articles and materials contained in these publications and to analyze and evaluate them more than just quantifying them. The findings show that due to the coincidence of their publication with the 17th National Assembly elections and the relative freedom during the time of Dr. Mossadegh working as Prime Minister, issues related to political development have become more frequent in these publications. The authors of these articles have had a realistic approach to the problems and obstacles of the province's underdevelopment. While emphasizing culture as the most fundamental basis for reform and development, they have made investment and modernization in this sector conditional on solving the economic problems of the society. Paying attention to local capacities and promoting a culture of public participation to solve social and economic problems is one of the solutions considered by these publications.

One of the most important results of  king Naser al-Din S's second trip to Europe was hiring the Austrian Count Dumont Fert to organize the structure of the Nazmiyah in Iran. The purpose of  Kent's presence was to create the structure and organize the order in a modern way by using the developed intellectual and practical capacities of modern Western thought to create security in the Nasrid Caliphate. This article intends to examine the actions, results and achievements of this police chief by using library sources and using the descriptive-analytical method. The findings of  the research show that although Kent was able to provide a relative security situation in Dar al-Khilafah with some new measures while establishing order, but over time, due to the traditional political structure of Iran, he was caught in the prison of opponents of political development. Influential people such as the king, princes, courtiers, the Luti population dependent on power and even the diplomats of the colonial countries who saw their personal and group interests lost due to the actions of the count, prevented the growth and expansion of the actions of these officers of the order and while intimidating and His threat and his family caused Shah Qajar to dismiss him.

The last plan approved by Pahlavi II was the fifth development plan, which was approved with the fewest articles and notes (nine articles and two notes) in 1973. The fifth plan was the first plan that was revised after a short period of approval due to the increase in oil prices. The first chapter of this program specified the goals and main lines, and the other chapters dealt with economic affairs, regional development, environment, energy and transportation. During the implementation of the fifth plan, the increase in oil prices and the consequent increase in oil revenues provided the government with a lot of liquidity, which disrupted the economic structure. The increase in liquidity caused an increase in domestic demand. The inability of the country's economy to respond to the increase in demand, which was caused by the creation of money for the government, also increased the price of imported products and goods, and led the country's economy to the process of inflationary stagnation. Therefore, spending financial resources leads to the loss of resources. Considering the effect of these plans on the modernization process that is not proportionate to the society, which can be considered as one of the causes of the Islamic revolution and the end of the Pahlavi dynasty, the present study, with a descriptive-analytical approach, tries to reread the fifth construction plan based on documents.

Iran is the first country in the Middle East where oil was produced and the first country whose oil industry was nationalized. Oil has always been the most important source of foreign exchange earnings and one of the main sources of development programs and annual budgets in Iran. Oil price fluctuations and impulses, and their direct impact on government revenues in different eras have caused changes in the economic, political, and social spheres. The purpose of this research is to investigate the position, part, and importance of the oil revenues in the first to fifth development programs during the Pahlavi era. This research is qualitative, and the data collection method is based on archival sources with a descriptive-historical method for data analysis. The results of the research showed that the reduction and elimination of oil revenues after the boycott of this industry (due to the nationalization of the oil industry) was the main reason for the failure of the first development program, which did not reach its goals. Nevertheless, in the second development program, oil has been one of the main economic growth sectors of this plan. Although in the second development program, the service sector had the most important role, from 1963 onwards, the oil sector was again considered the main sector of Iran's economy until the end of the fifth development program. In the third and fourth programs, oil is placed as the main support for the remarkable success and proper growth of these plans. Therefore, from the third development program to the end of the Pahlavi era, the oil production amount and incomes increased. After the feverish increase of oil prices in the world markets in the early 1970s, the forecast of a sharp increase in oil revenues was one of the main factors for the revision of the fifth development program.

This article aims at providing an explanation for some aspects of the problem of development in Qajar Iran. It's Focus in on Pīrbâzâr, a famous village in Northern Province of Guilân, which hosted a growing volume of Russian-Iranian trade in late Qajar period and changed to be an important harbor up to the Russian Revolution. As a matter of fact, Russian development of Transcaucasian railway along with the launching a modernized shipment in the Caspian sea in the second half of 19th century were the main causes behind an unprecedented growth of Iran-Russian trade. Meanwhile, lack of any modern infrastructure which linked Anzalī to Rasht, provided the opportunity for Pīrbâzâr to appear as the main harbor in this situation. Based on first hand sources as well as archival material and applying a descriptive-explanative approach, it seeks to explain how Russian-Iranian marine trade affected the traditional pattern of transportation in Guilân and what causes prevented Pīrbâzâr to become a modernized harbor. This study may help us to attain a better understanding of the multidimensional problem of "development" in late Qajar Iran.

The present study seeks to analyze the consequences of hijab removal in the period of Reza Shah Pahlavi (1300-1320). The main question is whether hijab removal could have an effect on modernization and development? According to the documents, the research method is descriptive-analytical, using theories of development and modernization and the method of data collection is library research. In the era of Reza Shah, due to the efforts of intellectuals, magazines, women and the Shah's visit to Turkey, serious work was done in matters related to women. The development of the country and the need for industrialization, the need for abundant and cheap labor, justified the presence of women in society to meet this need. The findings of the research indicate that the announcement of the law on the hijab removal on December 17th, 1314 by Reza Shah, ostensibly provided the preconditions for the presence of women to advance the goal of Reza Shah's modernization. Building schools and colleges and encouraging girls to study, and publishing articles in women's magazines also helped. Of course, the use of force in the implementation of this law caused opposition and resistance of some people, and in exchange for the women who entered the community with this action, many women and girls also chose forced housework. In fact, with this action, Reza Shah was able to achieve his goal of women's presence in society to a large extent, but he had many positive and negative consequences.

The islands, ports, and hinterlands of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of ​​Oman maintained their privileged economic position during the first Pahlavi period. Most of Iran's maritime trade was carried out from various points of exit and entry of these regions. The purpose of this article is to study the economic developments of the coasts and post-coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of ​​Oman during the years 1304-1320 (1925-1941), with an emphasis on recognizing the causes and influential areas of regional growth. What were the factors affecting the process of economic developments in these regions in the first Pahlavi period? The results show that the set of government performance in various areas of trade and infrastructure development activities, in the economic life of the coast and post-coastal than in previous periods - especially the late Qajar - had a great impact and caused a completely growing movement; However, some of these activities were part of long-term plans and did not show short-term or immediate effects.

Archaeological studies of ancient cities have a significant role in understanding their formation, their development, the fall and destruction in different historical periods. According to the historical sources (the 10th to 14th century A.D) there has been an ancient city named Shapurkhast on the western of Iran, which its history dates back to Sasanian era. In these sources, the city has constructed by Shapur I (240-272 A.D). Life in the city had continued during the Islamic period until the 14th A.D. The city reached its peak in the 11th century AD. The remnants of the old city have been founded at south-eastern parts of the modern city of Khorram Abad especially from the excavations in 2007. The present research analyses the data derived from the historical resources and archaeological evidences in order to study and investigate the factors in settling in the area. This study deals with the formation, development and prosperity and then the fall of Shapurkhast city. The results of this study imply that the main period of occupation of Shapurkhast was Islamic era that its foundation has been made at pre-Islamic periods, and probably even Parthian era. Having appropriate environmental conditions and also lying at the middle of west to east and north to south communication routes, the south plain of Khorram Abad has potentially provided suitable living conditions for forming the city. It seems that Shapurkhast has been abandoned at the 13th or 14th A.D and modern Khorram Abad began to function as the central town of the region. Environmental and ecological conditions are the most important factors for the collapse of the city. The present study is based on a "holistic" approach and based on two categories of historical and archaeological information which has provided new information about one of the early Islamic cities in Iran. The data is based on historic sources from the 10th to 14th AD, and archaeological evidences from the excavation at southeastern Khorram Abad in 2007 and then archaeological surveys at Khorram Abad gorge in 2000 and 2016. The most important questions in this research are the following: 1. When did the settlement in the city of Shapur Khasta begin and what were the reasons for the formation of the city? 2. In what period and based on which components are the peak of prosperity and urban development introduced? 3. What were the factors that cause the collapse and fall of the city in the Middle of Islamic period and the transfer of its population to the northwest of the town? The research hypothesis is that Shapurkhast city was an important early Islamic city, which its foundation was made before of Islamic period. There has not been much research about the city of Shapurkhast from the formation to the fall. Additionally, available researches are relatively old and no new comprehensive research has been done on the city with archaeological viewpoint, and some of the reports have not been published. Therefore, we will try to use archaeological evidences, written sources and the historical maps aiming to provide suitable information about one of the unknown cities in Iran.  Urban development and urbanization was formed as a manifestation of the power of the Sassanid Empire in Iran and in competition with the Roman Empire (Moqimizade, 2017). the development of urban settlements has been subject to environmental, economic and social conditions; That is, urban settlements were centers of communication, recreation, and redistribution of commercial goods to subordinate cities and states. Around the city of Shapurkhast; Suitable ecological substrates including important Zagros highlands around, rich water resources especially KhorramAbad and Karganeh rivers, flat and fertile plain south of the valley, and most importantly being located in the east-west and north-south communication routes from The main factors in the formation of settlements in the south of Khorramabad valley, followed by the formation of urban settlements. We know very little about the formation of the city. Due to the development of the Silk Road in the Parthian period and the location of the city in the communication routes east and west of the region and south to north, the urban life of Shapurkhast city probably took place in the Parthian period. Due to the existence use of the name "Shapur" in archaeological evidence, this city was developed during the Sassanid period. The existence and permanence of the king's name on the coins (Figure 14) left over from the Sassanid period certainly indicates the double and strategic importance of the city in the Sassanid period, which proves the Sassanid rule in these areas. The distribution of Sassanid sites in the Khorramabad valley is another proof of this claim (Figure 4). Our knowledge indicates that the first time, Sassanid Shapur in order to develop individual power to urban development for change the social structure of Iran, cities has undergone changes and developed and in this process the name "Shapur" on most cities as Shapurkhast "was established. Archaeological evidence from the excavation does not prove that urban development is a process, meaning that urban development has been accompanied by ups and downs. Among the reasons could be the decline of the Sassanid rule and repeated invasions of Iran. In the Islamic period from the fourth and fifth centuries onwards, when the Seljuks ruled in the Middle East in Iran, Iraq, and Asia Minor; the golden age of prosperity and development of the city began and the Seljuk’s (10th to 12th AD) of Iraq made Khorramabad one of the most important strategic points and connections with the Seljuks of Iran. The granting of coins to Al-Hasnawiyah and the existence of local coins were minted in the name of local governors clearly and significantly increase the importance of the city. In the Islamic period, this city has completely passed the urban life and has had a mosque, a mint and a government fortress. Due to its importance, the city has been repeated many times in geographical and historical books. Based on the holistic mentality in this study, important information is provided; from written historical resources including geographical and historical books and data from archaeological excavation find such as coins, pottery and the distribution of sites regarding the formation, development and fall of the city of Shapurkhast (Figure 10 and 12). The foundation of the mentioned city was laid in the Parthian period. The city was developed during the Sassanid period due to the importance of the Sassanid kings in the development of cities and their location on trade routes, and was named after Shapur, the second and most powerful Sassanid king. In the Islamic period, after a short break, we see the comprehensive development of the city and the benefit of all urban structures, especially in the Seljuk period. The city was still prosperous until the end of the 14th century AD, when due to the growth of the town of KhorramAbad, its inhabitants merged with the current KhorramAbad and continued urban life. This city has been developed with suitable environmental conditions and being located on ancient roads and has been one of the important cities of the region in the Islamic era. During the patriarchal period, ecological and environmental conditions were among the most important factors in the abandonment of the city.

Isfahan, an ancient city in the center of the Iranian plateau, has had a thousand years of Islamic-Iranian urbanization. It has benefited from three prominent dynasties (Al-Buyeh, Seljuks, Safavid) Which peaked during the Safavid Era.One of the large features of urbanization during this period was the Isfahan “urban economics" development which the various factors have contributed to its realization. In this research, the role of indicators of "urban economy" components such as 'population', 'transport infrastructure' and 'location', are examined.In this regard, the question is as to What factors influenced on these indicators and What role did these indicators play in the development of the Isfahan Urban Economy Organization?The current study is historical research that has been conducted by a descriptive-analytical method.The research results show that factors such as "population density", "development of transportation infrastructure" and "proper location of urban elements" have had a significant impact on the development of Isfahan's "urban economics".

It was during the premiership of Dr. Mohammad Mosaddegh that the pursuit of independence and freedom, and tolerance of dissent gained momentum as dominant discourse, challenging part of despotic discourse of the royal court. As a result, Iran’s political spectrum became more pluralistic, the Shah’s power was restricted, political parties became diversified, power became legal and democratic, and the dissent enjoyed maximum tolerance on the part of the government. Enacting the Press Law not only stipulated maximum tolerance of the dissent, but also state-run organizations were banned to bring an action against the press criticizing the government or the prime minister. This is why Mosaddegh period is known in contemporary history as “the age of free press”. The dominant discourse in that period encompassed independence, freedom, civil sovereignty, political participation and public welfare. During his 28 months of premiership, Mosaddegh administered the country almost without petrodollars. Unaffected by lack of oil incomes, the crisis-stricken, stagnating and bankrupt national economy regained its footing and became an example of a balanced economy. These indexes indicate that the collection of Mosaddegh’s plans, achievements, and beliefs during 28 months of premiership had maximum compatibility with criteria of political development.

The development of international law requires the cooperation of governments and other members of the international community, and for this purpose the views of all international members, including developed countries and the Third World, must be taken into account. Therefore, the determination of international rules has the same issue and requires the acceptance of all countries in the world and implementation by all international members. But unilateralism in the international arena, due to the profiteering and utilitarianism of some powers, prevents this, and therefore authoritarianism prevails over legal equality. In such a situation, the developed and superpower countries, due to their military or industrial power, refuse to implement some international rules and resort to one-sided rule and norm-setting. This prevents the development of international law and has many consequences for the development of international law. Therefore, we intend to explain the consequences of unilateralism on the development of international law in accordance with the rules of international law and legislative treaties. Is international. The research method is library and is done descriptivelyanalytically.

The concept of "environmental protection" is a modern concept which, according to its origin, has a specific epistemic and intellectual foundations that represent it as a social problem derived from social movements. A concept that, while paying attention to the rights of marginal groups, embraces a variety of intellectual and political ideas. This concept is derived from democratic processes. But in Iran, due to the existence of a despotic semi-modern state, the course of development was selective, arbitrarily and caricatured. This article with an overview on the context of the formation of the concept of environmental protection in the West, shows that the despotic semi-modern structure of the Pahlavi government on one hand, led to the priority of industrial and agricultural production on environmental protection and on the other hand, prevented people from attending to environmental protection. These factors, along with the imbalance in various sectors of development, caused the emergence of environmental issues, including air pollution, as a case study of this research.

In the1930s, the world's oil was controlled by 7 great international oil companies who were famous as the "Seven Sisters". These companies not only controlled oil transportation, refining, sale and marketing but also dominated the oil reserves. Their domination over the oil reserves was guaranteed by old concession contracts mechanism which made too much benefit to them. Management of the oil market and determination of oil price for a very long period was the natural consequence of this domination. These companies by dividing the demand market among themselves disabled the market to determine price through the mechanism of competition. These conditions caused the host countries by constituting international coalitions ( such as Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries "OPEC") play the main role in determination of the oil price and at the meantime by reviewing of the experiences arisen from the old concession agreements, tried to  revise them to be more nationalized.in this article, we are seeking to raise a historical-legal analysis from the trend of the changes in international petroleum concession agreements which has been started before the 1950s and amended after the world war II until the last years of the 20th century.

Development in the modern west is not possible without applying political drivers; however the necessity of applying them in religious democracy and Mahdavi system is in a halo of ambiguity, in addition, applying development or progress in the apocalypse government is under doubt! An issue which has not been considered from this perspective! The present article by choosing progress instead of development, therefore, we face the following question: What are the drivers of political progress from the viewpoint of Islam, the Quran, and in the government of Imam Mahdi (A.S.)? It seems that these drivers in liberal democracy, religious democracy and Mahdavi systems are basically different in both quantitative and qualitative dimensions. The goals is to show the necessity of reaching Mahdavi system in the light of analyzing political drivers of progress. The present article seeks to reach this goal in the light of using descriptive-analytical-comparative method; however, the necessity of establishing a post-liberal democracy system sets the ground for reaching the Mahdavi system as the result of the present article.

Press as one of the major sources of information and one of the most effective media outlets plays a decisive role in the political and social transformations of countries. In the contemporary history of our country, the press has a prominent position and the study of developments in the contemporary history of the country, will be incomplete if the role of the press are to be neglected. The status of schools and the education during Naser-al-Din Shah and Mozafar-al-Din Shah's period and its impact on the progress of the country and the prevention from retardedness is among the events in which the press played an active role in promoting its foundations and features. Iran's retardedness in the Qajar era and the rapid development of the West led many intellectuals of that period to seek to answer the question of what factors led to the retardedness of Iran and the development of the West. Some publications, such as Persian newspapers, "Hekmat", "Thuraya", "Parvaresh", "Chehrehnama" and "Kamal", which were published in Egypt and were secretly entered Iran due to the repression reigning in Iran, focused on the cultural components of development, and called Iranians for the establishment and expansion of schools, and played an important role in waking Iranians inside and outside the country. In this paper, the authors have analyzed the content of the newspapers for the purpose of answering to this question.

Although, in the early years of the twentieth century, Iran’s eastbound railway was meant to enhance the transit of goods between Iran and India, Pakistan’s divorce from the latter in 1947 put an end this ambition. Iran endeavored to improve political relations to the east in an effort to stabilize the eastern borders. It was, however, during the 70s oil crisis and the ensuing boom in Iranian economy that drove the Iranian government towards the re-invigoration of this trade route. The current article seeks to study economic and political measures adopted by the Pahlavi government during the 70s which aimed at rebuilding this transit route to the countries in the Indian ocean region. This research draws heavily upon historical documents and archives and the findings suggest that after improving its political relations with countries in the Indian ocean region in the 70s and thanks to rising oil prices, Iran initiated various development plans, such as economic and technical initiatives, to restart the eastbound railway again; an ambition that ended when the political landscape was overwhelmed by 1978-1979 developments in the two countries.