جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "روستا" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

This article examines the development strategies and developments in the fifth plan of the Pahlavi period (1973-1977) and especially focuses on the construction and rural modernization period. In this program, the main goal was to develop civil infrastructure in rural areas, which included creating civil areas, implementing infrastructure and educational projects, improving the skills and knowledge of villagers, and improving their living conditions. In this regard, the article analyzes the position of rural development and modernization in the fifth program and answers two key questions using the descriptive-analytical method First, what were the most important goals and strategies for rural development and modernization in this program? And second, what were the most important implementation challenges of this program? The results of the research show that the main strategies of this program include creating the necessary infrastructure for the development of villages, providing drinking water, improving health and treatment, and creating cultural and educational facilities and planning to create rural development areas. It was to facilitate the implementation of construction and development projects in the regions. On the other hand, the ambiguity in policies and executive policies, the lack of precise definition of the concepts of city and village, weakness in the decision-making bases for the allocation of financial resources, and the lack of coordination in the implementation of construction projects, including There were factors that prevented the achievement of the expected success in the field of rural development in the fifth urban plan. In addition, the article examines the social and economic effects of this program on the lives of the villagers and tries to create a comprehensive picture by analyzing the available data. To present the challenges and successes of this course. This survey can be used as a valuable resource for future research in the field of rural development and urban planning.

The developments of the forties in Iran in various fields, including education, were based on the principles of the White Revolution. In this regard, with the formation of the Knowledge Corps based on the sixth principle of the principles of the White Revolution, the expansion of literacy in the country's villages was placed on the joint agenda of the Ministry of Culture and War. According to this principle, people with diplomas could do their military service and conscription after a short period of military training and teaching methods in the villages to teach and educate the villagers. Of course, after a short period of time, the field of mission of Sepahian Danesh expanded and included construction activities in villages. According to these missions, several centers and institutions were established to strengthen the knowledge corps, including scientific, supervisory, procurement, etc. This article, using library resources focusing on documents, especially the minutes of negotiations and approvals of the Supreme Council of Culture/Education and Education, and using a descriptive-analytical method, indicates that the knowledge corps succeeded not only in the literacy of the villagers, but also in the field of developments during their one and a half decade of activity in the country's villages. have useful cultural, social and even economic achievements.

Due to its natural and economic location, Tabaristan or Mazandaran had a special place in ancient Iran and the Islamic period, this land had densely populated cities and villages with high incomes, which politically was able to maintain its relative independence from the central and ruling governments in Iran for a long timeThe main issue of this research, which is done in a historical way and with a descriptive-analytical approach, is the study of the political, economic, and religious situation of the villages of Tabaristan during the fifth to ninth centuries AH . The main question of the research is what t role did villages play in political and cultural issues and what was the position of the villages in the economic issues of Tabaristan? The findings of the research indicate that due to the economic position and the natural position of Tabaristan, resources have expressed the situation of this region for many centuries, although cities have been considered more than villages However, the sources also provide valuable data about the villages, such as the religious situation and the growth of Shi'ism in the villages of Tabaristan, the active role of the villages in political events, especially during the period of conquests, the rule of the Alawites of Tabaristan and Marashiyan, the economic situation and the types of products produced and exported to other areas, and also mentioned the description of the wonders of the villages . In general, the villages of Tabaristan played a decisive role in the developments

During the Sasanian period, many cities were built or renovated, and the historians of the first Islamic centuries have listed urban planning as one of the fundamental characteristics of the Sasanian kings. From the beginning of the Sassanid period and with the rise of kings like Ardeshir Babakan and Shapur I, the process of urban development began, and this process can be followed until the end of the Sasanian period and before the political turmoil caused by the murder of Khosrow Parviz. There have been some researches about the Sassanid cities, but mostly from the archaeological and linguistic points of view. Most of these researches have not achieved much success in establishing the relationship between the social issue arising from the objective existence of cities in the history of the Sassanid period on the one hand, and the conceptual world of the Iranian people in the Sassanid period regarding urbanization on the other hand, as a research problem. This research aims to turn the relationship between the social context in the history of the Sasanian period and Iranians' understanding of the city as a distinct settlement into a problem by relying on the method of conceptual history, and show how several layers of meaning at the end of the Sasanian period in this The concept was accumulated.

Dashti, a region with political and administrative importance, has seen many changes over time. Since 1979, this name refers to a county in the middle of Bushehr Province. Earlier, it sometimes meant the historical area of Mandistan, and at other times, it included Mandistan as one of its five parts. This area, in all its forms, had no cities until recently. Its numerous yet small villages, close to each other, were a key feature of this region. The geographical isolation of this rural cluster, due to being surrounded by a desert area and distant from major transport routes, helped preserve its historical traditions. The area is known for producing famous scholars and writers, making its traditional education and literacy practices important topics for study.The purpose of this research is to explore the quality of general literacy education, aiming to clarify how literacy, reading, and writing were taught, understand the literacy levels of the villagers, recognize educational resources, and the nature and application of scientific training in the villages of the Dashti region. This research was conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and based on written sources. The results showed that education was conducted at multiple levels, with reading being prioritized over writing, and religious and literary texts being the only educational resources for the people in this region. This was because the main goal of literacy education for residents was to better understand religious concepts and address jurisprudential issues in their personal and social lives.

The social system of the village has been based on collectivism since the past. In this type of social life, the elders of the tribe had high prestige and dignity. In each village, a few elderly people who were at the head of a large tribe or clan were known as village elders, and many of the villagers' problems were solved by these people. But after the White Revolution, the government tried to increase its role in rural affairs; Therefore, the ninth principle of the revolution was proposed under the title of the House of Justice, which is considered an important milestone in the history of the judicial system of contemporary Iran, because the government, in creating the House of Justice, while maintaining the traditional structure of villages and solving problems through people approved by the villagers (members House of Justice), tried to put more emphasis on the importance of reforms in the country by establishing a new institution in terms of administrative bureaucracy. Therefore, it is very important to examine their performance and the effect they had on the judicial system of the villages. The upcoming research is trying to use the library and documentary resources of this period, by using the descriptive-analytical method, to examine the functions of the House of Justice institution in solving the problems of the villagers. The results of the research show that although this newly established institution was effective in solving some of the problems, but due to the lack of strict monitoring of the performance of the members by the supervisors, the existence of many problems in the villages, the House of Justice institution is not able to solve the issues in many cases. It did not exist and its main functions (implementing justice) were not implemented.

Paying attention to local history and its sub-branches is one of today's research needs, historical research that has received little attention. Chahardoli region of Asadabad-Hamadan city is one of these regions that has witnessed many events in contemporary history, including the war of the constitutional government against Abul Fatah Mirza Salar al-Dawlah in this region in 1329 AH, which led to the defeat of Salar al-Dawlah and the death of Yprem Khan, an Armenian. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the location and history of this region in the light of new documents and sources from a local and national perspective. In this article, research has been done with a new look at the role of individuals, the geographical location of the region and the names of the villages. The hypothesis of this research is that the names of the villages and the region are derived from the names of the clans and individuals who gained military-economic status by entering the region and played a role in the development of the region and the country. This research was done using documentary-library sources and descriptive-analytical research method. The geographical limit of the research is Asadabad quadrilateral region of Hamadan province. The findings of the research show that the name of the region is taken from the Cherdavel tribe and tribe, which were moved to this region from Shirvan and Cherdavel regions of Ilam, and its chiefs played a role in the developments of the contemporary period of Iran.and played a role in the development of the region and the country

Unsuitable climatic conditions and natural crises are among the most important dangers that expose the lives of villagers and the existence of villages to various threats. The death of humans and animals, destruction of houses and underground water network, loss of crops and lack of food, poverty, unemployment and migration are examples of these threats. Examining the available documents and reports from the Pahlavi period shows that among the natural hazards in Isfahan province, drought, flood and plant pests had the most negative impact on the villages. Based on this, the present research aims to answer this question with a descriptive-analytical method and based on the information obtained from library and documentary sources. Why did the villagers of Isfahan province leave the villages during the Pahlavi period in the face of natural crises? The aim of  the research is to analyze the effects of drought, flood and plant pests on the condition of the villagers of Isfahan province during the Pahlavi period. The results of the research show that the consequences of the aforementioned events, including the instability of the agricultural economy, unemployment and poverty, greatly affected the lives of the villagers of Isfahan province during the Pahlavi period. The lack of rural construction credits and the agricultural sector, lack of specialized human resources in rural planning and informed with crisis management, the concentration and lack of employment opportunities in the villages also strengthened the harmful effects of these factors. As a result, poor villagers had no choice but to migrate due to the loss of minimum living facilities, and this phenomenon was constantly growing. Focus on a social issue at a point in the past history of Isfahan province using newly found documents and review and analyze the data available in this category of sources, it indicates the novelty of the subject.

Agricultural land has been one of the most basic sources of income for governments, and the rulers, realizing its importance, invested in agricultural land. Considering the important share of agricultural land income in the economy of governments, the present research answers the question of what were the economic challenging factors in agriculture in the third and fourth lunar centuries in the lands of the Islamic Eastern Caliphate. This research answers the question by using descriptive-analytical approach and referring to library sources. The hypothesis of the research is based on the fact that the lack of proper management of the rulers along with some environmental factors has created challenges for agriculture in these centuries. The findings of the research show that factors such as insecurity, multiple changes of land ownership, the expansion of feudal lands and the reduction of peasants' power, the absence of an efficient tax system and collection of tribute, the influence of rulers' policies and some environmental factors, such as earthquakes, are among the important challenging factors for agriculture in the lands of the Eastern Islamic Caliphate in the third and fourth lunar centuries.

Security has been regarded as the assurance of individuals and different social groups to preserve their existence and identity against normal and intentional changes. Order and security are of the most important and fundamental needs of any society to reproduce the conditions for the continuation of life of that society. One of the important dimensions of the security of any society is economic security, which is considered the basic foundation of societies to achieve development and social welfare. In the social history of Iran, a village is a settlement unit where a group of people are settled and are mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. The economy of Iranian society in the middle period, especially from the perspective of providing tax revenue, food production and providing raw materials needed by urban industries, was dependent on agricultural and rural productions. Despite the very important and decisive role of the rural community, from the point of view of the factors and fields affecting security, it was far more vulnerable than the urban and rural communities. This research aims to study and analyze the question of what were the factors influencing the economic security of rural communities by using the method of historical analysis and citing sources and evidence. The findings of the research show that the construction of the government and power, the expansion of the nomadic way of life and livelihood, the ruling legal and tax system, and the political-military developments were among the most important factors that made rural life increasingly insecure and reproduced the conditions for the continuation of this way of production and life with faced fundamental threats.

Different definitions and functions have been expressed for the village and the city as two important settlements in Iranian and Islamic culture. The village, for example, is a geographical area made up of individuals who often form a small social city relative to the city. Also, in addition to being more dependent on agriculture in terms of production and economy, over time, interactions in it have led to the discovery of collective and local memory, emotions, beliefs, customs and traditions that are the most important feature of their continuity. Permanent, massive, and relatively large individuals are considered to be socially heterogeneous and, from an economic point of view, are often associated with the production of goods and products as well as trade and commerce. Finally, cultural and intellectual diversity, the possibility of accepting new attitudes, cultural trade and variability of the characteristics of the city and urbanization are considered. At the general level, understanding the functions of urban and rural areas, and especially the dominance of each of them, is of special importance in historical studies due to its effects on various political and intellectual dimensions, etc. Meanwhile, the intertwining of Qajar Iran's relations with the West, in which the city and modern urbanization were considered as the basic foundations of all-round developments, comparative study of the functions of the village to understand the type of Iranian society facing issues such as modernization, attitudes. New political, economic, etc. as a research problem. Therefore, the present article tries to clarify aspects of the issue with a critical look and a descriptive-analytical approach.

Funerals are held in Mazandaran following specific customs. They are often held in hoseyniyehs (religious centers) or holy shrines near cemeteries. In the past, some pieces of land were sometimes endowed to graves. The present paper initially deals with death-related rituals in Mazandaran and then investigates the ownership quality of graveyard lands in the funerary customs of Mazani people. The author has examined the contents of a number of cemetery endowment deeds following a descriptive-analytic method to achieve this purpose. The findings of this study indicate that the funerary rituals and endowment of graveyards in Mazandaran originate in the worldview of the people of this region. Believing in afterlife, benefactors not only endowed land to graveyards for the peace of the spirit of their diseased dears but also made several other endowments on the grave of their relatives and great figures so that they could benefit from their good deeds in both worlds.

Guerrilla fight in the twentieth century was considered as an important strategy for some political groups and organizations across different countries like China, Cuba, Algeria, Brazil, and Iran. Guerrilla fight is directly linked to a geographical place. Therefore, cities and villages are regarded as the main places for the operation of partisan battles. In Iran, some groups adopting an armed policy and guerrilla strategy embarked on combatting the Pahlavi Regime, among which the Organization of Iranian People’s Fedai Guerrillas (OIPFG) can be considered as the initiator of this action in practice. The present research aimed to identify the factors making Iranian People’s Fedia Guerrilas choose cities as their places of priority for the guerrilla warfare and the results of their performance in their urban guerrilla warfare against Pahlavi Regime. The findings of this study using a descriptive-analytical approach and based on documents and library texts show that the following four major factors made the OIPFG centralize its activities in the urban areas: the failure in Siah’kal operation, physical-spatial features of cities, the centrality of the Pooyan-Ahmadzadeh group in the OIPFG, and the emulation of successful patterns of urban guerrilla warfare in other countries. Furthermore, the performance of the OIPFG shows that after their failure in Siah’kal and the transfer of their activities to the cities, guerrilla battles gained more success in four ways of assaults, sabotage, revolutionary executions and armed propaganda.

Prior to land reform in 1962, Kadkhoda played a pivotal role in rural management after the owner. Although Kadkhodai is a structure in rural society, since the Pahlavi period and the formation of the modern government in Iran, changes in the duties, structure and function of Kadkhoda's position have been made as the government seeks to influence rural society. The purpose of this article is to explain the function of Kadkhoda position with the approach of natural crisis management in the villages of Isfahan province in the Pahlavi period.The main question of the research is Kadkhoda's action in dealing with natural crises in the villages of Isfahan province. What was the Pahlavi period like? The study is descriptive and analytical and is based on collecting information from library and documentary sources. The findings show that throughout the Pahlavi period, the Kadkhodas did not have an active, effective and positive function in managing natural crises. In addition, factors such as lack of scientific knowledge, expertise, succumbing to natural disasters, lack of decision-making power and initiative due to the.

After the 28th Mordad coup, The Mohammad Reza Shah decided to make reforms and such reforms were made mostly in the form of white revolution. The white revolution was realized in several steps and 19 principles and formation of the Eensaf Houses at the villages was proposed in the 9th principle. The formation of Ensaf Houses caused the establishment of a social and judicial system at the villages, thus, the study of their formation and effects on judicial systems of villages is necessary. The present study aims to investigate the formation of Ensaf Houses at the villages of Esfahan province since its beginning to 1357 SH and answer following questions: How did people interact with this new-established organization? How much did it succeed in solving the problems of villagers?
The present research seeks to investigate the reasons of the establishment and method of Ensaf Houses functions in the villages of Esfahan by the use of library and documentary resources of this period and applying a descriptive-analytical method.
The findings of this research suggest that, although this newly established institution has worked positively to overcome some of the problems, due to lack of proper monitoring of the performance of members by the supervisors, it caused other problems and its positive performance was affected.

The subject of land, ownership, the land ownership system and the government policy and community engagement with government in Iranian history have been among the influential factors on the economic, social, and political changes. Safavid era due to the long-term sustainability of the government includes many tips and experiences. This research seeks to explain the subject that in the Safavid era especially from the era of Shah Abbas the first, what model of the land system has been used in rural and Iranian agriculture? And does this affect the lives of villagers and on the other hand, how has it interacted with this part of society and government? The findings of this study indicate that, the Safavid regime’s framework for land ownership and harvest, in total, compared to taxes and duties dictated, had less benefits for farmers. Such conditions in the long run lead to the formation and expansion of the gap between farmers as the main part of the society and the government. This research has been conducted in a historical, descriptive analytic manner using library resources and since the issue of land management continues to be one of the most critical issues of Iranian society, this research by using historical experiences can present practical tips.

Research in social history is very important for applying historical research. Local histories help to clarify civil life, cultural heritage and civilization. As a part of Iranian architectural heritage and its social and cultural achievements, public baths would be important for studying the social and local history of Iran and finding the Iranians’ cultural and moral traditions. This study is based on a cross-sectional method. Relying on the library resources and using field study and oral narrations, this study tries to seek an answer for this question that how the architecture, customs and social functions of the public baths was in Savadkooh? According to research findings, in addition to providing Hygiene and Public Health, public baths play significant roles in cooperation, communication, exchanging information, increasing awareness of rural people, sociability, understanding the social and class divisions, considering religious practic such as prayers, property, land and inheritance disputes, telling memories and transferring experience to the next generations of village, performing traditional and folk music and singing, and the persistence of social and cultural customs and traditions. The geography and climate of the region affected on the architecture style and the materials used in the construction of the baths. At the beginning of the Pahlavi era, domestic baths were replaced by large public baths and this change caused the social function of baths in the rural life of Savadkooh.

Rastagh is one of the villages located between Ashkzar and Meibod cities in central district of Ashkzar Meibod. According to local resources, the most ancient settlement ofthis village is belonged to Arsacids. Furthermore, the archeology districts which exploredrecently are belonged to Arsacids era. Not only resources of Sasanid era show the existence of some of these settlements but also archeological evidences have beenexplored of this era prove that. Although, it has not been founded any trace about thisvillage in the resources of the early history of Islam, the exictence of Malek Abad districtover this period has been confirmed by ultimate researches. Ilkhanid era is one of themostsignificant period of this district. The researches andexplored archeology districts belonged to this era confirm that this village had been inhabited until Safavid era. Anyinformation has been achieved about this village over Safavid era due to the lack of historical evidence in resources. Over Qajar era, this settlement had been developed inthis strict and many villages were founded. Consequently, from Arsacids to Qajar erawere founded different settlements in this district that some of them had been isolated,other have existed as village and the number of them have altered to great cities duringcontemporary period. This essay endeavors to analyze the process of foundation of thisvillage and its changes based on available resources and archeology data by employing ahistorical descriptive approach.