جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "مشاغل" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

The credibility of a document depends on its seal. The issue can be seen sealed by people’s names in many documents such as the documents of Astan Quds Razavi administrative sections. All over history, the seal stamps have had artistic features and showed various religious, social, cultural, and political aspects of their holders. Women as part of the society had stamps and their stamps had special features based on their social position. Since signature was replaced seals in Pahlavi period, women and men who have not been literate continued to use their own seals, and this issue has continued until now. This study tried to explore the form and content of women’s seals, identify their features, and compare them with men's seals, considering their social status. It also tried to examine the seals of working women with those of other women considering the kind of document. The results showed that until the Qajar period, the seals of middle and lower-class women were less common because of their religious limitations in being present in all activities of society. Over the period, their seals can be found to be usually on behalf of a lawyer, but court women in all period have always had one or some seals, which are mentioned in some documents. During the Qajar era, when seal become popular among various groups of the society, women's seals became valid and was considered as valid as men’s seals, though their seals differed to some extent in terms of the crown, shape, decorations, place, and type of document, and even the degree of crediting.

Reflecting on the concept of fashion design shows its close connection with fashion and the distinction of this profession from tailoring. Although there are extensive and reliable documents about the history of clothing in Iran, there is no detailed research about the position of the clothing design profession and its formation in the social history of Iran. Based on a descriptive-analytical approach and using historical sources and archaeological evidence, this article seeks to clarify the ambiguous situation of the background of the fashion design profession in Iran. According to the findings, there are no serious signs of the existence of the fashion design profession before contact with the West among the activities of Iranian tailors and other related people and jobs such as their guild supervisors, painters, and courtiers. By studying historical documents, the connection with the West during the second Qajar period, the presence of European tailors, and the establishment of Western schools seem to have been effective in the formation and promotion of this skill as a new profession in Iran. However, the findings show that this issue was not related to the lack of familiarity of Iranians with tailoring skills, but due to their disregard for fashion and frequent changes in clothing.

The Shiites like the others were active in many occupations to meet their needs and society’s. The recommendation of prophet’s Family on having an occupation has been effective in this regard. Considering the specific status of Shiites in time of Occultation, the present research is to investigate all kinds of professions done by the companions of Imam Hassan Askari (PBUH). Due to the lack of sources, it was difficult to achieve the data on the issue. However, 26 out of 110 companions’ occupations could be specified based on the present historical data. The diversity of those professions such as calligraphy, selling flour, producing oil, carpentry, and coppersmith shows the presence of Imam in different domains of economic life in that era as well as the companions’ simultaneous effort related to learning the sciences of Prophet’s Family on one hand and doing ordinary jobs on the other hand.

Wearing footwear to protect the feet from injuries and facilitate moving around has been a common practice for a long time in Persia, Mesopotamia, and the surrounding civilizations, not least in the urban centers. The profession of shoe-making is, therefore, deemed an important and profitable one. The study presents various types of footwear and how the domain worked in the structure of the traditional Islamicate world by examining a wide range of historical, literary, and social sources. To this end, Clifford Geertz’s approach, Thick Description, is used. The modus operandi of the profession is explored via unraveling the material elements in shoes and shoe-making. The elements include a diversity of the jargon used in the profession, the tools, the workplace, professional ethics, the monitoring of the craftsmen and their major and minor incomes, and the vocational and social position they enjoyed. Contrary to the current belief, this craft was not lucrative despite the diversity and high demand for the products. Accordingly, the craftsmen mostly belonged to the lower strata of Muslim societies.

The structure and organizational of Astan Quds at during the Qajar period, especially during the reign of Nasir al-Din Shah, was similar to that of the Safavid period and also, according to the instructions of Ali Shah petition in Afsharian period. This research seeks to investigate the distribution of Astan Quds offices and jobs in each of the sixth city neighborhoods of Mashhad, relying on the manuscript of the 'Ketabche Teadad Nefuse Arze Aqdas Va Shahre Mashhad Moqadas'. The manuscript was written in the kingdom of Nasir al-Din Shah and ordered by Mohammad Taqi Mirza Rokn al-Dawlah, the ruler of Khorasan and Sistan. This version is an interesting example of the information and statistics of the population and businesses of Mashhad during Nasir al-Din Shah, and shows the distribution of offices and jobs in Astan Quds in different neighborhoods of Mashhad. The research method in this study is an analysis of available data, which was analyzed using SPSS software. The results indicate a significant relationship between the dispersion of Astan Quds offices and jobs in the sixth district of Mashhad. This research shows that the number of high-ranking positions in the pyramid of the Astan Quds Organization is larger than the population in the Bala Khiaban and Sarab as a result of paganization and is much lower in the Paein Khiaban of the street, which was poorer.

Blacksmithing, as an instrumental skill since the dawn of humanity, supplied the necessary instruments in the daily life as well as military and civil activities. Examining a wide range of historical, literary and social sources, the present paper draws the scheme of blacksmithing in the structure and context of the traditional Muslim world. The method employed for this purpose is ‘thick description’. This task is undertaken by depicting the general scheme of the profession and investigating the phenomenal aspect of that, such as its various functions, the instruments, the workplace, professional ethics, monitoring and payment of the professional, main and subsidiary income and professional base and social status. Despite the high diversity of productions and demands of various groups of society,the profession was not high-paying and those belonging to this guild were the lower classes in the Muslim world.