جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « guilds » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The guilds were one of the important economic groups, who distanced themselves from their traditional role with their widespread presence in the constitutional revolution. They were limited by government policies during the Pahlavi I period, . Tthe Tudeh party, which introduced itself as a supporter of the working classes, and attract them to the Soviet Communists, it published various newspapers such as Shahbaz, and etc. Khalq newspaper owned by Mustafa Lankarani was the organ of Jamiat Azadi Iran, which was launched in order to explain the economic conditions and problems of trade unions. By a descriptive-analytical method , this Study tries to show how the status of guilds is reflected in Khalq newspaper?. The result of the research shows that a considerable amount of articles related to this issue shows the wrong economic policy of the government in the entry of corrupt and bad goods into the country and the closure of domestic workshops, bankruptcy and poverty of guilds, which is due to the lack of a correct economic plan and the lack of coordination of economic and The production of the government created problems for the guilds, including the high cost of production raw materials, and the oppression of municipal and police officials. It has also provided solutions based on encouraging the export of goods based on barter trade with the Soviet Union in contrast to Truman's Four Principles and paying attention to the lives of villagers to increase their purchasing power in line with Soviet communist policies.

The Islamic revolution was one of the important political events in Iranian society, which took place on 22 Bahman 1357 AH with the participation of the majority of the society. This important and fundamental movement was continuous, continuous and based on the leadership of Imam Khomeini (RA) in order to be able to establish Islamic values with a conscious choice. Markets as an institution and public places had various functions in historical developments. In fact, the markets were able to play an important role in the activities and especially the revolutionary battles due to the centrality of the city's economic pole. In addition, guilds and marketers provided a suitable platform for the continuation of their struggles by establishing economic relations and connecting with the people. In fact, their helpful role was established in connection with the people, and this factor caused the people to play a role in these struggles along with the guilds and marketers.

In Reza Shah’s period, tax income was one of the key sources for implementing the government’s renovation projects. Therefore, regulating the financial and tax affairs turned into a primary concern for the National Council Assembly. After the demands of guilds and government were raised together, the per-capita taxation on guilds and businesses was abolished and replaced by tax on income. As tax has always been one of the most prominent and challenging issues in the government–guilds relationships, the Council played a significant role in setting the new regulations while also accounting for guild demands as the nation’s legislative institution. This subject is the main focus of this study. This study relies on relevant literature and sources, as well as historical research method combined with an analytical-descriptive approach. It investigates the role of National Council Assembly in compiling and ratifying the most important tax regulations concerning guilds to assess the council’s performance regarding the government’s tax programs for guilds and relevant acts and regulations. This study assumes that the Council acted in tandem with the government to ratify the new regulations. The findings indicate that the Council attempted toward regulating tax and financial affairs including guild taxation as a key government project. Accordingly, the council abolished one of the oldest taxes on guilds and passed new regulations to pave the way for government oversight on taxation quantity and method of tax collection from guilds. However, the Council’s efforts to meet the demands of guilds and direct regulations toward a fair and balanced taxation policy—at least so long it did not conflict with higher government policies—are not negligible.

Reflecting on the concept of fashion design shows its close connection with fashion and the distinction of this profession from tailoring. Although there are extensive and reliable documents about the history of clothing in Iran, there is no detailed research about the position of the clothing design profession and its formation in the social history of Iran. Based on a descriptive-analytical approach and using historical sources and archaeological evidence, this article seeks to clarify the ambiguous situation of the background of the fashion design profession in Iran. According to the findings, there are no serious signs of the existence of the fashion design profession before contact with the West among the activities of Iranian tailors and other related people and jobs such as their guild supervisors, painters, and courtiers. By studying historical documents, the connection with the West during the second Qajar period, the presence of European tailors, and the establishment of Western schools seem to have been effective in the formation and promotion of this skill as a new profession in Iran. However, the findings show that this issue was not related to the lack of familiarity of Iranians with tailoring skills, but due to their disregard for fashion and frequent changes in clothing.

The relations between Iran and the industrial west in the 12th century AH / 18 AD had various effects and results; In the economic sphere, for example, these results were quite tangible. From the second half of the 13th century AH, the production guilds were most affected by the economic relations between Iran and the West, and in the gradual process of changing the structure of the Iranian economy, did not enjoy the possibility of transformation and modernization in the organization and production technology. Finally, in the first Pahlavi period, the orientation of economic and social relations governing Iranian society caused a significant change or gradual decline of some areas of professional production. In this study, how changes occur in the production of crafts, the actions of craftsmen in adapting or coping with new conditions, and finally the consequences of measures taken in the field of importing goods, are considered. This research has used the method of data collection in the form of libraries, especially archives, and pays attention to the analysis of the relations between professional production and its opposition to industrial production. The results of the present study show that the professionals, in the face of the difficult situation they faced, took solutions in the field of economic policy, countermeasures and cross-cutting actions that were ultimately inefficient and the import of foreign goods remains Remained one of the challenges facing manufacturing industries.

The present study seeks to investigate the reasons for the inefficiency of the market and guilds in the developments of the first Pahlavi period (1320). From this perspective, after expanding the conceptual space the subject, it will examine role and function guilds. According to the thematic documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical data collection method in this research is a library. The findings of the research indicate that the markets and guilds, due to foreign influence, the expansion and publication of newspapers, their role and function has gone beyond the purely economic and commercial spheres has taken on a political and social aspect.This issue has fundamentally changed the structure and nature of guilds and bazaars and has taken them out of the status of a class and turned it into a class for itself. This issue has affected the bazaars and guilds on developments formation of the tobacco movement, the Chamber of Commerce, the Constitutional Revolution, the National Assembly and the formation of the National Bank so that the bazaars have a positive impact on the course of events and developments up to this time. But after the constitution until 1320, due the lack of unity within the group, the weakness of trade union and class consciousness and the coming to power of Reza Shah and the formation of government and class imbalance and tendency to land ownership, bazaars and guilds became inefficient and could not cope with political developments. Have positive social and economic effects.

The guilds participated in the struggles of the Constitutional Revolution along with other social and political activists. Research on the perpetrators of the Constitutional Revolution has focused on the role and position of clerics, intellectuals and businessmen, and the role of the guild institution has not received much attention. Recognizing this role is necessary to analyze the causes of the emergence and victory of the Iranian Constitution . In the charter of the first elections to the National Assembly, six social strata, including the guilds, had the right to be elected, and 53% of the seats in the capital were allocated to the guilds. Did they reach a position where they alone had more seats in parliament than the other five major social classes? It is hypothesized that the guilds had a large and influential presence during the constitutional revolution and because of their organization, they had institutional cohesion and were organized and coordinated, so they played a key role in the victory of the constitution.

Blacksmithing, as an instrumental skill since the dawn of humanity, supplied the necessary instruments in the daily life as well as military and civil activities. Examining a wide range of historical, literary and social sources, the present paper draws the scheme of blacksmithing in the structure and context of the traditional Muslim world. The method employed for this purpose is ‘thick description’. This task is undertaken by depicting the general scheme of the profession and investigating the phenomenal aspect of that, such as its various functions, the instruments, the workplace, professional ethics, monitoring and payment of the professional, main and subsidiary income and professional base and social status. Despite the high diversity of productions and demands of various groups of society,the profession was not high-paying and those belonging to this guild were the lower classes in the Muslim world.

The commercial exchanges in Hijaz before Islam led to the establishment of various markets in different cities, including Yathrib, which was run by tribal mechanisms. With the advent of Islam, economic doctrines were presented in various fields of commerce, trade, supply and demand, which were not consistent with the previous traditions and encountered numerous problems in the course of implementation. Implementing an explanatory-descriptive approach and using the theoretical indicators of management science, this paper tries to answer this question: How did Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) try to converge the Medina market with the economic teachings of Islam with regards to the people's mental economic background. It seems that through implementing management mechanisms, such as dismantling the Muslim market from the Jews market, providing market laws in line with the religious doctrines, monitoring and controlling prices, quality of goods, etc., Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) has tried to present a practical model of market convergent with the religious teachings.

Guilds and craftsmen are one of the social groups whose lives were transformed during the renewal made by the first Pahlavi era. One of the most important transformations was related to the illegalization of guild taxation in Azar,1305 (Solar Calendar) in reaction to the inability of guilds in paying the taxation. In this article, attempts were made to unveil the most important causes of dissatisfaction with the law and the inability of the guilds in paying the taxation plus the effect of the official annulment of guild taxation on the relationship between the guilds and the government. Descriptive and explanatory methods were applied to examine related documents and resources. The findings of this study display that the change in business condition and the decline of guilds’ income, imported products, and the executive problems of enacting the law were the causes of this dissatisfaction. In addition, through elimination of the taxation payments of guilds, guilds stood in a similar position as other urban groups holding a distinct legal entity regarding taxation payment.

With Germanic invasion of Western Roman Empire and its consequent fall, monetary-exchange economy and urbanization reached its nadir in Western Europe. In Western society, economy and production began to rely on agricultural products and a system of barter. Villages became the central arena for political, social, and economic life, as urban life began to lose its central position of political and economic importance. Nonetheless, from the twelfth century onward, a set of developments happened in Western Europe which led to re-establishment of cities and their gradual rise in political power. This paper aims to illustrate a systematic and comprehensive picture of the logic and developments that led to reemergence of cities in the medieval Europe via relying on documents and using historical methods. From the twelfth century, as a result of developments in geographical conditions and productive tools and techniques, the production increased so much that it could feed a very greater population than before. Population, therefore, rose exponentially and a surplus of agricultural workers emerged who inhabited newly-built cities and turned to crafts and services. By the end of the medieval ages, the cities began to fight feudalism while claiming their freedom and independence and seeking the support of the monarchs.

After constitutional revolution, the position of classes in society changed due to governmental reforms. Subsequently, such matter had influence on different aspects of life. The merchants and guilds, regarded as one of the most significant political – economical classes, had effectively economical – social functions. This class, influenced by governmental policies and global changes, was influential in currents of Iran. One of the concerns of Reza Shah's government was reducing the power of this class by controlling of guild system as a result of its substantial role in internal policies. Consequently, the reforms of government led to merchants and guild's reactions such as strike, the suspension of market, complaint and demand. This article, based on documents and library studies, aims to investigate the status of guilds in political- economical structure of Iran at first decade of 14th century and the reasons of attention of Pahlavi I to them. The outcome of this research demonstrates that merchants had effective role in economical and political reforms in the decade of 1300s; however, the programs of Reza Shah's government for rehabilitation and foundation of absolute government limited the political and finical power of this class in economical field.

The focus of this paper is to explain the role and function of guilds in the Safavi era. Therefore، awareness of this issue is important from several perspectives: First، explaining the structure and formations governing guilds in the Safavid era as one of the most essential institutions in the community. Second، absence of guild-oriented economic idea in researches done about Safavi era and adopting the approach of determining the status and role of guilds in the Safavi era. Since no comprehensive research has been done on the conditions of guilds in the Safavi era، conducting research on this topic is a novel work. Prior to this، some scattered descriptions of the name and application of Safavi guilds have been presented. In this study، we examined the role and status of guilds in the Safavi era. Then، their subordinate institutions were classified and introduced thereafter. After that، two main guilds، their lifestyles and livelihoods were mentioned. Furthermore and in an important part of this paper، both internal and external structures of guilds were classified. Finally، the assessment and analysis of the hierarchy of these guilds were discussed. Internal structures and formations (hierarchy) of the guilds in this era included: ealdorman، head of market، master، worker or artisan، and apprentice. Also، the external structures and formations (hierarchy) of the guilds in this era such as sheriff، superintendent، Muhtasib (adviser)، and security officer، who was the Chief of Security and had some judicial powers of judges، were discussed. The data was collected via library method. Furthermore، descriptive – analytical approach was adopted for this study. The data and information were collected from various sources and conclusions and analyses were done based on these findings.

In the history of Islam, chivalry in the political – social arenas and based on time and place circumstances had a mobile sense and numerous discourses and this issue have caused different ideas of the historians and researchers on the aims and goals of chivalries. Since chivalry was most relied on people and texture of the society, it gradually changed from an individual sense to a social sense and discourse. Chivalry, by Spreading in the social arena and Islamic regions, entered to new stage in fourth century A.H. and through flexibility in front of social and political changes and with tendency to mental and religious sects such as the Sufis, Malamateh, Shiites and Sunnites found recent aspects. Each group and each path, with religious tendencies and common and different phases, had own special chivalry and discourse. This issue has reflected somewhat in the references and chivalry books. These groups, corresponding to their own aims and believes, have benefited from moral patterns of chivalry and have affected on subjective and objective perspectives. This issue was affective on theoretical and practical aspects of chivalry, so that it changed to a political institution in sixth century A.H. dispite the political change resulted from the fall of Abbasid caliphate, chiraly continued and developed in the age of the Mongols and the Ilkhanids and changed from a political institution and discourse to a Sufis moral – trade political institution and discourse and in this age the chivalry discourse appeared very useful. Since the discourses of chivalry were equivalent, they absolutely cannot be determined. This paper, Regarding the importance of the subject, the paper aims with a descriptive-analytic method to study the Sufi chivalry discourses in the history of Islam during 4th to 8th centuries A.H.