جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "khuzestan" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

The uprising of slaves led by Ali ibn Mohammad al-Zanj (270 A. H) against Abbasid caliphate is one of the most significant events in the middle of the third century After Hijrah. The favorable conditions for the uprising of slaves on the one hand, and the genius of Ali ibn Mohammad on the other hand, led to the rebellion of his supporters, the development of a government and the construction of cities and numerous consequences for the people of Khuzestan and southern Iraq. The Negros repeatedly crushed the forces of caliphate; however, Al-Muwafaq Bellah Abbasi (278 A. H) could finally defeat the Negros during an exhausting three-year-war and ended their rebellion and fifteen-year- government.In this article, relying on the descriptive analytical approach, the policies of Al-Mowafaq Bellah against the Negros and the reasons for their success have been investigated. According to the findings of this study, the most successful policies were vigilance and prevention of captivity in ambushes of Negros, providing modern military equipment such as warships for fighting in swamps and rivers, and trenches, regulating the income and expenses of the court of caliphate and regular payment of pensions to the soldiers involved in war with the Negros, providing safety and pension for the fugitive Negros, taking advantage of the military and security information of the fugitive Negros, trying to free the families of Muslims caught in the hands of the Negros, achieving public confidence through repairing roads and restoring bridges and finally developing commerce in the areas recaptured from the Negros.

Christians were one of the most populous religious minorities during the Sassanid period. Nestorianism was one of the branches of Christianity that was persecuted by the Roman Empire and made them welcome by the Iranian government. Later, they will engage in scientific activities in Jundi Shapur. The purpose of this research is to Introduce some of the Nestorian scientific personalities of Khuzestan and examine their role In the transfer of science and culture to the Islamic world. In this research, the basic and fundamental association is: What was the main role of the Nestorian Christians of Khuzestan In the scientific and cultural developments of the Islamic world? It seems that the Nestorians played a prominent role in the transformation and transmission of science, especially medical knowledge, and prevented the stagnation of this scientific center with the administration of Jundishapur. They have been very influential in establishing the translation movement and translating texts from Syriac, Greek and Pahlavi languages into Arabic. This article is among descriptive analytical research and its method is based on library studies.

the beaches and hinterland of the Persian Gulf are a large part of southern Iran, which has been of interest throughout history, and many settlements have been formed in thispart of iran. This semi-closed sea has a great value in terms of natural and economic situation and military and political situation Just as the economic and social life of Mesopotamia depends on its two waterways, the Tigris and the Euphrates, and just as the Nile River plays the main and key role in the history of Egypt, in the same way the Persian Sea can be considered an important and vital bottleneck of history and civilization and Iran’s economy. Over thousands of years, this azure and fertile sea has opened its arms to   Iranians and other neighboring nations like a table full of blessings, so that the residents of its shores can benefit from its diverse reserves. The present research has focused on the introduction of pottery objects known as Gopal, which are found in abundance in the southern part of Iran, especially in the beaches and hinterland of the Persian Gulf. In this research, two library methods and field visits to some areas of the studied area have been used to collect information. The main questions of the present research are: To what period of time can the Gopals be dated? What is the use of Gopal? In what areas are the Gopals distributed? In addition to introducing Gopals and examining their technical features, the use and relative dating of these objects are discussed and the distribution map of these objects in the plateau of Iran is presented.

Khuzestan was one of the important states of Iran in the Islamic era. This state, like the other regions of Iran, was governed by agents of the caliphate in the early Islamic centuries. Gradually, as the signs of decline of the Abbasid caliphate (656-132 AH) became apparent, Khuzestan, like the other regions of Iran, got out of the rule of the caliphs, and until the end of the 6th century, it was under the supervision of the governments in the Iranian plateau. In 591 A. H, the armies of Caliph Al-Nasser (575-622 AH) under the command of Ibn Qasab (592 AH) captured Khuzestan. In this way, after several centuries, Khuzestan was again under the direct control of the Caliphate institution, and the turkish slave-commanders of Caliph Al-Nasser were in charge of the affairs of this region. This research aims to investigate the factors of Caliph Al-Nasser's conquest of Khuzestan, and the continuation of this domination in the period of the Khwarazmshah (590-628 AH) through the descriptive-analytical method of research. The results of the research indicate that the factors such as the revival of worldly power of caliphate in Arab Iraq, the fall of the Seljuk monarchy in Iran, and the intra-dynastic differences of Al-Shamla local government in Khuzestan led to the domination of Caliph Al-Nasser over Khuzestan. The geographical and climatic connection of this state with Arab Iraq on the one hand, and the political-military troubles of the Khwarazmshah in the east and finally the invasion of the Mongols on the other hand, caused the continuation of Baghdad's rule over this region.

Khuzestan province was one of the most important provinces in Iran, which was of special importance both after and before the advent of Islam. Meanwhile, its special position has led to the migration of various ethnic groups to it over the centuries. This state, which was part of their territory during the Sassanid era, was conquered by the Muslims during the second caliphate, and as a result, the conquest of the conquering Arabs led to special settlement and social changes in this state. Due to its strategic location, resources, geographical conditions, special center, it was a place for various tribes to live during the ages and centuries, and it was a passage for the transportation of merchants' goods, as well as a passage for ordinary people. These included Musab, Iraq, Isfahan, Fars and Lorestan. The presence of tribes with different religions and ethnicities shows the special importance of this state, which is evident from the letter that has been applied to it over the years. In this article, with the reference to the climatic situation of Khuzestan and referring to the name of Khuzestan, we intend to introduce this state before the advent of Islam and especially the historical geography of this important state.

The interaction of cultures in prehistoric Iran has always been one of the most important and complex topics in Iranian archeology. Such connections in different regions of Iran show the relationships of cultures and their effects on each other. During the fifth and fourth millennia, these connections became more extensive and significant. During this period in the South Zagros region, between Fars, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (Bakhtiari region) and Khuzestan regions, close cultural ties were formed, which are more than anything else reflected in the pottery collections of Bakhtiari region. Alain Zagarel in his studies in different parts of Bakhtiari region points out that during this period, this region has received many cultural influences from Fars and Khuzestan regions. In this article, the cultural relations that took place during the chalcolithic Age in the Early / Middle / Late Shushan period of Khuzestan, the Early, Middle and Late Persian periods, as well as in the phases of Alexandria, Chelehgah, Afghan, R1, Lapoei, Shahrak and Borjoui and S17 in Bakhtiari region have been formed, discussed and tried to answer the question of whether there were cultural connections between these areas during the chalcolithic Age or not? According to the studies, it seems that there were cultural connections between these areas during this period. The point that should be mentioned here is that in this study, the cultural influences of Fars and Khuzestan regions on Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari have been considered. The effects of these cultures on different parts of Bakhtiari region are not the same, so that the northern regions of this province during this period were influenced by the cultures of Khuzestan region and southern regions, especially Lordegan city during this period were influenced by the cultures of Fars region.

The Mu'tazilite theological school is one of the most important Islamic theological and intellectual schools that had many supporters in the Islamic world from the second to the fifth century AH. This school of thought was founded in the early second century AH by Wasel ibn Atta (d. 131 AH) in Basra and quickly spread to other Islamic lands. Khuzestan was also affected by this current of thought very soon due to its geographical connection to Basra; According to historical and geographical sources, the prevalence of this school in Khuzestan has been more than any other land. This research intends to study and explain the reasons for the growth and expansion of this theological school in Khuzestan and its historical ups and downs in this region with an analytical look. The main question of the present study is what factors led to the growth and expansion of Etezali ideas in Khuzestan? Findings show that factors such as the geographical and cultural affiliation of Khuzestan to the origin of the Mu'tazilites (Basra), the religious diversity of Khuzestan and the general desire of its people - including properties and the general public - for theological discussions led to the expansion of the Mu'tazilites in Khuzestan.

Sahib al-Zanj revolted against the Abbasid caliphate in 255 AH around Basra and near Khuzestan with the slogan of rescuing slaves. He started his uprising by proposing some justice-oriented ideals and relying on violence, and resisted the caliphate for 15 years; during this period, Khuzestan was also constantly exposed to his activities. The main question of the present study is "what were the consequences of the Zangian uprising, carried out with justice-oriented slogans, on the security and social order of Khuzestan?"This research was a historical research using descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the present study indicate that despite the design of some religious slogans, the rescue of Zangi slaves, the implementation of justice and the overthrow of the Abbasid caliphate by Sahib al-Zanj, but his main approach after the beginning of the uprising and initial success, he impose his demands by looting and the brutal killing of people, especially city dwellers; In the meantime, the villages and towns of Khuzestan were repeatedly brutally attacked by the Zangians, people's property was looted, many of them were killed, some were enslaved and others fled their homes for fear; Of course, in some cases, they escaped the massacre by surrendering and paying a ransom. The result of Zangian's activity in Khuzestan was the trampling of the lives and property of the people of Khuzestan and the destruction of security and social order in this area; In addition, with their presence, other rival powers also attacked Khuzestan to fight the Zangians and increased insecurity in the region.

Clothing, as one of the manifestations of culture and civilization, and has a special role in studying ethnic groups. The Sabean Mandaeans are among the religious minorities who have long lived in the province of Khuzestan and near rivers. Some research focusing on religious ceremonies, script and language, customs and how these people migrated to Mesopotamia is done. However, Sabean clothing, which reflects their national and religious values have not paid enough scholarly attention. This study will investigate Mandaean men and women's clothing investigate, based on historical evidence, oral history and face-to-face interviews and using of analytical approach. Studies show that the Mandaeans were subject to the culture of the society in their daily and ordinary life. In their religious ceremonies, they used to wear an especial dress called "rasta" and they have continued up to now wearing it in the same way as before. The dress consists of five parts: "Barzanqa", "Sudra", "Nasifa", "Hemianeh" and "Sharvara", each of which has its application and meaning. It is equally necessary for men and women to wear this white uniform during the Sabean ceremony.

Several Atabeg dynasties emerged in different parts of Iran in the second half of the 6/12th century as a result of the weakness of the Seljuqs. One of which was formed by the elders of the Afshar tribe in the region of Khuzestan and Lorestan. One of their chiefs, Shumleh, entered the Seljuqid court and went to Khuzestan in the political turmoil after the death of the Seljuqid Sultan Masud in 547 A.H. With the support of some of the Seljuqid princes, he founded the new Atabeg dynasty in this area, which may be named the Banu Shumleh dynasty after its founder. In this descriptive-analytical research, the establishment, legitimization, stabilization and finally the decline of this lesser known dynasty will be investigated. The findings show that the weakness of the Seljuqid and the favorable political activity of the Atabeg institution were conducive to the presence of Afshars in power struggles. The rulers of this dynasty sought to gain the necessary legitimacy to consolidate and maintain their power by the establishment of social security in the territory and setting up friendly or contentious relations with the existing powers, such as the Seljuqid court, the Abbasid caliphate and the Atabegs of Azerbaijan and Atabegs of Fars. However, the dynasty was overthrown following pointless conflicts with neighboring governments, the weakness of the Shumleh’s successors and various economic, political, and social problems.

Sheikh Khazal in Khuzestan was one of the centrifugal forces in the late Qajar period who, by relying on a series of internal and external factors such as the weakness of the Qajars and the First World War, was able to gain some autonomy. The governorship of Poshtkuh, which was allied with Sheikh Khuzal, as well as the strategic position of Lorestan, despite insurgent families such as the Khans of Zeinabi Biranvand, who acted as a barrier between Khuzestan and the capital, did not escape Sheikh Khuzal's eyes. The central government rebels. The present type of descriptive-analytical research using first-hand sources, documents, narrations and other research sources is based on the analysis of this question: Sheikh Khazal to maintain his power over a part of Khuzestan in the face of the central government. Established? The results of the study indicate that Sheikh Khazal, by secretly communicating, inciting and encouraging motivation, financial support and weapons from the governor of Poshtkuh and the insurgent Khans of Lorestan, especially Khans Zeinabi Biranvand, was able to enter the central government forces long ago. Khuzestan to prevent. According to a well-thought-out plan, a chain of centrifugal forces such as Khanin Zeinabi Biranvand and the governor of Poshtkuh stretched from Silakhor in Pishkuh to Hossein-Abad in Poshtkuh, sending weapons to the central government opposition in these areas to prolong the government's influence. Central in the area under its influence in Mohammarah.

Shooshtar considered as one of the most significant cities of Khuzestan in Safavid era was selected by the governors due to its geographical, military and strategic position. The development of new towns in Shooshtar and around it by the Safavid local rulers led to its more prosperity. However, the entrance of various tribes including Qezelbash Turks (Shamloo, Roomloo, Afshar, Stajloo, Turkman, Zulqadr), Joqtay, Charkes, Gorji, Sheikhs from Jebal e- Amel region, Jazayeri and Kalantar nobles led to too much tribal and population tensions in this city and at the end of this era, the happening of natural disasters such as flood left some negative effects on the political and social status of Shooshtar. This research is to illustrate the political and social status of Shooshtar and to indicate how the influential dynasties took role in this city as the political center of Khuzestan at that time. The findings of research demonstrate that the influential families of nobles, Turkish and Gorji tribes were of determinative role in relation to the political development of this city considering the tribal origin, ethnical benefits, professional position, as well as social- religious values.

The Seljuk era is one of the most critical periods in the history of Iran. Khuzestan was also known as the "Seljuk cloakroom" and was one of Iran's most important provinces (politically and economically) at the time. Research on the history of Khuzestan in this period is complex due to the lack of independent sources. The current research topic is the study of the factors that led to the founding and early decline of Āl -Shomleh's local government in Khuzestan during the Seljuk period. With the emergence of signs of weakening and complete collapse of the Seljuks in the middle of the sixth century AH, the ground was prepared for the establishment of local governments in various parts of Iran, according to the findings. Khuzestan was no exception to this rule. At this time, one of the Seljuk court rulers named "Amir Shomleh Turkmani" took advantage of the political turmoil after the death of Sultan Massoud of Seljuk (449-447 AH) and took control of Khuzestan and established an independent local government. Still, his government and his successors were also in a hurry. Differences within the dynasty of this family on the one hand, and the growing revival of worldly power of the Abbasid Caliphate in the time of Nasser (622-575 AH) on the other hand, caused the collapse of this local dynasty and the domination of the Abbasid Caliphate over Khuzestan

 Khuzestan has been one of the most developed parts of Iran and the capital of strong dynasties in different periods, but during the Qajar period it did not have any effect on its ancient development and this area had many problems. The history of civilization, the fertility of the land, the good weather and the way to the coast of the Free Sea are features that make thinking of the destruction of the situation in that period. The author tries to answer this question with the aim of identifying the political and social status of Khuzestan in the Nazarene period and using the "analytical descriptive" approach and using the "library" and "documentary"

What factors contributed to the deterioration of Khuzestan's situation during Naser al-Din Shah? It is assumed that two categories of factors have caused political and social changes in Khuzestan: First, local factors such as tribal performance and the behavior of local rulers and other interventions of European colonists. This study shows that the performance of the Qajar government and the intervention of foreigners prevented the development of this area, and overcoming tribal life and inappropriate behavior of government officials, have been the political and social problems of Khuzestan in the Nazarene era.

The beveled rim bowl one of the main pottery of the Uruk is period has a special place in the history of pottery and archaeology of the Near East. This feature is not due to the simplicity and harshness of this bowl, but more because of the awesome quantity of its widespread dispersal. These wars are appearance in the late Ubaid and early Uruk for the first time in the south of the Mesopotamia, about 3900BC. Then not far away in the north, east, and west of the Mesopotamia and around 3600BC became almost everywhere. Khuzestan as one of the neighborhoods of the Mesopotamia, and Chaharmahall-Bakhtiari due to its proximity to Khuzestan province, have many sites with the evidence of this culture. This system was formed through the use of rich, but less developed mountainous areas. The research, by using the analysis of so-called beveled rim bowl, tries to studying the migration of these communities into the Iranian plateau and southeastern Iran and the establishment of Uruk settlements. For this purpose, five sites from Khuzestan and five sites from Chaharmahall-Bakhtiari have been selected and from each of these sites, 3 pieces of pottery for this period were selected. The research method is based on library-analysis studies and for reasons like that; identification and examination of the soil type used in the cultivating of the two regions beveled rim bowl, determine the manufacturing technology and quality of their firings and eventually review and compare the desired pottery and determine whether they are imported or native. the results are shown that although the province of Khuzestan due to in close proximity to the Mesopotamia and its weather conditions, has a lot of sites from Uruk period, and the expansion and the influence of this pottery is from Khuzestan to neighboring areas, but this penetration and expansion, it was not a mass transfer of pottery to other areas, but also in the form of knowledge and techniques of making this type of pottery by the potter in this area. Finally, one can conclude all samples from Chaharmahall-Bakhtiari province are originated from local production.

During Reza Shah reign, propagandists of communist ideas were arrested and sent to exile. The policy of government in exile was different from that of other dissidents. The main purpose of this research is to determine which policy has been chosen and based on what elements. The hypothesis of this study shows that the enthusiasm of propaganda and spying activities of communists in the first half of the year influenced the kind of government’s encounter with them, which can be seen in the choice of exile, the provision of their jobs and their livelihood, and the duration of their exile. This research is based on descriptive analytical method and with the help of archival documents and archival sources. Wherever possible, there are numbers used for analysis. The findings of this research show that the entanglement of Soviet propaganda and spy activities during Reza Shah reign caused the government’s action to send communist to exile, and deportees with an inappropriate climate for them were considered. Communist activists were sent to exile from mostly frozen regions to religious, warm, dry, and domestic communities. Also due to the mixing of the propaganda and spying activities of these exiles and despite the fact that they were specialized forces that could be used to revitalize the era of Reza Shahi, they were strictly used to approach the security approach and were not using their capacity. Contrary to other exiles, Reza Shah’s regime maintained their approach to send communists on exile than exiled nationals. Exiles who opposed the three year reform were usually exiled for several months to one year, but the end of the exile period for exile activities was unclear and was not allowed to be freed. The punishment for exile in this period is a criminal offense, unlike time based imprisonment, and a person has spent a certain period in prison; however, in relation to exile during this period and in relation to communist and exiled exiles, time is not at all considered and the place of exile is important and there is no time for the end of the exile, and the time has come for the exiles to be released on September 13, 1941.

After renaissance and industrial revolution, Britain launched to influence many nations in order to meet its needs for low-cost raw material and market to sell the products. Besides, through political- economic in India neighbor countries, United Kingdom tried to protect it as its most precious colony. Due to its neighborhood with India, Iran was of particular interest to Britain. The strategic importance, transporting corridor and oil were the reasons of British presence in Iran, which in turn led to the resistance of Iranian troops in Khuzestan so as to defend its territorial integrity. This article focuses on British policies in Khuzestan and the consequent Angelo- Persian battles. Results of the research, achieved through a descriptive-analytical method, suggest that British troops, with the aim of securing India’s borders, attempted to separate this oil rich province from Iran by making unfair pacts, domination on the Karun river and reaching to the Khuzestan oil as well as political and economic influencing and threating to launch military action to make a buffer zone for its colonies in Persian gulf and India regions. For all that, Iranian civilians and armed forces defended against UK troops till their last breath.

Modernization and development are of the most important issues for historical, economic and sociological study in the special area. Modernization and development process in the Khuzestan have vital effect in the inhabitant’s life and even whole country for example political life, social, economic and cultural aspects. The reasons for this development started In 1306 AH / 1888 AC, during the Naser Aldine Shah Qajar time and the Karun free shipping, and then continued with exploration and extraction of oil in 1907 in the MasjedSoleiman. This study aim is investigation about reasons for Khuzestan development based on free shipping in the Karun River and oil exploration/production. In this study was used from describe and analyzes method on original historical information.

Historical and administrative geography of Sassanian period is more well-known to us compared to its preceding periods due to the existence of valuable contemporary literary and material evidence as well as many later written sources about the structure and history of Sassanian Empire. Nevertheless, there are still many uncertainties and unsolved problems. Moreover, finding new evidence in some instances necessitates review and/or improvement of previous studies. This paper studies two toponyms - Rew-Ardashir and Reishahr- whose identifications has not been an easy and established issue. The name Rew-Ardashir is recorded on seal of amargar of Rēw-Ardašīr, Ērān-Xwarrah-Šābuhr, Ērān-Xwarrah-Šābuhr and Tarm. Fourth and fifth century coins also bear the mint signature for this location in both its abbreviated and full forms as LYW and LYWARTHŠT/LYWARTHŠRT. The name is also recorded on ŠKZ as a place where Christian captives from Shapur I’s Syrian campaigns were settled in by mid-3rd century AD. The name Rew-Ardashir is also frequently mentioned in Church Synods from the early 4th century A.D. onward and in other Syrian sources such as the Acts of the Martyrs. It was the official seat of the Nestorian metropolitan of Fars since mid-5th century. The name Rew-Ardashir is also recorded in some Manichean texts. Apart from this ample contemporary evidence, Early and Middle Islamic geographical and historical sources have recorded two place names bearing the name Reishahr that is an altered version of Rew-Ardashir according to them: Reishahr of Tawwaj and Reishahr of Arrajan. These two places however cannot logically refer to one place due to considerable distance between Tawwaj that was located to the north of modern Borazjan and Arrajan that was located near the border of Fars and Khuzestan along Jarahi River, as well as other given descriptions. These ambiguous and dual reports have hence led to obscurity in identification of Sassanian Rew-Ardashir and then Reishahr. The present paper brings together all available contemporary material and literary evidence, archaeological information from the region as well as information available in the Islamic historical and geographical sources in order to provide an explanation for this dual location and propose a novel identification. It is suggested here that there existed in fact two place names as Rew-Ardashir/Reishahr both during the Sasanian and Early to Middle Islamic periods, one in the border area between Fars and Khuzestan and the other one in the Bushehr peninsula that was part of Fars province. Reishahr of Tawwaj was Rew-Ardashir of Pars that was seat of Nestorian Metropolitan of Fars from 3rd to 6th centuries A.D. and a mint town from late 4th to mid-7th century A.D., the location of which has been identified with a site in Bushehr peninsula. Reishahr of Arrajan is identical with the Rew-Ardashir recorded on the sealing of the āmārgar of Rew-Ardashir, Eran-Khuarrah-Shapur, Vahman-Ardashir that were both located in eastern Khuzestan. It has been thus located in Zeitun area near Arrajan in the border area between Fars and Khuzestan.

The development of Shiite thought outside of the Arabia Peninsula and Iraq has been affected by many factors, one of which was the migration of Shiites to other regions and their opposition with the Omavid and Abbasid Caliphs that precipitated this process. With regard to the entrance of Shiism into Iran, it can be said that, the thought of Shiism first of all affected the neighboring regions in Iraq. Although the Western passages of Iran were one of the main ways of entering Shiism into Iran, the provinces of Khuzestan were so important that it had become one of the main bases for the Alavis who were wanted. Because of this, Khuzestan can be considered as the entrance gate of Shiism into Iran. Studies conducted about the factors that paved the way for Shiism to enter Khuzestan show that it's strategic situation and the availability of different connecting paths to that southern parts of Iraq, which were the main bases for Shiites, made it easier for the people of Khuzestan province to travel to these regions and connect with the Shiites living there. In addition to this, the historical and social background of the region which was the reason of dissatisfaction of people with the behavior of Caliphs of that time had a deep effect on entering the Shiism thought and culture into Iran. In the meantime, the migration of Shiite tribes and the formation of Shiite governments had a profound effect on the development of Shiite.