جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « mathematics » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The present article entitled "the role of Khajeh Nasir al-Din Tusi in the development of mathematics and astronomy in the Islamic world" aimed to investigate Khajeh Nasir al-Din's influences on mathematics and astronomy. Maragheh observatory was once considered the most advanced scientific institution in the Eurasian world. His book al-Shakl al-qattā brought about a dramatic change in the field of mathematical sciences, especially geometry. By transforming three-dimensional into two-dimensional geometry, he was able to take fundamental steps in the field of mathematics. According to the findings, it can be said that the most important developments in astronomy before Copernicus was made by Khajeh Nasir. This study hypothesizes that Khajeh's serious criticisms of Greek mathematical and astronomical theories and therefore the emergence of new theories, became the basis for scientific developments in Europe.

Shaykh Baha’i name is a title to glorify the Islamic- Shia civilization of the Safavids whose herald was Shah Abbas the great and whose legendary architect Shaykh Baha’i. The study of historical documents , the Safavid sources and the works left by Shaykh Baha’i show that in contrary to folk ideas, not only there is no name of Shaykh as an architect, but also there too much doubt about his fame as a scholar having all sciences and knowledges. contradiction between historical documents and folk view on Shaykh Baha’i resulted in advancing this problem that what reasons caused Shaykh Baha’i famous in all sciences and technics and brought for him a character of unity in sciences? It is seems that continuation of Shaykh Baha’i fame had proceeded through history as a result of lecturers on rostrums not of written sources and by continual citation, in order to magnify the Islamic- Shia civilization.

Civilization is the result of cultural knowledge and development and a society which accepts social order and looks for development and acquiring human virtues in its collective life by utilizing knowledge will be a civilized society. A picture which Imam Khomeini (RA) presents for such a civilization in Islam is one which was formed by the birth of the first Islamic government in the Medina of the holy Prophet (PBUH) and by a scientific and unique movement reached the highest level of development with the Quran and the conduct of the holy Prophet (PBUH) as its central components. In fact, Islam created a huge and comprehensive civilization and put different nations together and utilized this asset in contributing to Islamic science and civilization. On one hand, mathematics is a system of signs like language in which there is some kind of similarity between the sign and its meaning; however, unlike language which is the means of communication among humans, mathematics is the means of communication between human beings and nature. Our interpretation of nature has always influenced mathematics, so the surrounding world must be known in order to know mathematics and since the surrounding world and nature are different for different ethnic groups, as a result, their mathematics is also different. Therefore, if we wish to change the mathematics of a civilization, the surrounding world of that civilization must be changed as well. Therefore, the present research aims at presenting a mathematical model of the three main parts (formation, development and decline) of civilizations by focusing on Islamic civilization and formulizing the factors which affect the occurrence of each part.

Mathematics is considered among the sciences which were always interesting to Iranians. After the emergence of Islam and in the light of religious teachings mathematics was even regarded more important than before, however it had its own downsides which were mostly analyzed without considering the role of governments and other factors. Therefore, the question of the present paper is: What are the reasons behind upsides and downsides of mathematics from the fourth century to ninth century? (Question) In history of sciences in Iran, logical sciences such as mathematics developed strongly whenever social and political situations were suitable. On the other hand, in a determinist and insecure society it was significantly weakened. (Hypothesis) The goal of the present paper is: Depicting the role of Iranians in Islamic era in developing mathematics and also representing the downfall of mathematics due to diversion of government and people from religion. These goals will be analyzed by means of descriptive – analytical methods along with historical – political study of the subject. As a result, a significant relationship between the identity of opposing determinism among Iranians and development of mathematics is revealed; while with determinist governments, mathematics faced downfall.