جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "sistān" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

Being the sole natural rock prominence in the Sistan Plain, Kuh-e Khwaje holds a special position because of having one of the most important collections of architecture related to the historical era of eastern Iran. This mountain is home to a wide variety of historical monuments, boasting diverse architecture and representing different time span. Among the notable large buildings, Qala Kafaran, Kok-e Kohzad, and Chehel Dokhtar can be mentioned. The majority of research on Kuh-e Khwaje has focused on Qala Kafaran, with little emphasis being given to other buildings, including Chehel Dokhtar Castle which has not extensively been studied except few archeological investigations and limited comprehensive architectural and functional analysis. Therefore, the authors aim to thoroughly study the architecture and understand the functionality, location, and spatial connection of Chehel Dokhtar Castle. Initially, a detailed and comprehensive study of this castle from the architectural perspective and location-allocation, as well as its connection to other monuments is conducted to recognize, survey the plan and draw the structure of this castle. Subsequently, through functional analyses based on the available evidence the function and plan of this castle and its surrounding buildings at the Kuh-e Khwaje complex are examined and identified. Accordingly, three main questions are considered, namely: 1. What is the architectural specification and style of Chehel Dokhtar Castle in Sistan? 2. What has been the main function of Chehel Dokhtar Castle considering its architectural structure as well as physical and situational characteristics? 3. What has been the role of Chehl Dokhtar Castle in its contemporaneous collection in Kuh-e Khwaje and what is the reason behind its construction?

The Sistan plain in the north of Sistan and Baluchistan province in the southeast of Iran, with suitable biological conditions, including fertile soil, a series of permanent and seasonal rivers, and a communication and commercial position as one of the most important centers of human societie is known in ancient times. Based on this and despite the limited archaeological activities in this field and the lack of comprehensive archaeological information from the historical periods of the region, it is necessary to carry out a systematic study and survey on one of the most important Islamic castles of this plain. For this purpose, in July of 2015, during the survey and speculation project in order to determine the area and propose the boundaries of the Bibi Doost hill chain, a methodical survey of Madrish Castle, which is located in a part of the northern area of the Bibi Doost area It was done by using the method of "methodical sampling of classified indicators". In this sampling, 218 ancient findings such as: broken pieces of pottery, stone vessels, manganese (glass bangles) and broken pieces of glassware were collected. In line with the objectives of the research, 77 pieces of indicative pottery were selected and subjected to typological comparisons. In this research, the basic question is: What period or era is the age of Madrish Castle through classification, typology and comparative studies of pottery? The method of data collection in this research is field and document methods, and descriptive-comparative research method, and the results have been analyzed based on comparative studies. The results of the studies carried out in this site clearly indicate the settlement date of the middle centuries of 5th to 9th A.H. And it shows the cultural connection of this region with neighboring regions such as Greater Khorasan, Afghanistan, Kerman and Baluchistan. Also, the significant and abundant type of pottery in this area is the unglazed pottery with carved motifs and geometric motifs.

The competition between Russia and England in Iran for the purpose of developing possessions and concluding concession contracts started from the beginning of the Qajar period in the 19th century and gradually intensified. One of the factors that intensified the rivalry between Russia and England in Iran was the issue of India. British to protect India and Russians to disturb the British in India were applying many policies in parts of Iran. The issue of India and some other factors caused the rivalry between Russia and England in the last years of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century to be more concentrated in the eastern regions of Iran, especially Sistan. The competition of these two European countries in the east of Iran had reached such a height that they established a consulate in Sistan to achieve their goals. By establishing a consulate in Sistan, these two great colonial powers, on the one hand, wanted to know about the plans of the rivals and on the other hand, sought to advance their goals and interests. The confrontation between the Russian and British consulates in Sistan along with the positions of the central government of Iran and the local rulers of the region caused complex relations between these two consulates in Sistan. The most important issue of the present article is what was the relationship between the Russian and British consulates in Sistan? The assumption of this article is that the relations between the Russian and British consulates in Sistan were more competitive and confrontational. Of course, they interacted with each other regarding cultural issues and political issues in emergency situations. This writing has been done in a historical method with a descriptive-analytical method using library sources and documents

The palace of koh-e Khwajeh in Sistan is one of the most important archaeological sites on the east of the extensive territory of the Parthian and Sassanid rules. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the site of the Koh-e Khwajeh has attracted the attention of well-known and great archaeologists such as Stein and Herzfeld, and studies of this key site have been continued continuously to this day. One of the important and controversial issues in this area is the historical sequence and function of this magnificent monument. The purpose of this research is to achieve an accurate understanding of the chronology and function of this huge site based on the studies, surveys and excavations carried out so far as well as the logical conclusions made in this regard. The excerpt of the current research is focused on the stuccos, ceramics, paintings, and the coins obtained from this site and at the same time it is attempted to make the most use of architectural elements such as clay reliefs and also absolute dating experiments performed on this site. According to the research conducted, including the results of the absolute dating, clay reliefs and coins obtained from fieldwork suggest that this site has been of special value and importance in the Sassanid period. The site resembles the cities of the historical period in the Parthian-Sasanian eras in terms of physical and spatial structure; however, the space where was used was so limited that it could not have functioned as a city. This palace, according to the studies carried out, is very similar to Takht-e Suleiman monument in Azerbaijan and can be assumed to have functioned as a palace-temple.

Beyond the central deserts of Iran, Sistān and Khorāsān formed the eastern states of the Sasanian Empire, which were considered rich and economically prosperous states at the time. On the other hand, although the neighborhood with the eastern nomadic tribes the dangers it posed to their inhabitants but had given them a strategic aspect. Besides, it affected the events of these states extremely. Hence, the Economic, Political, and social situation studies of this region, particularly in the last half-century of the Sasanian dynasty, which finally ended in the downfall of their dynasty, can be considered important. The present study intends to find out the effects that the Economic, Political, and social situation of the Sasanian eastern states had on the fall and conquest there by the Muslim Arabs based on library resources using a descriptive-analytical research method. The research findings suggested that the invasion of nomads and forced migrations to the eastern Sasanian states caused diversity in the demographic composition; there. This factor, along with their lack of political and economic dependence on the central government, doubled the incentive for achieving power among local rulers; Eventually, they caused the fall of the Sasanian dynasty.