جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "تقابل معنایی" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

The simultaneity approach of semantics is an attempt to represent the vocabulary of Quranic concepts. Because words in the Qur'an reveal their true meaning from the sum of intertextual connections in the form of a semantic network. The purpose of this article is to first examine the root of the word "taqah" in the word and its uses in the Qur'an. After that, the adjacent and mutual concepts of the taqah material will be studied. The approach of selecting cognate concepts is among words that have a semantic affinity with the word taqe. The search of Quranic data showed that words such as; Mobtilikam, Tohmalna, Asra', Bakhlo, Vasa and Iklof are the primary companions of the subject of taqah, which share the semantic components of suffering, hardship and difficulty. In the secondary stage, each of these 6 words, which had a semantic affinity with taqah, have been paired with words in some verses that are included in the semantic components of zakat. Then, by using the component of semantic contrast, the explanation of the four articles Yasir, Abbreviation, Rafq and Hun was discussed and the result of the concepts of these 4 articles is ease, comfort and lightness, which, while contrasting with the meaning of difficulty and difficulty in strength, ensures the involvement of the mentioned restrictions in addition to Ability will mean endurance. It should be noted that this article was written using library resources and descriptive-analytical method.

Semantic contrast is one of artistic and aesthetic tools used for creating the highest beauty in the structure and content. Studying the aesthetics of contrast and contrastive structures in the Quran verses can help to clear the semantic ambiguities and problems and to meet the needs and questions of human's spirit and intellect by suggesting valuable concepts and emotional artistic information. By identifying the aesthetic techniques in Surah Ali Imran, the present research aimed to examine its impact on creating phonetic balance, structural and content beauty, and semantic connections. In this regard, at first place the literal and technical meaning of the word "contrast" and its importance and status in creating the beauty of speech were studied and then by analyzing some examples of semantic contrast in Surah Al-Imran it shed light on how the rhetorical tool could create phonetic integrity, and unity of structure and cohesion, coherence of verses, and presenting sublime concepts. By contrasting the attributes of God, the surah provides a comprehensive definition of Allah, shows his omnipotence and supremacy over the affairs of the universe from the beginning to the end, and denies all the alleged gods of the disbelievers.

One of the ways to achieve the main meaning and intention of the narrator of a text is the analysis of its words from a semantic point of view. Semantics is one of the approaches dealing with language and can be used to find a reliable relation between language, outside experiences, thoughts, and social experiences. Understanding the meaning of a word requires the use of various semantic methods through which it is possible to accurately describe the meaning of that word .In the conceptual system of Nahj al-Balaghah, “science” is used as one of the key words. The present research has studied the meaning of science in Nahj al-Balaghah from the perspective of reciprocal and semantic relations in order to gain a more accurate and deeper understanding of the meaning of this word. The result of this research shows that Imam Ali uses words such as “ignorance,” “conjecture,” and “whimsy” in semantic opposition to science, and words such as “contemplation,” “thinking,” and “reasoning” in a relation of lexical synonymy with science; thus the meaning of science is extracted. This, in addition to having a great impact on aesthetics in explaining concepts and clarifying meanings, has also led to the development of the semantic system of that era, which is due to the eloquence and rhetoric of these texts. The way these words replace science indicates the breadth of the semantic domain of “science” in Nahj al-Balaghah; on the one hand, there are the owners and possessors of knowledge who, with correct understanding and knowledge, reach certainty and heartfelt assurance and are guided to the right path. On the other hand, there are people who do not know the truth and are confused and misled by suspicion, doubt and ignorance. The difference between these two groups of human beings depends on the epistemelogical meaning that is understood from science.

The holy Quran is an ocean of meaning, therefore translating it from Arabic language to Persian language and other languages requires the understanding of language delicacies. Today, semantics provide the readers with methods which help them understand the text better and understand its hidden meanings. In words level, the issue of conceptual relationships between the words has been raised in semantics which provide the readers with methods which help them figure out the relationships between the words of a text and detect its implications. One of these relations is semantic opposition between the words.  In this article, we have tried to understand the implications of opposite words of Quran in ten last parts of it based on semantic opposition principle using descriptive-analytical method. And we have tried to explain the pathology of these equivalents by critically reviewing Moezzi and Payandeh equivalencies. The significance and importance of this research is that it introduces some of delicacies of literary texts to the translators and shows them some of the probable challenges. Results of this research indicate that ignoring the opposition and emphasizing on basic meaning of words, not paying attention to the multiple implications of opposite words in the context, neglecting morphology of opposite words, not paying attention to the context and collocations of opposite words, and translating the opposite words with incomplete words are the most important pathologies of the two abovementioned translations which have resulted in deficiency in transferring the meaning or in redundancy in these equivalencies in some areas.

The present research intends to elaborate on the possibility of formalizing the sense relation of ‘opposition’ in word pairs. In order to do so, firstly, some fundamental concepts from set theory are introduced; main topics covered in this regard include: ‘membership’, ‘inclusion’, ‘union’, ‘intersection’ and ‘difference’. Then some concepts corresponding to propositional logic, which the authors consider necessary for the purpose of the research, are presented. The concepts include logical connectives (‘negation’, ‘conjunction’, etc.) and quantifiers (universal quantifier and existential quantifier). The present paper also applies the concept of ‘function’ from mathematics to present some of the intended formal expressions corresponding to the introduced sense relations.
To set a suitable framework, the authors go over various technical definitions of ‘opposition’ which are introduced as fundamental concepts in linguistics dictionaries as well as semantics textbooks. Sense relation of ‘opposition’ in word pairs can be classified into several sub-categories, all of which are introduced in this paper and the process of formalizing each of them are explained.
All in all, the present paper presents six different types of sense relation under semantic opposition category which are as follows; ‘antonymy’, ‘gradable opposition’, ‘complementary opposition’, ‘directional opposition’, ‘symmetrical opposition’, and ‘contrast’. Then, it goes over the process of formalizing each of the mentioned sub-categories and introduces a formal translation for every proposed definition. Finally, the present research examines the efficiency of the introduced formal expressions by providing several examples.
The formal expressions of the listed sub-categories are introduced in the following paragraphs in the same order as they are discussed in the paper.
Antonymy; F(x) = -x. The logic behind the presented relation is that, based of the definition of antonymy, as it can be observed in the binary pairs (dead/alive), the absence or presence of a semantic feature pertaining to one word results in binary pairs which are antonyms; i.e. the meaning of one word equals the negated meaning of the other. So the absence or presence of the semantic feature [living] in the example in question (–living/+living), causes them to be antonyms; therefore, F(dead)= F(-living)= -(-living)= alive.
Gradable Opposition;
[(23)]
∀p, ∃q, ∀ x∈ M p(x) → q(x)
So;
p≃ q
Relation [(23)][1], means that for every single utterance such as proposition p, that is the word x, and x is a member of the Universal Set of words M, there exists an utterance like q which is in opposition with p. For instance, if the word “woman” is a member of M, then there exists a word, “man’ which is in opposition with “woman” It is noteworthy that relation [(23)] is a formal expression which is suitable for all kinds of sub-categories of the sense relation of opposition.
Complementary Opposition;
[(29)]
p → q
Therefore, p∧q is never a tautology.
For example, dead → alive, therefore, dead˄alive is never a tautology.
Directional Opposition;
[(31)]
g: X→ X
∀ x∈X; g(x) = x-1
It is worth mentioning that X is a set of semantic features which concern with the concept of ‘direction’ and the function g reverses x∈X (x is a directional feature). The set an example, if we take x: to depart, then g(x) = g(depart) = (depart)-1 = arrive, that the function g reverses the semantic feature of direction.
Symmetrical Opposition;
[(32)]
f, g : X→ X
∀ x∈X; x = -y f(x) = - g(y)
As it is seen, the relation of reciprocal opposition is defined as “one element is in contrast with the other”; that is they cannot coexist. Examples include pairs of words ‘husband/wife’, and ‘sell/buy’. So, if Mary is John’s wife, then John should be Mary’s husband. The relation [(32)], defines two functions that turn the very mutual semantic element of x to –y which is in fact the opposite of x. Considering the example ‘sell/buy’, it is clarified as follows: buy (+to get sth[2] by paying money) = -(to give sth by receiving money); so, f (buy) = (+to get sth by paying money) = - g (to give sth by receiving money) = g (sell).
Contrast; as this relation is a type of antonymy, the very formal expression of [(23)] works for this relation as well.
The efficiency and correctness of the presented formal expressions are discussed in detail in the paper using various examples from Persian.
In the end, it is concluded that the sense relation of opposition in word pairs (which includes several sub-categories) can be formalized applying concepts from logic, set theory and mathematics.
[1] . The numbers in bracket corresponds to the suggested formal expressions presented in the paper.
[2] . sth : something

In the field of textual analysis and detailed understanding, we can benefit numerous mechanisms, In the meantime, attention to the mutual semantic opposition, has a special place. In the collocation of the word that one of the issues is invaluable semantics, Semantic opposition with their Types can lead translators and analysts to the exact meaning of the words of text. This means that a translator with knowledge of the mutual semantic opposition between words of coincide sentences, can lay behind the many challenges to achieve the accurate translation. According to the Nahj al-Balagha full of valuable semantic opposition, in this article we Following the Performance of Persian translations in translate of semantic opposition of sermons of Nahj al-Balagha And the extent to contexture have consider. In this regard, the types of collocation of the word and semantic oppositions have mentioned. And continue, some of the phrases that contain such opposition are offered and then to explain and evaluate the performance of five Persian translation of Nahj al-Balagha sermons on the correct translation of the semantic opposition. The results of this study suggest that in many cases, translators with a lack of attention to the symmetric sentences with each other, have been far from such the Strict sense of phrases while considering the context, we can overcome this problem.

The true understanding of a word requires using the different semantic methods so that through them, the exact description of that word can be found. One of these methods is sense relations such as semantic opposition. The purpose of this article is to study semantic opposition in Quran. For this work, 106 opposite word pairs have been extracted and gathered from different sources especially “Tafsire Noor” by Mostafa Khorram-del with their frequency and verses in which they have used and then have been analyzed according to six types of semantic oppositions agreed by linguists. For the reason of the limited size of the article, mentioning all these word pairs was refrained and several instances have been mentioned for every type of semantic opposition. Studying and analyzing data indicates that the six types of semantic opposition, that is gradable, complementary, symmetrical, directional, lexical, and semantic contrast are found in Quran and gradable, complementary, symmetrical, lexical, semantic contrast, and directional ones have the most and least frequency respectively. In some cases, there is overlap among these oppositions. The use of semantic opposition can be effective in the true translation of Quran words. The issue of most of these oppositions is human and his moral and educational affairs.

Discourse function of lexical antonymy was initially introduced in Jones (2002). In that theoretical model، main classes of discourse functions were labeled as ancillary، coordinated، distinguished، transitive، negated، comparative and idiom. The present study attempted to examine the discourse function of antonymy across a natural corpus of Persian language. The corpus included 16 Persian texts from which 1000 sentences are extracted. Each sentence represents one antonymous pair. The findings show that from among four lexical categories، i. e. adjective، noun، verb and adverb، the adjective category outnumbers other categories in making antonymous pairs. Two Persian word-pairs ‘chap-rAst’ (left-right) and ‘bAlA-pA’in’ (up-down) proved to be the most frequent antonymous word pairs. The results showed that unlike English، Swedish and Japanese where the ancillary discourse function tops the function classes، in Persian the most frequent function is coordination. The high frequency of idiomatic function confirms the claim that a function of antnymy in Persian makes idioms and proverbs.

Oppositeness of meaning is one the different semantic relations discussed in semantics. The article reviews the previous influential scholarship on this topic and suggests its definition and classification . It is shown, then ,how it can be classified in Persina. This semantic relation is classified under two general classes: "Binary" and "Non binary" opposition in which each one can be divided into some subclasses. Binary opposition includes only a pair of words but the other one involves a string of opposite words.