جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "حرف اضافه «به»" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

This study represents the Motion Event in the verb of going in the Holy Quran, based on the structure semantic network of the preposition الی /ila/(towards). This study aims to examine the verb of going and the preposition of الی (towards) on semantic network based on Tolmy’s Motion theory .In collecting said corpus, 88 verbs were extracted from verses consisting of the deep structure of the verb “going”; The relevant samples were collected and analyzed. The results showed that, the preposition ofالی has the most frequent usages. This preposition represents the end-destination concept, however, its usage is not limited in this sense. Also new concepts of direction (within, outside, high) and state (mental, physical) were encoded by this preposition. One of the results of this study, is representation semantic network of the position الی, which causes the existing knowledge of this concept in the Holy Quran to be promoted.

Nowadays, Cognitive semantic approach plays an important role in learning second/foreign language. However, a few experimental investigations have applied a cognitive perspective to instructed L2 learning. The main purpose of the present research is comparing impact of cognitive approach to the traditional approach in learning some frequency concepts of the preposition "be" in Persian language. First, different meanings of preposition "be“ were selected from Farhang Sokhan Anvari (1381) and then some sentences and phrases containing this preposition were investigated according to the Farsi Biamoozim (1388) in the middle level. Prior to begging the instruction, 50 non-Persian learners (woman) were selected by proficiency test at Jamee-Almostafa of Mashhad center. This group were randomly divided into control and experimental groups and then, pre-test and post-test was applied between these groups. By using SPSS, comparison of the pre-test in control and experimental group revealed that there isn’t significant difference between prior knowledge of two groups before treatment, whereas the post-test showed that there is statistically significant difference between two groups. The results indicated that experimental group which was under the training of cognitive method showed significant gains than control group who received the traditional training methods.

The syntactic marker "ra" in Persian and some Iranian languages was discussed in various sources from different viewpoints. Some linguists have studied the historical development of this marker from ancient Persian to the present day. Mazandarani is an Iranian varnacular which has retained many lexical and syntactic features of medieval and even ancient Iranian languages. In this article, the syntactic behavior of “ra” as a function marker of noun has been investigated and then, various functions of “ra” in contemporary Mazandarani have been compared with its historical development in Persian. Research data have been extracted from some old and new written sources of Mazandarani as well as through the field method from some Mazandarani native speakers or the author's linguistic knowledge as a native speaker of that area. A survey on data from Mazandarani dialect, shows that today, “ra” is used as a direct object marker, indirect object marker, and dative marker in this language. Syntactic behavior of "ra" in Mazandarani, as an Iranian language, confirms the existing theory about the historical development of "ra" in Persian. However, in many cases today, in Mazanderani, (ĵā-) and its various forms have been replaced for “ra” as indirect object marker and “ra” is less frequently used as dative marker. So it can be predicted that in recent future, “ra” will be stabilized as direct object marker.

Comitative constructions will be investigated in Persian on the base of Stolz. et al’s (2006) framework. They determined three types of languages (A),(B)and (C). The purpose is to show the characteristics of Persian ; to determine to which type it belongs. The analysis of data has been shown that Persian comitative constructions are divided into three classes: Comitative, Instrumental and Manner. In comitative; three cases have been confirmed; accompanying a person with another person, a person with herself, several people in a group. Instrumental type includes; object as tool, means of transportation, body part and animals as tool. Manner is an adverbial modification of a predicate. Relying on the suggested typological features; main attributes (Agentivity, And, Possession) and three sub-attributes (boundness, without,zero marking ), it has been concluded that it belongs to (B) type languages like Swedish and Germany; unlike other languages such as Armenian and Icelandic and Sawahili.

 Farsi speakers have not paid much attention to Persian grammar publishing for the last few centuries, particularly in the case of prepositions and their equivalent meaning in Jar letters. Researchers have encountered many difficulties, due to the significant role which these prepositions play in conveying meanings, especially in the translated texts of ancient Persian literature.  Considering that Arabic is the language of the Qur'an and the religious language of Muslim Iranians, Many valuable books such as those pertaining to the literature and history are written in Arabic, so Persian speakers must be familiar with this language and its rules for translating literary and religious texts into Persian. One of these critical literary books is the Tarikh-i Bel'ami, translated from Arabic into Persian. An important feature of the book is its style of writing, which is very close to the Arabic prose, and too many Arabic vocabulary has been used throughout it. Notwithstanding the translator has tried to translate Arabic into Persian, following the Persian style, he was not successful on that. Because due to numbers of reasons, he created some meanings, which had never been applied in the second (destination) language before. Those reasons are introduced as follows. The role of the grammatical topic, the similarity of the meanings of the Persian prepositions with the Jar letters in Arabic, the influence of the book’s original language (Arabic) on the translated text, and considering the fact that the meanings of each language can affect on the second language through translation. In this book, many Persian prepositions are adapted from Arabic or vice versa. In this paper, the meanings of the Persian prepositions "BE" compared with the Jar letter "BĀ" in the Arabic, as well as comparing their similarities and differences. By doing this research, the equivalence of the "BE" and "BĀ" becomes more accurate through the translation of the bilingual texts, and the substitution of the words associated with those is going to accomplish more accurately. Eventually the possible translation errors are going to be reduced, and the exact meaning of each word extracted from source texts are going to transfer to the destination texts correctly. 

This research is fundamental and is done based on the criticism and analysis of data and documentation. The method of data collection is library-based and then analyzed by the comparative method. For this purpose, firstly, the Persian and Arabic grammatical books about the prepositions "BE" and the Jar letter "BĀ" were studied. Then, the meanings of these two words were extracted using authentic books and references. It is important to note that in the course of this study, the book of Tarikh-i Bel'ami was thoroughly examined. The statistical population is the preposition, "BE," in the Tarikh-i Bel'ami and the Jar letter, "BĀ." The analysis of the data in this study is based on a comparison of written evidence and documents, and any specific tools for this research have not been used.

The Jar letters are BA, TA, CAF, LAM, WAV, MONZO, MOZ, kHALA, ROBBA, HASHA, MEN, ADA, FI, AN, ALA, HATA, ELA. (Ibn Malik, 1996: 34) These letters are one of the most essential categories of the Arabic language that link the meaning of the verb to the noun. Some have stated that since the ability of some verbs to reach out the object is too low, these letters help the verb to reach out the object. (Ibn Aqil, 2011:3/8)  The primary meaning of the letter "BĀ" in Arabic is "Elsagh." This letter is one of the seventeen letters of Jar that comes up before the noun and makes it "Majror," and has all the properties of the Jar letters as well. (Ibn Hisham, 1999: 2/11) The common meanings of the letter "BĀ" in the Arabic language with the preposition "BE" in the Tarikh-i Bel'ami book include: "Elsagh", "Sababiat or Talil", "Mosabehat", "Ghasam", "Zarfiat-e Makani," Zarfiat-e Zamani, " Mojavezat (An / Az) "," ["BĀ" synonymous with "Men" and "BE" synonymous with "Az"], "Estela", "Esteanat", "Entaha-e ghaiat", "Avaz va Badal", "Movafeghat va Motabeghat".  Uncommon meanings of the preposition "BE" with the letter "BĀ" in the Arabic language in the the Tarikh-i Bel'ami include: "Tozih", "Seirourat", "Esteghragh-e Jens va Bayan-e Vahdat", "Tavali va Ta’aghob", "Moshabehat", "Ra-e Mafouli", "Taghsim", "Haal", "Souy va Janeb", "synonym of Dar-bareye", "Ekhtesas", "Mozadat", "Moghayese va Nesbat", synonyms "Kasre-e Ezafe"," "synonym of Be-Rasme, Be-Onvane, and Be-Masabe", "synonym of Bar-Ohde-e, Bar-Zemme-e", "Meghdar va Andaze". The non-common meanings of the letter of "BĀ" in Arabic with the preposition, "BE," include: "Moghabeleh," "Tadieh", "Tafdieh," "Tabeiz", "Ba-e Takid".

  There are many different meanings for the Arabic Jar letter, "BĀ", and the Persian preposition, "BĀ". The total number of the meanings of "BE" and "BĀ" is thirty-five, which thirty of them goes to "BE, and the rest eighteen goes to the "BĀ". These two letters share thirteen meanings; the preposition "BE" alone has seventeen meanings, while the letter of Jar "BĀ" has five of these meanings (Table 1). Therefore, in addition to considering the many commonalities in this field, we can say that the meaning of "BE" is more extensive than "BĀ," and the application of the most meanings of "BE" in the Tarikh-i Bel'ami is enormous (Fig. 1). We also state that the Persian language, especially the language of ancient texts, is highly influenced by Arabic rules and has plenty of grammatical commonalities, including; the common meanings in the Jar letter and preposition. In order to obtain these meanings, mastery of the Arabic language and the rules of that are necessary.   Table 1: Number of Differences, common, and Total meaning of the preposition "BE" with Arabic Jar letter "BĀ"

Preposition /be/ is one of the most widely used prepositions in Persian with a variety of meanings. The purpose of the present descriptive-analytical research is to study the radial categories of /be/ within the framework of Cognitive Semantics with emphasis on Shahnameh Ferdowsi. The data have been collected from one of the stories of Shahnameh titled "Bijan and Manijeh". This research aims to study the radial categories of semantic network of this preposition and also its semantic changes. For this purpose, the Tyler and Evans′s principled polysemy approach (2003) were used. Findings indicate that /be/ has been used with a frequency of 789 in total of 631 verses, so that its different meanings are systematic and has been placed in coherent semantic network in radial form. Ferdowsi has used its "affixation" meaning as a prototype meaning with high frequency. All other meanings such as "to address","assistance","causation" and "association" have been placed and used around its prototype meaning. Ferdowsi is also used of some distinctive meaning of /be/ out of its semantic clusters.

The abundant use of prepositions in Persian has led the present study to choose the framework of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), a structural-functional theory of grammar, in order to investigate the logical structure representations of some sentences containing the preposition ba meaning 'with'. This is to find out the semantic and structural motivations of this preposition assignment to Persian NPs. This article concludes that the preposition ba, is a basically locative preposition and a radial category with senses related to the central, primary maning of 'togetherness' and 'having'. As a consequence, it can be shown that one cannot be restricted solely to the primary preposition assignment rules stated in RRG, and must focus on the semantic motivations to represent the logical structure of the sentences containing prepositions, in a better way. In this way, we avoid the problems and issues in RRG primary logical structure representations. In addition, the analysis presented in this study is able to justify the various uses of the Preposition ba in Persian, such as adverbial, commutative, theme-marking and, instrumental ba.

This paper aims at describing the syntax-semantics of a frequent preposition [si] in Delvari and investigating its origin based on the extant evidence. The study shows that [si], as a non-predicative preposition, only hosts an object clitic, while it takes an NP complement, bearing as diverse thematic roles as goal, recipient, benefactive, patinet and purpose in its predicative usage. As to its historical origin, one hypothesis asserts that [si] is the result of phonetic change from an Old Persian preposition [aɵiy], followed by an extension in its meanings and usages. The existence of a phonetically similar preposition with a limited usage in the same meaning as [aɵiy] and the irriversibility of grammaticalization render this hypothesis less tenable. According to the second hypothesis, [si] is the grammaticalized form of the noun [sōg/suy]. Diachronic evidence from the evolution of Persian and the data from regional dialects make the second hypothesis more likely.

In this paper we have investigated three frequent morphemes in Hawrami of Paveh, namely, “-ænæ”, “-æwæ” and “-æɾæ”. The nature of these morphemes is unknown. They are attached to nouns with a meaning like that of adpositions. We aim to explore what these morphemes are. We first elicited and classified 52 Hawrami prepositions, determined the structure of Hawrami Prepositional Phrase, introduced Oblique case and its markers in Hawrami, and then we put forward three hypotheses regarding the nature of the three morphemes. Based on our hypotheses, the morphemes are either postpositions, part of complex adpositions, or case markers. Analyzing the data we could not decide on the acceptability of either hypotheses. After all, we tried hypotheses with language universals, but this effort did not help, too. It seems that these three morphemes are disappearing or changing remnants of an old system in Hawrami postpositional or case system. We could not make any remark more precise than that.

Studying prepositions in Persian can be a step to recognize the complexity of Persian language which will also help to explain its structure. The purpose of this research is to study different meanings of Persian preposition “be” according to cognitive semantic approach. To this end, Tyler and Evans′s principled polysemy approach (2003) has been selected to analyze the data. To achieve this goal, the data were collected from the texts of different Persian books and daily conversations and analyzed using the approach mentioned above. The results indicated that this preposition has different meanings all derived from a single meaning, making thus a joint connected network with all distinct meanings systematically derived from the protoscene and the primary sense as proposed by Tyler and Evans′s (2003) criteria. Also, it was shown that metaphor is one of the origins of polysemy, because it was made clear that metonymical uses of prepositions cause the accumulation of metaphoric meanings to the single explicit meaning of the preposition making it polysemic. In fact, the derived meanings of prepositions in polysemy are the result of metaphoric extension of central meanings.

The Semantic Network of the Preposition 'ba' in Persian: A Cognitive Study As one of the widely used prepositions in Persian, 'ba' (i.e. with) may also function as an adjective particle or affix. This paper studies various meanings of preposition 'ba' within a cognitive lexical semantics framework. It aims to show that the various meanings of this preposition do not emerge randomly. Drawing the image schemas of the prototypical meaning of this preposition and also proposing a semantic network for it are two other objectives of this study. The results show that the preposition 'ba' has a systematic semantic network in which various distinct meanings can be classified into three meaning clusters. These meaning clusters include, matching, opposing, and situational clusters, which are scattered around the prototypical meaning of vicinity and accompaniment within a radial structure.

"Dar" is one of the Persian spatial prepositions; its core/typical sense reveals a spatial-geometric relationship between a trajectory (TR) and landmark (LM). There are some other non-spatial senses which are associated with this lexical form, too. But, how does a spatial relation give rise to non-spatial senses? The main purpose of this paper is to show that non-spatial senses of "Dar" are emerged from the usage of its spatial sense in different contexts. In fact, functional consequences of the usage of its spatial sense are the common points between spatial and non-spatial senses of "Dar". To clarify the above idea, we gathered different usage of"Dar" s spatial sense and their related functional consequences. Then, we recognized bridging contexts which lead to departure of functional consequences from their creating contexts. Finally, we explained that the departed functional consequences turn to independent parameters which contain linguistic contents of "Dar"s non-spatial senses.

There is a common practice of presenting a long list of meanings with no mention of the relationship among different meanings of a preposition, as an entry, in traditional Persian grammar books. The present paper argues that such a practice is far from adequate in the case of the preposition /az/, and that the more adequate way is to present a family resemblance semantic network, based on a prototype. The method presented here makes it possible to show the conceptual relations among the senses, and therefore refutes the common assumption that the meanings of prepositions are quite arbitrary.