جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « حماسی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

In Naser Khosrow's divan, educational literature and advice are sometimes linked to epic words, metre and rhythm, and have created an epic tone in his poems. Naser Khosrow has made the most advantage of epic and religious allusions, and also used epic words and combinations to create this type of tone. Since tone recognition is directly related to the harmony between style and subject, it should be said that this harmony has been observed to a large extent in Naser Khosrow's poems, because He used his poem as a means for his struggles after his spiritual changes which took place at the age of forty and led him to join the Fatimids. All his life, he has been fighting against the outside world, fighting against the ignorance of the people and fighting with his soul, and he has waged all them in an epic tone that was the best way to express what he said. The statistical population of present study, which is a descriptive-analytical method, is as follows: the highest frequency of about 48% is related to "external war" and "war with ignorance of the people" and the lowest is about 12% of “war with the deceptive time”. Results of this study show that Naser Khosrow not only believed in the influence of the stars and the sky on human destiny, but also he valued human free will more in his own destiny.

The discussion of genres and the division of literary works into different categories according to their appearance or semantic aspects is one of the branches of the development of literary sciences such as stylistics and literary criticism. In terms of historical record, Aristotle and Horace were the first to classify different works, and Aristotle mentions three genres "epic, lyrical and dramatic" in his art of poetry, which of course is the "dramatic" type. It is divided into two sub-branches of "tragedy and comedy". This division in the literature of different nations takes into account the special characteristics of the works of each nation and their language and other cultural, historical and social specialities. In Persian literature, three genres are mentioned: epic, lyrical and didactic. Although in the new era, other types such as short & long stories, essays and biographies are also mentioned. One of the points of difference between Aristotle's division of genres and the division of Persian literature is that Aristotle pays attention to content and semantic criteria in his division of genres, but in Persian literature, the division of genres is based on criteria Formally and outwardly, it has been done. Nowadays, it is necessary to pay attention to literary genres in the review of literary works and it helps the researcher not to get confused in the research and the research work can be done easily. Of course, it should be noted that literary works cannot be classified under the title of a specific and absolute genre. Because every literary work always has a set of genres in it, among which, the presence is more prominent and colorful. One of them marginalizes other genres. Therefore, in examining the literary type of a work, we seek to find the most frequent genre in that work and place the mentioned literary work under the title of the same genre.The present study is an attempt to answer questions of this type: what is a literary genre? In the literary works such as "Hossein Kurd Shabstarai,  Bighami`s Darab Nameh  and Nezami`s Chahar Maghaleh ", which literary genre is and prominent? What variables should be used to determine the literary type of a work? After the definitions of the genres and literary works mentioned, the mentioned questions were answered with a library and descriptive method and at the end of the work it was determined that Hossein Kurd Shabestri has an epic genre. Beghmi's Darab Nameh has a lyrical genre and Chahar Maghaleh has a didactic genre. In order to determine the genre in the mentioned literary works, three variables of the way of presentation, the subject and content of the work, and the tone of the work have been used.

Iranians were the people who lived in the land of Great Iran in ancient times, in their social relations with each other and with the neighboring countries and with the people of the world of those days, they had wars, peaces and reconciliations, friendships and relationships. This behavior and their relationships and belief, which is history as the preserver and guardian of the documents of the past, has been preserved for the future generation. The ancient Iranians, for whom Ardeshir Sasanian used the word Iranshahri for the first time, had thoughts and ideas to express their opinions, beliefs in establishing relations with others, in the manner and ritual of governance and statecraft. Historians, poets and writers have been influenced by these ideas. Especially the poets of the 4th and 5th century were more influenced by it in their epic works, one of them is the famous Iranian poet Asadi Toosi. Asadi Tusi's Gershasp Nameh is the most important heroic and epic text after the Shahnameh. Although its subject is wars and heroic performances, it contains important and effective elements in the formation process of Iranshahri's ideas. Various topics and elements that have happened throughout history in the thoughts of ancient Iranians and the long-standing beliefs of Iranian citizens in their daily lives have a prominent appearance. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the intellectual foundations of Iranshahri as one of the coordinates in the intellectual level of this valuable work. Now this question is raised, what were Iranshahri's beliefs and thoughts in this book? And what has been reflected? In order to answer the questions in this research, which is analytical-descriptive and based on library studies, topics and elements such as "minorism, theology and religious orientation, Shah Armani, reconciliation and friendship, pact, oath, prophecy, catacombs, magic , fate and destiny" which was one of the main intellectual bases of Iranians and ancient Iranians, based on "Gershasp Name" and reference to "Shahnameh", "Bahman Nameh", "Barzonameh", "Faramarznameh", "Bano Ghassab Nameh" and "Detailed Court" has been examined and analyzed. By studying and examining Gershasep's epistles and epic poems in the Khorasani style, we can conclude that there are few parts of his poems that are not influenced by Iranshahri's ideas. Garshasp, the book of Esdi Toosi, travels, stories, wars, and performances, which are the result of the presence of Gershasp, the mythical warrior of Iran. Events have taken place in it, and there have been effective elements and phenomena, and beliefs that the people of Iran have fully believed in. In this work, the literary master has shown himself in the best way and these themes and elements in Asadi's book have been manifested as the second and best literary work of Khorasani style. And compared to the works of other epic poets of this style, it has been reflected in the best way.

"Khavaran Nameh" is a religious epic poem written by "Ibn Hussam" in telling imaginary stories about the struggles of Imam Ali (AS) and his companions in the land of Khavaran. Khavarannameh is of great value in the field of describing and creating epic images. In this article, the constituent elements of an epic work are discussed and then the imaginary forms for creating epic images that are effective are mentioned and that Ibn Hussam was able to use the elements and themes of epic and beautiful imagery to create scenes. Make it tangible and objective. In the construction of the epic, exaggeration is the strongest element of poetic imagination, which gives strength and dynamism to Ibn Hussam's poetry. The similes used in this work are more sensory and reach their peak when each of the elements of the simile depicts a kind of movement and greatness.Keywords: Ibn Hassan Khosfi - Religious Epic - Epic Elements - Image Creation

From the time when man, by forming a monolithic society and passing through cave-dwelling beyond basic needs such as food and clothing, thought of expressing his feelings and emotions and relieving pain, he found music to be the best means for this purpose. The important point is that gradually some people who acquired talent and skills in this field found a place and became an integral part of society. In the meantime, what is very important is that music has also been used in battlefields,and on this basis, one of the important issues is what musical instruments have been used on the battlefields, and more importantly, what impact and importance these musical instruments have had in battles. Also what was the role of musicians and musicians in military formation and arrangement.  Due to the prestige that music had in custom and among religious teachings; The musicians were introduced as court attendants. It is important to note that some musicians and musicians were on the same level as the upper classes of society and took an active role in advancing cultural, religious and even military goals among the Iranian dynasties.

In this research, by studying the narrations of Greek historians, religious books and the writings of some historians of the Islamic period, it has been tried to study different musical instruments as well as the use and ability of musical instruments in Iranian military battles and encounters with enemies. Also, to advance the research have been used, poetic and literary works and material references, as well as abbreviations and musical instruments that have been reflected in the research texts. Thus, through library studies, by arranging and processing the available information in a descriptive, analytical way, the research has reached results about the importance, position and capability of music in the battles of the Iranians.

One of the most important issues in the history of Iran is the study of how martial music and musicians helped the Iranian government in military conflicts. Also, according to the numerous wars that existed in different eras between Iranians with Eastern and Western enemies, what was the use of different musical instruments in organizing forces, conveying concepts and even achieving victories and successes. Martial music is a collection of special songs with symbols used on battlefields to convey a message or command that is meaningful to the commanders and soldiers of the same army. Also, military music is the music of awakening, movement, work, effort and war, and has aroused a sense of national pride of the troops. In ancient Iran, different musical instruments were used in ceremonies and battles, which according to the examples and in the written and material works can be said that in ancient times, the musical instruments used in battlefields were more than wind and percussion and the Iranians (especially in the Parthian era), unlike the Greeks and Romans who used wind instruments, used more percussion instruments such as drums. Another instrument that we find along with many drums in the writings of ancient historians was the kos or kust and trumpet, which were especially effective with the horn(hornpipe), especially to signal the army to start a battle or to enter a part of the army into battle. One of the first functions as well as the most important effects of epic music; It was to motivate the troops in the resistance against the enemies, and in other words, this tool was so strong in motivating and encouraging the troops to face the enemies that one of the tricks in weakening the troops' morale and defeating them was first to silence the music and then to overthrow the flag. Another military goal that music provided on the battlefield was to intimidate the opposition and exaggerate their own military capabilities. In fact, one of the uses of violent music such as drums, cymbals and trumpets in wars was to frighten the heart of the enemy and the more deafening these sounds were, the more useful the income of their own troops was in frightening the enemy and disrupting their order and concentration. Also, the important applications of music in informing and sending messages to the troops should not be neglected, because through this, the troops became aware of the commands and orders of the commanders, and based on this, the movements and actions of the division were organized in a regular and fast manner. In ancient Iran, during war trips, musicians who were organized as a group were among the troops and held special positions and duties in the military formation. In fact, according to the available reports, singers and musicians had a special place among the troops, and when enumerating the special and close relatives of the king, there was talk of three classes, the first two being soldiers and border guards, and the third, next to the army; were singers and musicians.

In the ancient world, in addition to feasts, music was also used very seriously in battles, and the soldiers used musical instruments in military exercises until they faced the enemy army. In fact, the soldiers woke up to the sound of an instrument and lined up, attacking, besieging, or retreating to the sound of music. In this way, the commands and orders of the commanders were heard by the soldiers in the form of military voices. What can be seen from the documents and material and written evidence, musical instruments had a special variety in the history of Iran and in expressing each message and conveying the meaning and concept of a particular instrument or instruments, it was used individually or in unison. And especially because of the existence of minstrel and the importance of epic narrations and the fact that the poems that told epic stories were accompanied by music, musicians and singers had a special place among the troops and the musicians and singers formed a certain section and member of the body of the Iranian army. These people tried to prepare the soldiers to face the enemy and to raise and strengthen the morale of the troops, and with their terrifying songs,were also effective in weakening the morale of the enemies.

Determining the genre in modern researches is considered the main issue. Due to lack of historic background and novelty of subjects in Persian literature, has more difficulties. The need for the localization of existing Western models and the necessities of the globalization of local literature are two contradictory needs of modern Persian literature. Therefore, the main question is that is it possible to present a model that covers the needs of Persian literature, while providing the global standards. In the present paper, it was attempted to provide a three-dimensional model to determine the literary genre. first, basic genres (epic, lyrical, didactics) were determined that are accepted at the global level. Second, to determine the genre, three main variables of content and theme, tone and presentation method were used. Third, for each of the following variables, some factors are considered: content and theme included 24 factors such as championship and being cutie, romantic; tone had more than 40 element including being sincerely, advisable and imperative, categorized in three logical, excitable and emotional and presentation method was classified into three sub-factors of narrative, addressing and soliloquy. Finally, using these three variables, the dominant type of work is determined.

Parthian history has come with high briefly, in Iranian national epic narrative that is mentioned in Islamic sources, in spite of that dynasty has the longest period in history of Iran. As in most cases, except the names of kings and refers to the number their king’s years, hasn’t something else about them. This brevity to the extent that reduced to less than half the real time, Length of time of their government. up to now, this case Has occupied many researchers And has been expressed many opinions on the cause of this brevity.The common trait of all of them,this is that attributed this case to the Sassanid deliberate policy, But, as yet, has not done much to ponder on the reason for adopting this policy by the Sassanids. This article seeks to review how and why this question with Using historical research and through data available. This paper shows that Unlike the famous, This distortion has Don, Not due to religious beliefs and not by priests, But by The Sasanian court nobility,To solve political - social problems of Sasanian court and Iranian nobility,that were caught them, at the same time.

Human in his environment deal with the name of persons, places, animals, plants, things, etc which for the most of them the reason for designating (or word derivation) such names is not disclosed to him. One of the problems, occupied the curios mind of the mankind, is finding the actual relationship between sign and signified. In fact, folk mythologies, historical, religious and epical texts, are among the main sources for word derivation which were reflected with an eloquent and sweet locution in mystical works in accordance with the thoughts of wayfarers. Another kind of word derivation is the result of creativities and artistry of mystics, which was created as a powerful tool for expressing esoteric mystical themes. Amongst the authors and poets, Attar must be regarded as the central figure of this realm. His Manteq at-Tayr which has found a worldwide publicity today is the result of his excellent use and choice word derivation that he provides for Simurgh.

Check drawing of marriage in literature, so far, the campaign a lot of research and research that has been, of course in most of them, or to the shape and interesting species of marriage are not paid or the bed of the research in the field of order and generally limited to the type of epic Shahnameh and special – a Ferdowsi-wise. In this article with Samak-E- Aiiar and re-examine this phenomenon to the analytical review-content root 9, any style is important to the marriage, in which the bully or Princess is often out of their territory to choose such and so on in order to travel and search goes through, and in this way after pick up pair against their agenda The father of the girl and gets her face with the opposition, and often the back stock events and other difficult test to joiner. In the link style is such that Samak-E-Aiiar, his daughter out of marriage in October, and pioneer. Rare types of throw toranj toward the mistress, love on the battlefield, the link provided-the mediator should represent and Utopia marriage can be as are other styles of marriage. The roots and styles, sometimes some examples on the one hand and close links with joint approach established social and on the other hand, at odds with the feminist theory in analysis of literary works, in terms of absolute presentatio

Epic and lyric literature forms two principal groups of literary works each of which contains great parts of poems composed by poets of this homeland. However, what distinguishes between epic and lyric works is that the lyric literature is formed on the basis of feelings and emotions, while the epic one is based on the physical actions and behavior. That is why the borderline between these two is obvious. On the other hand, in some literary works, we sometimes face cases in which love and epic are integrated and exhibit a beautiful and attractive manifestation of mixture of two apparent paradoxes. Additionally, it demonstrates creativity and ability of poets and writers create such works. In this paper, the stories have been introduced which have a sense of love in addition to the epic theme. Nearly half of these stories are in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, some are imitations of Ferdowsi's works and the rest are lyric stories with strong epic themes and in some cases its epic dimension dominates the lyric one such as Vargheh and Golshah Ayoughi Stories. Reflecting on the era these works are created, we come to the conclusion that most of them are related to the time before the attack of Mongolian tribes to Iran when epic spirit was among people of Iran and can be seen in the works of that era consequently. In his paper, totally 33 stories are introduced and studied alphabetically.