جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "زایایی" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

The structural and semantic relationship between the compound infinitive and the corresponding simple counterpart missing light verb is one of the topics of interest in the field of grammar and syntax of the Persian language.  This issue is generally based on the assumption that the light verb in the corresponding pair is omitted. This article aims to investigate the syntactic structure of the two constructions so as to evaluate the assumption of the omission of the light verb. Furthermore, it seeks to determine and explain the derivation of the two structures and their probable distinctiveness or correspondence. To this end, the Distributed Morphology approach is employed as the theoretical and analytical approach.  As the roots has no category at the beginning phase of the derivation, the dual or multiple behavior of the lexical units can be explained well. The findings suggest that the syntactic structure missing light verb cannot consider a derived form of the compound infinitive by losing the light verb, but the two constructions are completely different in terms of syntactic derivation. The compound infinitive has followed the steps of derivation according to the suggested pattern and acquires all the nominal-verbal characteristics. This is while the constructions lacking light verbs are actually nominal and of course without verbal characteristics. In this regard, we tried to explain the level of transparency and productivity of these two structures and how to take away the usage limitations through the context.

The present research investigates the productivity of compound noun maker patterns in Persian language based on the theoretical framework of Plag (2003). For this purpose, the authors have extracted 1300 compound nouns from a corpus taken from Persian language database (PLDB). The method of the present research is descriptive-analytic and data collecting is corpus based. After the study of collected data of research, the authors have concluded that the only quantitative method for measuring the productivity of word formation processes introduced by Plag (2003) is to count the outputs of a word formation process. Also, the most productive compound noun maker pattern among compound noun maker patterns is (noun+noun). Moreover, different methods of measuring the productivity rate of compound noun maker patterns offer different results. Analysis of the extracted data from the research corpus shows that among the compound noun maker patterns in Persian, (noun + noun) pattern has the highest productivity and these patterns ( pronoun + noun / pronoun + stem of present verb / noun + imperative verb / number + number) have the lowest productivity.

The present research investigates the productivity of nounmaker derivational suffixes in Persian language based on the theoretical framework of Plag (2003). For this purpose, the authors have extracted 3907 derivative nouns from a corpus taken from Persian language database (PLDB). The method of the present research is descriptive-analytic and data collecting is based on library studies. After the study of collected data of research, the authors have concluded that the quantitative method for measuring the productivity of word formation processes introduced by Plag (2003) is to count the outputs of a word formation process. Also, different methods of measuring the productivity rate of noun maker derivational suffixes offer different results. Analysis of the extracted data from the research corpus shows that among the noun maker derivational suffixes in Persian, (/-i/) has the highest productivity and these suffixes (/-ān/, /-ine/, /-iƷe/, /-un/, /-?orænʤǝn/, /-rænʤǝn/, /-ʃǝn/, /-gāle/) have the lowest productivity.

The present research has investigated the production of derivational affixes in the Surani Kurdish language, based on the corpus of “Kurdpress”. In morphology, the productivity of a suffix was expressed as the number of new words created by that suffix. In this way, the present research has investigated the frequency of the derivational affixes of the Kurdish language in the final position of the word, based on a corpus approach. In the first step of this research, a list of Kurdish suffixes was identified. Then, by using web crawling programming in Python language, the required data was prepared from the Kurdpress news network. The measuring criterion used for the productivity of each of these suffixes is based on the criterion of the p value. Finally, it was determined that the words “چی، دان، ین، زن، یلانە” were among the most productive suffixes in the Kurdish language with a productivity rate of more than 50%. Among the other things discussed in this study is the difference between the concept of productivity and the importance that an affix assigns to itself. The importance of an affix is known in the number of words that are used in the vocabulary list of the language.

Rhythmic characteristics of speech based on consonantal and vocalic intervals as well as syllabic intervals vary between speakers of the same language. Nonetheless, the rhythmicity of a speech signal is not solely dependent on the durational variability of phonetic intervals but it is also associated with the variability of the intensity patterns as well. Acoustic parameter of intensity is largely determined by the articulatory behaviors of the speech organs such as lip movement or mouth aperture. Therefore, it is plausible that speaker idiosyncrasy in movement of speech articulators and anatomical differences in individual’s vocal tracts may influence the energy distribution across a speech signal which subsequently leads to the variability in the values of the intensity measures. Using experimental phonetics tools and from an explicitly speaker-specific perspective, the present research attempts to explore potential speaker-specific acoustic parameters of speech rhythm which are extracted from the intensity contours across Persian speakers. This research aims to discover whether intensity-based measures of speech rhythm are able to discriminate between speakers in Persian. Two types of acoustic rhythmic measures based on the mean syllable intensity (stdevM, varcoM, rPVIm, nPVIm) and peak syllable intensity (stdevP, varcoP, rPVIp, nPVIp))  were selected for this study. Speech data from 12 Persian male speakers were recorded non-contemporaneously in laboratory environment on two different occasions separated by one to two weeks. Speech tokens were acoustically measured with PRAAT version 5.2.34 and statistical analyses were carried out with SPSS version 21 and R version 3.3.3. Results of the study indicated that speech rhythm measures based on intensity fluctuations play an important role in between-speaker rhythmic variability. In addition, discriminatory power of intensity-based measures is not affected by the language-dependent characteristics of Persian. The results also showed that the peak syllable intensity measures carry more speaker-specific information compared to the mean syllable intensity measures

Reading the works of some Persian poets and writers such as Khaqani, Nezami, Beihaqi, etc. we face a rare usage of the word "sneezing" (عطسه) in a particular sense which is related to the concepts of reproduction and father son ralationship. In the explanatory notes on these works there is no comprehensive explanation elaborating on the reason for the poet or the writer’s usage of the word "sneezing" in this sense. Most of the scholars refered to some Islamic mtyhs but none of the myths make the relationship between sneezing and reproduction clear enough. The fact that the word is used in the same sense in English and French idioms and expressions (both comparing a child who looks exactly like his father to the father’s spit), raises the question as to whether there is any ancient myth which can be considered as the origin of this particuar usage of "sneezing" in different languages? According to the studies of Horn (2004) and Gadalla (2018), who traced respectively the origin of the English and French idioms, the ralationship between Sneezing and reproduction has its roots in an ancient Egyptian myth. The goal of this study is to show how the ancient myth has transformed to appear as a metaphor in Persian literature.

As Horn (2004), Gadalla (2018) and Frayer (2013) showed separatedly in their studies, the relationship between sneezing and fertility can be traced in different languages and cultures. Horn (2004) showed its examples in Italian, German, Portuguese, Greek, etc. He believed that it had originated from an ancient Egyptian myth according to which the God "Shu" begot his heir by sneezing and that is why his son was called "Tefnut" meaning "sneeze". The results of Gadalla's studies on the origin of the French expression corroborates this assumption. Frayer (2013) explained that saliva played a significant role in many ancient myths depicting the scene of the very first creation. As he put it in his article, saliva, just like dust and clay, was an essential component of the creation. In this respect, breath, spit as well as sneeze are three main images of creation and reproduction in myths since all the three contain saliva. In each language and culture, one of these three images dominated the other two. In ancient Greece, sneezing was considered sacred and divine. Aristotle believed that sneezing is related to soul as it comes out from head where soul is located in. Some African, American, Asian, and European superstitions stemmed from the belief that there is a relationship between sneezing and soul too. In Christian culture, the image of spitting was repeated in myths and the stories of the wonderworks of Jesus. In Islamic culture, although breath is the dominant image in creation scenes since according to The Holy Quran, God breathed out his soul to give life to Adam sneezing is considered sacred as well. It is believed that Adam sneezed following God's breath. It is also believed that cat was born when lion sneezed in Noah's ark, so there is a hint of relationship between sneeze, soul and creation/reproduction in Islamic culture, too. This relationship is highlighted particularely in Khagani's odes in 12th century. He repeatedely used "sneeze" as a metaphor for "child", "outcome" or "concequence" in his works.

In this study, it was tried to find what the Persian metaphors using the image of "sneezing" to indicate "reproduction" have in common with the other idioms and expressions using the related images in the same way in other languages. Horn (2004) and Gadalla's (2018) studies had already brought it in light that such images have the same origin. Frayer showed also how the original metaphor showing parent's saliva as the ressource of reproductive power has ramified into three main metaphors (sneeze, breath, spit) in different cultures and literatures. Since the images used in Islamic culture and literature were ignored in the previous studies, examples from both Persian and Arabic texts were analayzed to find out to which branch they belong. They then were compared with those belonging to other branches.

According to an ancient Egyptian myth , saliva is related to fertility. As breath, spit and sneeze, all contain saliva, they were used as the metaphors of "reproduction" in different cultures and some French, English, Italian, German, Portuguese, Greek expressions reflect the relationship between these three images and fertility. Having analyzed the images related to the metaphor cited above in Islamic culrure, we concluded that such relationship between the word "breath"/"sneeze" and reproduction exists in the latter culture, too.

In Islamic culture and Persian literature, the absolute dominant image among "breath", "spit" and "sneeze" (the three images related to fertility in different languages) is "breath". Evidently, the dominance of this image in Islamic literature is the natural corollary of the use of this image in the creation scene described by The Holy Quran, The image of "sneeze" also appears in some Islamic myths and Persian verses, specially in Khaqani's odes, to indicate "reproduction".

One of the most important aspects of word-formation is considered as productivity which is a continuum concept in morphology (Bauer, 1996, and Baayen, 2009). Booij (2007) says that the frequent process in word formation is derivation. To the best of the researchers’ knowledge, only a partial number of Persian derivational affixes have been investigated in previous studies so far. In this regard, the following corpus-based study is done to discuss more affixes of Persian language and to reach more comprehensive results. The current study tries to answer the following two questions: 1. What are the most and the least frequent affixes in Persian language? 2. Is there any relation between productivity and word meaning prediction? To fulfill the aims of the research, 166 affixes, consisting of 28 prefixes, 72 postfixes and 66 affixoids were collected by a python code which searches through the Monitor corpus. In this study, Baayen measurement (P*) was used to measure the productivity. Results of the study showed that the theory of Bauer (2004) about productivity and predictability of words is true in most cases but with few exceptions.

The present research studies the derivational suffixes ordering constraints in Persian in Complexity-based Ordering Approach. The corpus based on which this research is conducted is the data of the Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. To conduct this study, 8 Persian suffixes were selected and ranked in a hierarchy-based ordering in Complexity-based Ordering Approach, then the correlation between their ranks in the hierarchy and their productivity, parsing ratios and boundary strengths were evaluated. Also, the correlation between the suffixes positions in graphical hierarchy, with their productivity, parsing ratios and boundary strengths were evaluated. The results show that there is no meaningful correlation between the suffixes ranks in the hierarchy-based ordering in Complexity-based Ordering Approach and their position in the graphical hierarchy, their productivity, parsing ratios and boundary strengths.

The present research aims to investigate constraints on the productivity of denominal verbs and deadjectival verbs in Standard Farsi. Also, the relation between transparency and productivity of this verb pattern is considered. The study method is descriptive-analytic and the data collection is corpus-based. For this purpose, a list of 90 respective verbs from a self-made written corpus including 824000 words and also a spoken corpus which is recorded from daily conversations of Persian speakers are provided. The token frequency of these verbs in written and spoken corpus is respectively 1700 and 775. Studies show that these verbs do not select vowel-ending words as their base. Also, most of the bases for such verbs are monosyllabic and few are disyllabic. About the morphological constraints it should be noted that, among different word categories only nouns and adjectives are used as the base for these verbs. But the main factor restricting the productivity of such verbs is blocking in which synonymous compound verbs block the construction of equivalent simple verbs. Despite the structural constraints mentioned, which block the construction of potential verbs with this pattern, pragmatic constraint has a substantial role in refusal of actual verbs by language users. Also, about the relation between transparency and productivity it is found that semantic transparency have no effect on the productivity of these verbs.

The present research investigates the metaphorical conceptualization of fear target domain in Persian based on Conceptual Theory of Metaphor. For the mentioned purpose, the Corpus-based method of Metaphorical Pattern Analysis is applied to Hamshahri Corpus 2 and after data analysis, 39 source domains are identified for the fear target domain. One of the results of this research is determining the productivity of all the source domains based on their frequency of occurrences in the corpus. Also, after comparing the results of the present research with those of ones in which collecting data for fear domain has been done by traditional methods, the superiority of the Corpus-based method of the present research is approved. Another significant finding of the present research is the identification of prototypical and nonprototypical models of the fear target domain in Persian.

This study aims to reveal whether different contemporary Farsi dictionaries lexicographers choose those compound words made by productive word-formation processes as the headwords, and whether they follow the same procedure for selecting the headwords in lexicography or not. To do this, two monolingual Farsi Dictionaries have been selected based on their closeness to today's Spoken Farsi: “Sokhan” by Hasan Anvari (2003) and “Moaser e Emrooz” by Gholamhosein Sadri Afshar (2002). In this descriptive research, First, the compound words which were headwords in the dictionaries mentioned before were extracted (495 words in Anvari’s , and 605 words in Sadri Asher’s dictionaries). Then, these words have been classified into twenty five categories based on Tabatabaee (20102007). The analysis revealed that even those compounds formed by the productive and predictable word formation processes (e.g. noun present verb stem) have been used as headwords in these dictionaries. It has been concluded that the concept of wordhoodness or wordness which refers to the changing of the constituents larger than words, e.g. sentence, phrase and etc. into a word is the main criterion for selecting compounds as the headwords. On the other hand, this research revealed that the lexicographers follows almost the same method in selecting the headwords.

The purpose of the present research was the study of metaphorical conceptualization of the "anger" target domain in Persian, based on conceptual theory of metaphor. For the first time in Persian, the corpus-based method of Metaphorical Pattern Analysis (MPA) was applied on Hamshahri 2 corpus to collect and analyze the research data and finally for the "anger" target domain, 42 source domains were obtained. Also, the productivity of all the source domains was determined based on their frequency of occurrences in the corpus. After comparing the results of the present research with the ones done with traditional methods to collect the data of fear domain, the superiority of the corpus-based method of the present research was approved. Besides, after doing a comparative analysis of metaphorical conceptualization of fear between Persian and English, it was revealed that most frequent source domains are common in both languages and some of the sources only appear in Persian. The reason for some of these differences is cultural characteristics of the languages.

Derivation is a process in which adding a derivational affix leads to formation of a new word. This process has been studied by linguists for many years and mainly seen as a morphologic or morphosyntactic process. Productivity of a derivational affix (the number of new words formed by a derivational affix) is a prominent factor while considering the derivation process. Phonological and morphophonemic factors may also play role in the ratio of the productivity of an affix. This paper studies the impact of syllable structure on the productivity of verbal derivational suffixes in Persian language. The results showed that there is a close relation between the syllable structure and the productivity of the verbal suffix derivational suffixes in Persian, all of them have a vowel in their initial syllable position. As a result, we can conclude that initiation with a vowel can be considered as a productivity factor of a derivational suffix in Persian. The study of the nucleus of the syllables also showed that the two front vowels of [a, e] are the most frequent vowels of these suffixes as nucleus. Consequently, it is concluded that phonological factors, especially syllable structure of a derivational suffix, play an indispensable role in its productivity.

Adverb is a part of speech which may be studied from different aspects, such as morphology, syntax, and semantics. In this research, different ways of adverb formation are examined in both Persian and Russian languages, with a look over structural and semantic aspects of adverbs. In the two languages in question, the system of adverb formation is different within the capabilities of word-formation in either language. Russian's means of adverb formation (affixes) are definitely more developed than Persians. Each of these affixes in the related languages has different meanings and various productivity mechanisms.

In this paper the effective factors on root compound acquisition in child language has been discussed.Firstly, different models of lexical morphology and their views about compounds were concerned and then regarding the researches on child language acquisition, four basic factors: transparency,productivity, simplicity and frequency were discussed and for each one some examples were introduced.Then one factor which was not concerned before was discussed. This factor was the prosodic form of the compounds and was considered as an influential one on language acquisition.Comparison of the effect of different factors was introduced as a new domain of research.